A Spectral Convolutional Neural Network Model Based on Adaptive Fick’s Law for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.

结合Cannikin’s Law的离线数据增广方法研究

数据增广是提升深度学习模型性能的有效方法之一。针对多类别目标检测任务中检测性能不平衡问题,提出一种针对“短板类别”(检测性能远低于模型平均检测性能的类别)的离线数据增广方法。受Cannikin’s Law的启发,采用基于复制粘贴(copy-paste)机制的场景多样性增广方法。随机采集训练集中“短板类别”实例区域,通过相似性度量机制选取训练集中增广目标样本进行随机粘贴。为了降低随机粘贴导致的遮挡问题,采用基于自遮挡(cut-replace)机制的增广方法提升模型遮挡表达能力。通过截取样本自身区域,对特征表达最显著区域进行遮挡。实验表明,FCOS目标检测框架在PASCAL VOC数据上的平均检测精度(mean average precision,mAP)从79.10%提升到83.90%,其中短板类别更为显著,提升了20.8个百分点。在MS-COCO数据上平均检测精度提升了0.9个百分点。

A Darcy-Law Based Model for Heat and Moisture Transfer in a Hill Cave

A hill can be regarded as an environmental carrier of heat.Water,rocks and the internal moisture naturally pre-sent in such environment constitute a natural heat accumulator.In the present study,the heat and moisture trans-fer characteristics in a representative hill cave have been simulated via a method relying on the Darcy’s law.The simulations have been conducted for both steady and unsteady conditions to discern the influence of permeability and geometric parameters on the thermal and moisture transfer processes.The reliability of the simulation has been verified through comparison of the numerical results with the annual observation data.As revealed by the numericalfindings,the internal temperature of the hill accumulator is proportional to the permeability,outside surface temperature,overground height,underground constant temperature layer depth,and underground tem-perature of the hill,and it is inversely proportional to the horizontal size of the hill.Moreover,in the considered case,the order of magnitude of the permeability of the hill is contained in the range 10-15–10-13,and displays a certain sensitivity to the rainwater seepage.

Deep Language Statistics of Italian throughout Seven Centuries of Literature and Empirical Connections with Miller’s 7 ∓2 Law and Short-Term Memory

Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.

Broader applicability of the metacoupling framework than Tobler’s first law of geography for global sustainability:A systematic review

Complex sustainability issues in the Anthropocene,with rapid globalization and global environmental changes,are increasingly interlinked between not only nearby systems but also distant systems.Tobler’s first law of geog-raphy(TFL)states“near things are more related than distant things”.Evidence suggests that TFL is not infallible for sustainability issues.Recently,the integrated framework of metacoupling(MCF;human-nature interactions within as well as between adjacent and distant systems)has been applied to analyze the interactions between nearby and distant coupled human and natural systems simultaneously.However,previous work has been scat-tered and fragmented.It is crucial to understand the extent to which TFL and MCF apply across pressing issues in sustainability.Therefore,we reviewed and synthesized sustainability literature that used TFL and MCF across seven major topics:land change,species migration,tourism,trade,agricultural development,conservation,and governance.Results indicate MCF had a much broader applicability than TFL for these topics.The literature using MCF generally did not or likely did not obey TFL,especially in trade,governance,and agricultural de-velopment.In the TFL literature,most topics obeyed TFL,except for species migration and trade.The findings suggest the need to rethink and further test TFL’s relevance to sustainability issues,and highlight the potential of MCF to address complex interactions between both adjacent and distant systems across the world for global sustainability.

Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant of Hexane in High-Viscosity Polymer Systems

The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.

Zipf’s Law, Benford’s Law, and Pareto Rule

From a basic probabilistic argumentation, the Zipfian distribution and Benford’s law are derived. It is argued that Zipf’s law fits to calculate the rank probabilities of identical indistinguishable objects and that Benford’s distribution fits to calculate the rank probabilities of distinguishable objects. i.e. in the distribution of words in long texts all the words in a given rank are identical, therefore, the rank distribution is Zipfian. In logarithmic tables, the objects with identical 1st digits are distinguishable as there are many different digits in the 2nd, 3rd… places, etc., and therefore the distribution is according to Benford’s law. Pareto 20 - 80 rule is shown to be an outcome of Benford’s distribution as when the number of ranks is about 10 the probability of 20% of the high probability ranks is equal to the probability of the rest of 80% low probability ranks. It is argued that all these distributions, including the central limit theorem, are outcomes of Planck’s law and are the result of the quantization of energy. This argumentation may be considered a physical origin of probability.

New Planck’s Law

In quantum mechanics, there are two very famous formulas. One is the energy formula of the bose particle, called Planck’s law. The other is the wavelength formula, which is called the de Broy wavelength. According to Einstein’s mass-energy equation, we have studied Planck’s law and De Bloy’s wavelength, and generalized it to the De Bloy’s wavelength formula from low speed to light speed. Then, on this basis, the smallest particle is defined as mass quantum. The new wavelength formula is obtained from the mass quantum and converted into the frequency formula. The generalized Planck’s law is obtained.

Not Athenian or a Stranger:The Veiled Critique of Aristotle in Plato’s Laws

Plato’s last dialogue,the Laws,occupies an anomalous position within his larger body of work.An individual identified as the“Athenian stranger”replaces Socrates and reverses key Socratic teachings,most notably by endorsing tyranny.Scholars conclude that Plato abandoned his earlier political recommendations in favor of a more pragmatic vision.In that case,the Laws should be treated as Plato’s definitive work,the ultimate statement of his thought,when in fact,much more attention is paid to earlier dialogues,particularly the Republic.The problem is resolved and the true significance of the Laws revealed when the text is read as Plato’s ironic critique of his brilliant-but-rebellious student,Aristotle.Reasoning from Aristotelian premises,the Athenian stranger arrives at conclusions that Platonists and Aristotelians alike would find unpalatable or absurd.The alleged rupture between Plato’s earlier and later work disappears.The esoteric writings that are thought to have been the product of Aristotle’s later career are shown to have emerged from ideas that Plato himself was familiar with and rejected.

Motion State Modification of Coulomb’s Law and Dynamic Gravitation

As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lorentz’s law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.

Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a Riga plate for drug deliveryapplications with double diffusion

Casson fluid-mediated hybrid nanofluids are more effective at transferring heat than traditional heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal conductivity.Heat exchangers,cooling systems and other thermal management systems are ideal for use with Casson fluids.Precise control of the flow and release of medication is necessary when using Casson fluids in drug delivery systems because of their unique rheological properties.Nanotechnology involves the creation of nanoparticles that are loaded with drugs and distributed in Casson fluid-based carriers for targeted delivery.In this study,to create a hybrid nanofluid,both single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)are dispersed in a Casson fluid with Fourier’s and Fick’s laws assumptions.The Casson fluid is suitable for various engineering and medical applications due to the enhancement of heat transfer and thermal conductivity by the carbon nanotubes.Our objective is to understand how SWCNTs and MWCNTs impact the flow field by studying the flow behavior of the Casson hybrid nanofluid when it is stretched against a Riga plate.The Darcy-Forchheimer model is also used to account for the impact of the porous medium near the stretching plate.Both linear and quadratic drag terms are taken into account in this model to accurately predict the flow behavior of the nanofluid.In addition,the homotopy analysis method is utilized to address the model problem.The outcomes are discussed and deliberated based on drug delivery applications.These findings shed valuable light on the flow characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising SWCNTs and MWCNTs.It is observed that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes makes the nanofluid a promising candidate for medical applications due to its improved heat transfer properties.

A Mode of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Based on the Inter-induction of Scalar Electric Field and Vortex Magnetic Field

Drawing upon the electromagnetic conversion formulas in a continuous conductive medium,an extensive examination for total current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s law)is undertaken to expound on the laws of electromagnetic induction and conversion.The longitudinal wave term of Faraday’s law is reinstated to render it suitable for theoretical derivation of the LEM(Longitudinal Electromagnetic Wave)equation.Subsequently,we formulate the wave and energy equations for electric P-wave based on reevaluated total current law and modified Faraday’s law;meanwhile proposing a propagation mode that reveals its mechanisms absorbing free energy for LEM waves in a conductor predicated on interaction between scalar electric field and vortex magnetic field.Furthermore,through theoretical derivations based on LEM waves,insights into concealed relationships between electric P-wave and electromagnetism scalar potential are disclosed alongside the constraint equation between the wave velocities of LEM wave and TEM(Transverse Electromagnetic)waves,unveiling the significance of LEM wave.

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

Non-Darcy Flow in Molding Sands

Darcy’s law is widely used to describe the flow in porous media in which there is a linear relationship between fluid velocity and pressure gradient. However, it has been found that for high numbers of Reynolds this law ceases to be valid. In this work, the Ergun equation is employed to consider the non-linearity of air velocity with the pressure gradient in casting sands. The contribution of non-linearity to the total flow in terms of a variable defined as a non-Darcy flow fraction is numerically quantified. In addition, the influence of the shape factor of the sand grains on the non-linear flow fraction is analyzed. It is found that for values of the Reynolds number less or equal than 1, the contribution of non-linearity for spherical particles is around 1.15%.

Habits on Social Networks at Workplace: A Survey of Motivations and Behaviour

This article explores the use of social networks by workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, with particular emphasis on a descriptive or quantitative analysis aimed at understanding motivations and methods of use. More than five hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed, highlighting workers’ preferred digital channels and platforms. The results indicate that the majority use social media through their mobile phones, with WhatsApp being the most popular app, followed by Facebook and LinkedIn. The study reveals that workers use social media for entertainment purposes and to develop professional and social relationships, with 55% unable to live without social media at work for recreational activities. In addition, 35% spend on average 1 to 2 hours on social networks, mainly between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m. It also appears that 46% believe that social networks moderately improve their productivity. These findings can guide marketing strategies, training, technology development and government policies related to the use of social media in the workplace.

Derivation of a Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation That Predicts Combustion Oscillations

Our study identifies a subtle deviation from Newton’s third law in the derivation of the ideal rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (TRE). TRE can be derived using a 1D elastic collision model of the momentum exchange between the differential propellant mass element (dm) and the rocket final mass (m1), in which dm initially travels forward to collide with m1 and rebounds to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a velocity that is known as the effective exhaust velocity ve. We observe that such a model does not explain how dm was able to acquire its initial forward velocity without the support of a reactive mass traveling in the opposite direction. We show instead that the initial kinetic energy of dm is generated from dm itself by a process of self-combustion and expansion. In our ideal rocket with a single particle dm confined inside a hollow tube with one closed end, we show that the process of self-combustion and expansion of dm will result in a pair of differential particles each with a mass dm/2, and each traveling away from one another along the tube axis, from the center of combustion. These two identical particles represent the active and reactive sub-components of dm, co-generated in compliance with Newton’s third law of equal action and reaction. Building on this model, we derive a linear momentum ODE of the system, the solution of which yields what we call the Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (RTRE). We show that RTRE has a mathematical form that is similar to TRE, with the exception of the effective exhaust velocity (ve) term. The ve term in TRE is replaced in RTRE by the average of two distinct exhaust velocities that we refer to as fast-jet, vx1, and slow-jet, vx2. These two velocities correspond, respectively, to the velocities of the detonation pressure wave that is vectored directly towards the exhaust nozzle, and the retonation wave that is initially vectored in the direction of rocket propagation, but subsequently becomes reflected from the thrust surface of the combustion chamber to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a time lag behind the detonation wave. The detonation-retonation phenomenon is supported by experimental evidence in the published literature. Finally, we use a convolution model to simulate the composite exhaust pressure wave, highlighting the frequency spectrum of the pressure perturbations that are generated by the mutual interference between the fast-jet and slow-jet components. Our analysis offers insights into the origin of combustion oscillations in rocket engines, with possible extensions beyond rocket engineering into other fields of combustion engineering.

The Magnetic Longitudinal (P-) Wave’s Propagation and Energy Models Underlying the Mechanisms of Its Capacity to Absorb Free Energy

The longitudinal wave term within Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) underwent recovery to ensure its suitability for theoretical derivation of the equation governing longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves. The revised Maxwell’s equations include the crucial parameters being the attenuation time constants of magnetic vortex potential and electric vortex potential generated by external electromagnetic field within the propagation medium. Specific expressions for them are obtained through theoretical analysis. Subsequently, a model for propagating magnetic P-wave generated by the superposition of a left-handed photo and a right-handed photon in a vacuum is formulated based on reevaluated total current law and revised Faraday’s law, covering wave equations, energy equation, as well as propagation mode involving mutual induction and conversion between scalar magnetic field and vortex electric field. Furthermore, through theoretical derivations centered around magnetic P-wave, evidence was presented regarding its ability to absorb huge free energy through the entangled interaction between zero-point vacuum energy field and the torsion field produced by the vortex electric field.

Bickerstaff脑干脑炎和Miller Fisher综合征免疫调节治疗疗效的对比研究

目的探讨免疫调节治疗在Bickerstaff脑干脑炎（BBE）和Miller Fisher综合征（MFS）中的疗效。方法回顾性分析湘雅二医院和湘雅医院2003~2013年符合BBE（32例）和MFS（67例）诊断标准的患者临床资料,比较免疫调节治疗对两组患者症状的改善及预后的影响。结果与对照组对比,IVIg联合激素治疗可以加快BBE患者意识障碍的恢复（P〈0.05）;IVIg、激素单独治疗在BBE患者意识障碍、眼外肌麻痹及共济失调症状的开始改善时间上无明显差异（P〉0.05）。各免疫调节治疗措施与对照组相比,对MFS患者眼外肌麻痹和共济失调症状的恢复均无明显加速作用（P〉0.05）。两组平均随访时间均〉1 y,未见复发病例,绝大多数的BBE（66%）和MFS（98%）患者症状完全缓解,9例BBE患者死亡。结论 IVIg联合激素治疗可加快BBE患者意识障碍的恢复,改善早期出现意识障碍患者的预后。免疫治疗措施对MFS患者疾病病程及预后无明显影响,可能与该病的具有较好的自然病程有关。

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DARCY′S LAW IN HELE-SHAW CELLS

The basic physics of unsteady Hele-Shaw flow at high Reynolds numbers is mainly studied by an experimental measurement. In order to confirm the Darcy′s law in Hele-Shaw cell, since there is an analogy between flow in cells and that in porous media, progressive water waves are utilized to build an unsteady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell, and which complex wave number is measured by a wave height gauge. Meanwhile, theoretical analyses are used to compare with experimental data. Result shows Darcy′s Law is not exactly correct for unsteady Hele-Shaw flows, and it is expected to conduct a modified Darcy′s Law.

基于Miller能力金字塔模型的中等长度导管置管培训方案实施

目的培养院级中等长度导管置管护士,提高静脉治疗质量。方法基于Miller能力金字塔模型构建中等长度导管置管护士培训方案,进行中等长度导管置管规范化培训及考核。结果共培训48名护士,通过认证考核的护士31名,认证通过率为64.58%。中等长度导管置管1736例次,成功率为96.34%,带管患者均无置管并发症发生。结论基于Miller能力金字塔模型的中等长度导管置管护士培训可规范中等长度导管置管操作技术,提高静脉治疗质量。