Discussion on Improving Decision-making Meteorological Service Level of County-level Meteorological Station

Based on experience of meteorological service at county-level meteorological station in recent 20 years,status quo of decision-making meteorological service,main influence factors of decision-making meteorological service and writing of decision-making meteorological service materials are analyzed,and measures and suggestions of improving decision-making meteorological service level are proposed. The research aims to improve public meteorological service level at grass-roots level,provide scientific decision-making basis for government departments preventing and reducing disaster,and reduce loss of life and property of the country and people caused by meteorological disasters to the maximum extent.

Development and Application of Comprehensive Platform of Operation in Professional Meteorological Station

[Objective] The aim was to study the development and application of operation in comprehensive platform of professional meteorological station.[Method] Taking the operation platform of professional meteorological station in Yantai City as an example,and by dint of VB language and Mysql database technology,the ideas of comprehensive platform development of operation in professional meteorological station,main contents of the platform and its main functions were introduced.[Result] The platform mainly used VB language and Mysql database technology.Gathering together the forecast making,forecast inventory and check,surveillance of data uploading and machine operation and records of shifts,the interface was simple,visual and easy to handle.It reduced reporters’ workload,improved their work efficiency and was the favorite of majority reporters.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the improvement of work efficiency of each professional meteorological station.

Maintenance of Storage Batteries in Automatic Meteorological Observation Stations

Firstly, the definition, structure and working principles of storage batteries in automatic meteorological observation stations were stated simply, and then the daily maintenance of the storage batteries were introduced according to previous practical experience, finally typical faults of storage batteries were analyzed. Practical evidence shows that timely external maintenance and enough supply of electrolyte can greatly extend the lifespan of storage batteries.

Towards Increasing Data Availability for Meteorological Services: Inter-Comparison of Meteorological Data from a Synoptic Weather Station and Two Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya

Meteorological data is useful for varied applications and sectors ranging from weather and climate forecasting, landscape planning to disaster management among others. However, the availability of these data requires a good network of manual meteorological stations and other support systems for its collection, recording, processing, archiving, communication and dissemination. In sub-Saharan Africa, such networks are limited due to low investment and capacity. To bridge this gap, the National Meteorological Services in Kenya and few others from African countries have moved to install a number of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in the past decade including a few additions from private institutions and individuals. Although these AWSs have the potential to improve the existing observation network and the early warning systems in the region, the quality and capacity of the data collected from the stations are not well exploited. This is mainly due to low confidence, by data users, in electronically observed data. In this study, we set out to confirm that electronically observed data is of comparable quality to a human observer recorded data, and can thus be used to bridge data gaps at temporal and spatial scales. To assess this potential, we applied the simple Pearson correlation method and other statistical tests and approaches by conducting inter-comparison analysis of weather observations from the manual synoptic station and data from two Automatic Weather Stations (TAHMO and 3D-PAWS) co-located at KMD Headquarters to establish existing consistencies and variances in several weather parameters. Results show there is comparable consistency in most of the weather parameters between the three stations. Strong associations were noted between the TAHMO and manual station data for minimum (r = 0.65) and maximum temperatures (r = 0.86) and the maximum temperature between TAHMO and 3DPAWS (r = 0.56). Similar associations were indicated for surface pressure (r = 0.99) and RH (r > 0.6) with the weakest correlations occurring in wind direction and speed. The Shapiro test for normality assumption indicated that the distribution of several parameters compared between the 3 stations were normally distributed (p > 0.05). We conclude that these findings can be used as a basis for wider use of data sets from Automatic Weather Stations in Kenya and elsewhere. This can inform various applications in weather and climate related decisions.

Comprehensive Assessment and Analysis of National Surface Meteorological Observation Stations: A Case Study of Hebei Province

With the rapid development of China s economic construction and the rapid advancement of urban-rural integration construction, meteorological detection environment has been damaged repeatedly, which seriously affects the representativeness, accuracy, and comparability of meteorological data, so it is urgent to protect meteorological detection environment. Based on the investigation and evaluation method of detection environment of national ground meteorological observation stations and high-altitude meteorological observation stations, satellite remote sensing data, and climate analysis method, the evaluation method of detection environment and meteorological data was improved to comprehensively assess the detection environment and meteorological data of stations. After the evaluation results were compared with the results of the survey and evaluation in 2013, it is found that the new assessment method maintains the continuity of detection environment assessment and can objectively reflect the changes of the station detection environment. The research on the method and standard for the evaluation of detection environment and data analysis of meteorological stations provides a scientific basis for the establishment of detection environmental protection plans by stations at all levels, and provides technical support for the scientific and rational adjustment of station network by administrative departments at all levels.

MEDIUM-RANGE OSCILLATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AT GREAT WALL STATION,ANTARCTICA

A method of multi-spectral analysis is used to study the spectral characteristics of surface and upper-level meteorological elements over the Great Wall Station (62°12'S, 58°57'W), Antarctica and their phasecorrelation, propagation of mean oscillation at 500hPa level in the Southern Hemisphere and their corresponding synoptic sense. the results are summed up as follows: 1. Over the sub-Antatctic zone, as in the Northern Hemisphere there generally exist quasi-weekly oscillation and quasi-biweekly oscillation. In different seasons the oscillations of meteorological elements are different: in winter season quasi-biweekly oscillation is dominant, while in summer season quasi-weekly oscillation is dominant. 2. From the Earth's surface to the lower stratosphere there is a distinct quasi-weekly oscillation at each isobaric surface, but the most intense oscillation appears at 200-300hPa, and the oscillations of height and temperature are propagated downward. 3. Both in winter and summer seasons the quasi-biweekly oscillation are propagated from west to east, and the mean velocity of its propagation is about 7-17 longtitude / day. 4. The quasi-biweekly oscillation and the quasi-weekly oscillation over the sub - Antarctic zone are closely related to the activity and intensity variation of polar vortex at 500hPa, while at 1000hPa they reflect an interaction between the circumpolar depression and the sub-tropical high. The quasi-biweekly oscillation may be a reflection of inherent oscillation of the polar vortex, where as the quasi-weekly oscillation is a result of forced oscillation by external disturbance.A large number of calculations and analysis made reveals the features of medium-range oscillation over the sub-Antarctic zone. The results are of significance for understanding the behaviour of synoptic dynamics and making the weather forecast.This work is supported by National Committee for Antarctic Research.

Analysis of Detected Avalanches Using Meteorological Data of Nearby Monitoring Stations in Ischgl, Austria

A set of detected avalanches from January to April 2012 on a hillside southeast of lschgl, Austria is given. The avalanches are off-the-cut or caused by blast. The meteorological data of two monitoring stations nearby the hillside are taken for analysing the weather situation. The meteorological parameters air temperature, wind intensity and wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation and snow depth are investigated for similarities short before and during an avalanche. The avalanches are grouped into three categories and meteorological characteristics are found for each category. Thereby the avalanche hazard for the observed hillside is better assessed and an infrastructure safety by avalanche control due to concerted avalanche blasts is more effective. The result of the analysis shows three kinds of hazard weather conditions, which increase the avalanche hazard： warm air temperatures cause a settlement of the snow pack, but in the beginning of the process a weakening in the snow pack happens. Rapidly decreasing of the air temperature cause cracks in the snow pack and the combination of fresh snow and strong wind speed leads to accumulation of snow on sheltered slopes.

Annual variations in the meteorological parameters at Jinnah Station，East Antarctica

he analysis of meteorological data obtained from the Installed Automatic Weather Station (AWS) at Jinnah Station (70. 24°S, 25. 45°E ). East Antarctica is presented. This paper describes the meteorological conditions of Jinnah Station for the years of 1991 and 1993. Due to some technical problems the data could not be received continuously in the year 1992. The significant temperature difference is found between the warmest and the coldest months. Climate shows the moderating effect of ocean.Low pressure and strong wind are common which represents the location of the station lies in the circum-POlar low pressure belt. The prevailing wind direction for all over the year is ESE.

Comparison and Analysis of Data at Traffic Meteorological Observation Station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games Period

This paper presents a comparison and analysis method of data at traffic meteorological observation station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period based on Grubbs criterion. By comparing the data of a set of standard multi-element observation stations with the data of multiple measured traffic stations, the outliers of each element data at each station were analyzed. It could provide data support for the maintenance of Zhangjiakou traffic meteorological observation station and a guarantee for the accuracy of forest service during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period.

Climate and meteorological processes of the East Antarctic ice sheet between Zhongshan and Dome-A

The 1228 km over-snow traverse route between the Chinese Zhongshan Station, on the coast of Prydz Bay, and Dome-A, at 4091 m elevation the highest point of the East Antarctic ice sheet, has been the focus of CHINARE surface meteorological and climate studies since 2002. A network of seven Automatic Weather Stations has been deployed along this section, including at Dome-A itself, and some of these have now provided nearly-hourly data for over a decade. Atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and radiation observations have been made over the near-coastal ice sheet inland of Zhongshan and surface turbulence measurements using an ultrasonic anemometer system have also been made in the deep interior of the ice sheet. Summer GPS radiosonde soundings of the atmospheric boundary layer have been made at Kunlun Station, near Dome-A. In this paper these observations are combined to provide a comprehensive overview of the meteorological regime of this region of the ice sheet, its climate variability, and as a reference for future study of climate change. This includes investigation of the variation of surface climate features with elevation and distance from the coast, the height and structure of the boundary layer over the ice sheet, and seasonal and regional changes in ice/snow-air interactions, including turbulent and radiative energy fluxes. The air temperature and snow temperature between the coastal Zhongshan and Dome-A on the inland plateau have not changed significantly in the past decade compared with the inter-annual variability.

Discussion on the Assessment Method of Wind Energy Resources by Using Regional Meteorological Data

The exploitation status of wind energy resources was analyzed, and the distribution of wind energy resources and regional meteorological stations were introduced, and then the assessment method of wind energy resources by using data from regional meteorological station was studied taking Huangjin Regional Meteorological Station in Xinning County in Hunan Province for example, besides, corresponding software was compiled. By means of SQL database and program, the method was used simply and easily and had positive meaning for the development of wind energy resources and excavation of wind farm in inland region.

The 18th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate

The 18th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate was held on 31 May through 2 June 2023.The Antarctic Meteorological Research and Data Center hosted this hybrid workshop at the Pyle Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison,WI,USA.Global members of the Antarctic meteorological community gathered to present and discuss topics from scientific research to operational support within Antarctic meteorology and climate.Students and early career professionals chaired various presentations and discussions while all attendees engaged to share results,build collaborative plans,and discuss further developments.The main workshop topics included updates on the current Automatic Weather Station(AWS)networks,challenges,and planning concerning Antarctic forecasting and operational services,Antarctic numerical modeling systems,observational applications and research,and Antarctic community and data sources.Across six sessions,over 25 different presenters elaborated on their work in areas such as field season updates,atmospheric rivers,remote sensing,the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System(AMPS),and forecasting challenges due to data scarcity.Workshop discussions resulted in several key outcomes and action items regarding fieldwork impacts,exploration of field techniques,observation coverage,and communication between operations and research scientists.Future workshops will provide opportunities for continued discussion on the evolution of the AWS network and operational needs while providing a venue to promote collaboration and cooperation for Antarctic meteorology and climate activities.

Temperature variations at the Great Wall and Zhongshan stations

Surface meteorological observations have been carried out at the Great Wall station （GW） and Zhongshan station （ZS） from 1984 to 2008 and from 1989 to 2008 respectively. The variation in mean air temperature and its trends are derived from the meteorological observation data recorded at both stations. The warming rate of the annual mean temperature at GW is similar to that at Bellingshausen station, which is about 3 km distant. Thus, the warming trend is representative of the King George Island region. The warming rate of ZS is less different from that at Davis station,which is about 100 km from ZS. It can be said that the meteorological data recorded at both stations are representative of the regions of the King George Island and east coast of the Antarctic.

Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean: observations at the long-term ice station

Under-ice ambient noise in the Arctic Ocean is studied using the data recorded by autonomous hydrophones at the long-term ice station during the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition.Time-frequency analysis of two 7-s-long ice-induced noise samples shows that both ice collision and ice breaking noise have many outliers in the time-domain(impulsive characteristic)and abundant frequency components in the frequency-domain.Ice collision noise lasts for several seconds while the duration of ice breaking noise is much shorter(i.e.,less than tens of milliseconds).Gaussian distribution and symmetric alpha stable(sαs)distribution are used in this paper to fit the impulsive under-ice noise.The sαs distribution can achieve better performance as it can track the heavy tails of impulsive noise while Gaussian distribution fails.This paper also analyzes the meteorological variables during the under-ice noise observation experiment and deduces that the impulsive ambient noise was caused by the combined force of high wind speed and increasing atmosphere temperature on the ice canopy.The Pearson correlation coefficients between long-term power spectral density variations of under-ice ambient noise and meteorological variables are also studied in this paper.

DevelopmentofShanghaiAutomaticWeatherStationsDataAnalysisandApplicationSystemBasedonGIS

基于ArcSDE＋SQL Server2005的空间数据管理方式，选择ArcGIS Engine及Delphi的组件式二次开发方式，设计及开发了上海市自动站资料分析应用系统。实现了对自动站资料的实时更新入库、查询检索、时空分布显示、气象灾害预警等功能，为预报人员提供了简便直观的气象数据可视化分析平台．大大提高了气象服务工作的效率。

Development of a Low-Cost Weather Station to Measure in Situ Essential Climate Variables

A weather station is proposed especially designed for developing countries, and to meet the standards of the international scientific community making research on the earth system. The station would measure in situ several ECV （essential climate variables）. These data may enable an agricultural breakthrough in countries lacking meteorological infrastructure, help in climate change monitoring, and facilitate diffusion of wind energy. A pre-feasibility analysis is presented. It appears interesting that the station is supplied by a social enterprise. A research to establish the best shelter design using computational fluid dynamics is also reported. The criterion is the accuracy with which the surface air temperature is reproduced inside the shelter. A design following recommendations by the WMO （World Meteorological Organization）, a smaller design with identical geometry, and two alternative small designs are analyzed. All four designs are simulated in PVC, natural rubber and wood, with and without white paint coating. The smaller shelters perform better. The influence of the material, dimensions and design is smaller than that of the white paint. Shelters made of PVC or rubber, and/or in alternative designs, may be more interesting if other criteria are considered, like whether logistics, manufacturing, etc. are more sustainable, easier and/or cheaper.

光伏电站理论发电功率的优化计算模型与方法

光伏电站理论发电功率计算结果的准确性直接影响弃光电量的统计,对电网调度及光伏发展规划影响重大。理论发电功率的传统计算方法有样板逆变器法和气象数据外推法,当样板逆变器的出力受到限制时,样板逆变器法计算结果不准确,而气象数据外推法参数众多且难以确定。针对上述问题,提出了一种光伏电站理论发电功率优化计算方法。首先,介绍了样板逆变器法和气象数据外推法的计算原理,并分析了两种方法的特点和不足。然后,基于光伏电站历史出力及气象信息,提出了改进样板逆变器法和改进气象数据外推法。在实际应用中,当弃光未发生或者在弃光初始阶段采用计算精度更高的改进样板逆变器法开展计算,当样板逆变器出力受到限制时,切换至改进气象数据外推法进行求解。最后,对国内某光伏电站在不同气象条件下开展仿真计算,验证了所提方法的合理性和有效性。

地面自动气象站数据流式处理设计与实现

针对观测密度和频次日益增加的海量地面自动气象站数据,在气象大数据云平台(天擎)中设计了基于Storm的实时流式处理,利用大规模并行处理的优势提高地面自动气象站数据的处理时效。在流式处理中,设计处理拓扑直接解码标准格式的数据消息;消息确认采用手工确认的方式,将数据解码组件锚定数据接入组件,实现每条数据的可靠处理;数据解码时进行字节校验和时间检查等,过滤异常数据;应用批量加定时的发送策略,解决海量监控信息发送气象综合业务实时监控系统(天镜)的问题;集群部署时保留部分剩余资源,有效应对单节点异常。应用效果表明:国家气象站小时数据的服务时效由全国综合气象信息共享系统(CIMISS)的175 s提高至天擎的78 s,约6×10^(4)个区域气象站小时数据的服务时效由CIMISS的5 min提高至天警的2 min,实况分析系统将数据源切换至天擎后,相同时间检索可获取的站点数量较CIMISS增加1倍。2021年12月基于Storm的流式处理与天擎一同在国省业务化运行,实现了长期稳定运行,为MICAPS4、SWAN2.0、实况分析系统等用户提供高效稳定的地面自动气象站数据。

气象灾害下的油气站场设备脆弱节点辨识方法

油气站场是保障我国石油与天然气等能源运输、储存体系的重要组成部分,油气站场的安全稳定运行是油气系统,乃至国家经济发展的重要一环。我国面积较大,包含多种气候地区,不同地域易发暴雨、雷电、台风等气象灾害。气象灾害发生在油气站场及其附近时可能会对相关设施造成破坏,导致站场处于异常工况中运行,甚至引发事故。常见的石油及相关液态加工产品的储运站场,介质除本身具有易燃易爆特性外,一般还具有一定的挥发性,易形成可燃气体云团。天然气站场常伴随高压运行条件,站场一旦出现异常工况或事故会使厂区内部工作人员的生命安全及周边环境都承受较大风险。气象灾害往往难以避免,但可以通过有针对性地增加安全措施加强站场在气象灾害条件下的稳定性,降低气象灾害带来的风险。为了达到上述目的,综合考虑油气站场的设备在遇到暴雨、雷暴等气象灾害时,更容易发生油气泄漏、爆炸等事故的情况,本文根据气象灾害发生场景,及相关场景下可能发生的灾害演化路径提出了一种定量的脆弱节点辨识方法。面对不同的环境风险,现有方法对于站场设备脆弱节点辨识缺乏精细度与准确度,错误辨识脆弱节节点不仅会导致防护过程中人力物力的浪费,更可能导致储罐管道的泄漏,甚至引发爆炸。本文对重力模型进行改进,结合鲁汶算法,提出基于社团分析模型的设备脆弱节点辨识方法。通过实验分析,得到暴雨天气、雷暴天气下的脆弱节点,并利用提出模型对历史案例进行分析,得到结果与实际调查情况较为吻合。相较于其他分析方法,社团分析模型精细度提高了10%以上,分析结果准确率提高了10%以上,召回率提高了14%以上。实验结果表明,本文所提方法可以实现多种极端天气下的脆弱节点辨识,且能对节点进行更精准的定位。