Mapping paddy rice with multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in China

The objective of this study was to obtain spatial distribution maps of paddy rice fields using multi-date moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data in China.Paddy rice fields were extracted by identifying the unique char-acteristic of high soil moisture in the flooding and transplanting period with improved algorithms based on rice growth calendar regionalization.The characteristic could be reflected by the enhanced vegetation index(EVI) and the land surface water index(LSWI) derived from MODIS sensor data.Algorithms for single,early,and late rice identification were obtained from selected typical test sites.The algorithms could not only separate early rice and late rice planted in the same fields,but also reduce the uncertainties.The areal accuracy of the MODIS-derived results was validated by comparison with agricultural statistics,and the spatial matching was examined by ETM+(enhanced thematic mapper plus) images in a test region.Major factors that might cause errors,such as the coarse spatial resolution and noises in the MODIS data,were discussed.Although not suitable for monitoring the inter-annual variations due to some inevitable factors,the MODIS-derived results were useful for obtaining spatial distribution maps of paddy rice on a large scale,and they might provide reference for further studies.

基于可见光红外成像辐射仪数据的地表温度反演

地表温度是农业旱灾和作物估产模型的重要参数。该文针对可见光红外成像辐射仪(visible infrared imager radiometer suite,VIIRS)传感器缺乏水汽通道的特点,联合Aqua卫星搭载的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)数据提出了基于分裂窗算法的VIIRS地表温度反演方法。对地表发射率和大气透过率这2个关键参数的获取进行了详细分析,选取了处于作物生长期的2013年6月4日VIIRS数据进行实例验证分析。结果表明,与全国气象数据比较该文算法在大尺度上能够较好地获取中国地表温度;与MODIS数据温度产品在高温产粮区比较,该文算法与MODIS温度产品精度较一致,两者差值小于1 K。使用MODTRAN(moderate resolution transmission)软件对算法的精度进行了模拟评价验证,分析表明:在一定的水汽和地表发射率条件下,算法反演精度一般保持在1 K内,平均误差为0.431 K,误差标准偏差为0.247 K。能够为农业干旱、作物长势等农情信息监测提供所需的地表温度数据。

基于MODIS影像渤海2012年海冰变化分析

海冰是影响渤海冬季海运的严重灾害,研究年度周期内海冰时空变化具有重要意义。依据研究内容选择11期具有代表性的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)影像数据,采用ENVI(The Environment for Visualizing Images)软件进行预处理,利用目视解译方法提取海冰面积与空间位置信息,采用ArcGIS软件制作了海冰时空变化图、海冰结冻与融化过程变化图。最后,对海冰面积变化、海冰结冻与融化过程进行了详细分析。研究结果表明,利用MODIS影像进行年度周期内海冰变化分析技术方法是可行的。

京津冀地区气溶胶时空分布及与城市化关系的研究

利用AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork)数据对2008~2012年Terra MODIS(MOderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品在京津冀地区的适用性进行了验证,分析京津冀地区3km分辨率气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的时空分布和变化特征。利用DMSP(Defense Meteorological Satellite System)/OLS(Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光数据作为城市化评价手段,对京津冀地区城市化与AOD时空分布之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)MODIS 3 km气溶胶产品遥感反演数据和同期AERONET监测数据在研究区具有很好的一致性,相关系数达0.91,满足期望要求;(2)时间上,2008~2012年研究区年平均AOD值在0.361~0.453之间变化,年际间变化浮动大,总体呈下降趋势;AOD春季呈明显下降趋势,夏季总体呈微弱上升趋势,秋季和冬季呈明显上升趋势;(3)空间上,2008~2012年北京、天津和河北中南部的AOD值较高,河北北边AOD值较低;四季AOD空间分布呈现较强烈季节变化,夏季最高,冬季最低;(4)夜间灯光数据和AOD时空分布不仅在空间分布上呈现较好的一致性,且2008~2012年二者的地理权重回归(GWR)模型拟合度R2达0.8左右。研究区内AOD与夜间灯光数据二者相关性显著,城市化发展水平和人类活动对气溶胶的分布有着明显的影响。

福建围填海及其对海洋环境影响的遥感初探

把遥感技术应用于海岸带现状的动态研究和遥感海洋环境反演是当前遥感应用的热点之一。文章主要利用美国资源卫星专题扫描仪(thematic mapper,TM)遥感影像研究福建围填海状况及大陆海岸线的变化,通过ENVI、ArcGIS软件对研究区遥感影像进行处理,实现海岸线的自动提取、土地分类,以监测福建围填海的动态变化。通过相同季节的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)遥感影像反演福建海域海水表层温度及叶绿素浓度等海洋参数来了解围填海对海洋环境的可能影响。

基于MODIS与HJ-1多源卫星的上海海域溢油事故诊断

随着上海港海上运输业和石油产业链的日趋发达,海上溢油事故风险也随之加剧。本文就2012年发生在上海海域吴淞口和九段沙附近的2起重大溢油事故,基于美国NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)中等分辨率MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)与国产"环境一号"卫星HJ-1的多源卫星数据,对溢油信息进行对比,通过对油水敏感通道进行波段比值运算,突出油膜与背景海水的光谱反射率差异,再结合重柴油光谱特征,利用图像分割的阈值确定法,从疑似溢油区域中有效提取溢油信息,实现溢油区域定位、溢油面积和溢油量的诊断,为事发后海域应急响应工作提供基础性分析依据。

Review of large scale crop remote sensing monitoring based on MODIS data

China has a vast territory with abundant crops,and how to collect crop information in China timely,objectively and accurately,is of great significance to the scientific guidance of agricultural development.In this paper,by selecting moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)data as the main information source,on the basis of spectral and biological characteristics mechanism of the crop,and using the freely available advantage of hyperspectral temporal MODIS data,conduct large scale agricultural remote sensing monitoring research,develop applicable model and algorithm,which can achieve large scale remote sensing extraction and yield estimation of major crop type information,and improve the accuracy of crop quantitative remote sensing.Moreover,the present situation of global crop remote sensing monitoring based on MODIS data is analyzed.Meanwhile,the climate and environment grid agriculture information system using large-scale agricultural condition remote sensing monitoring has been attempted preliminary.

2015年黄海浒苔演变特征的遥感分析

为揭示2015年黄海区域浒苔演变特征,利用MODIS(moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer)数据,通过计算漂浮藻类指数(floating algae index,FAI)建立了浒苔信息的数据集,进而获取了浒苔的时空变化规律特征。研究发现,5月13日浒苔条带最早出现在苏北近岸,之后浒苔条带向北和向东漂移,浒苔覆盖面积逐渐变大;向北漂移的浒苔逐渐发展成大规模聚集的形态,而向东的条带仍旧是分散的形态;向北漂移的浒苔条带6月12日到达半岛顶端后出现大规模登陆的情况,登陆的依次顺序为乳山—青岛—海阳;在苏北近岸的浒苔一直持续到8月5日。对2015年浒苔时空演变特征与往年情况进行初步对比分析,发现其与2013年浒苔漂移路径和登陆过程存在显著差异,具有很强的年际差异。

Responses of Alpine Wetlands to Climate Changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Based on Remote Sensing

The alpine wetlands in QTP(Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau)have been profoundly impacted along with global climate changes.We employ satellite datasets and climate data to explore the relationships between alpine wetlands and climate changes based on remote sensing data.Results show that:1)the wetland NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)and GPP(Gross Primary Production)were more sensitive to air temperature than to precipitation rate.The wetland ET(evapotranspiration)across alpine wetlands was greatly correlated with precipitation rate.2)Alpine wetlands responses to climate changes varied spatially and temporally due to different geographic environments,variety of wetland formation and human disturbances.3)The vegetation responses of the Zoige wetland was the most noticeable and related to the temperature,while the GPP and NDVI of the Qiangtang Plateau and Gyaring-Ngoring Lake were significantly correlated with both temperature and precipitation.4)ET in the Zoige wetland showed a significantly positive trend,while ET in Maidika wetland and the Qiangtang plateau showed a negative trend,implying wetland degradation in those two wetland regions.The complexities of the impacts of climate changes on alpine wetlands indicate the necessity of further study to understand and conserve alpine wetland ecosystems.

Assessment of rice fields by GIS／GPS-supported classification of MODIS data

The new Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite image offers a large choice of opportunities for operational applications. The 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image is not suitable for retrieval of field level parameter and Landsat data are not frequent enough for monitoring changes in crop parameters during the critical crop growth periods.A methodology to map areas of paddy fields using MODIS,geographic information system (GIS) and global position system (GPS) is introduced in this paper. Training samples are selected and located with the help of GPS to provide maximal accuracy.A concept of assessing areas of potential cultivation of rice is suggested by means of GIS integration. By integration of MODIS with GIS and GPS technologies the actual areas of rice fields in 2002 have been mapped. The classification accuracy was 95.7% percent compared with the statistical data of the Agricultural Bureau of Zhejiang Province.

Global Water Vapor Content Decreases from 2003 to 2012： An Analysis Based on MODIS Data

Water vapor in the earth′s upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the radiative balance, hydrological process, and climate change. Based on the latest moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data, this study probes the spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content in the past decade. It is found that overall the global water vapor content declined from 2003 to 2012(slope b = –0.0149, R = 0.893, P = 0.0005). The decreasing trend over the ocean surface(b = –0.0170, R = 0.908, P = 0.0003) is more explicit than that over terrestrial surface(b = –0.0100, R = 0.782, P = 0.0070), more significant over the Northern Hemisphere(b = –0.0175, R = 0.923, P = 0.0001) than that over the Southern Hemisphere(b = –0.0123, R = 0.826, P = 0.0030). In addition, the analytical results indicate that water vapor content are decreasing obviously between latitude of 36°N and 36°S(b = 0.0224, R = 0.892, P = 0.0005), especially between latitude of 0°N and 36°N(b = 0.0263, R = 0.931, P = 0.0001), while the water vapor concentrations are increasing slightly in the Arctic regions(b = 0.0028, R = 0.612, P = 0.0590). The decreasing and spatial variation of water vapor content regulates the effects of carbon dioxide which is the main reason of the trend in global surface temperatures becoming nearly flat since the late 1990 s. The spatio-temporal variations of water vapor content also affect the growth and spatial distribution of global vegetation which also regulates the global surface temperature change, and the climate change is mainly caused by the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system. A big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content, vegetation and temperature at large spatio-temporal scale. This comprehensive examination of water vapor changes promises a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.

The influence of runoff and wind on the dispersion patterns of suspended sediment in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary based on MODIS data

Cloud-free moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) images of the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary(ZRE) taken between 2002 and 2012 are retrieved and used to study the spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) across the estuary under runoff, wind, and tropical storm conditions.Five typical dispersal patterns of suspended sediments in the estuary are defined: Case I shows generally low SSCs under low dynamics; Case Ⅱ shows a river-dominant dispersal pattern of suspended sediments from the outlets,particularly from Modaomen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, and others; Case Ⅲ shows wind-dominant dispersal of high SSCs derived from the west shoal and southwesterly transport under a strong NE wind; Case IV is the combination of relatively large runoff and wind; and Case V is caused by a strong tropical storm with high river discharge and wind, which is characterized by the high SSCs across the entire estuary that are transported eastward by winddriven and buoyancy currents outside the estuary. Runoff is a dominant factor that controls seasonal and annual SSC variations in the ZRE, with the area of high SSCs being largest in the summer and smallest in the spring. The correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged river-suspended sediment discharge and the area of the high SSCs are approximately 0.6. The wind power over the west shoal increases with a wind speed, which induces more sediment resuspension and shows a close relationship between the wind speed and high SSC area.

Characteristics and generations of internal wave in the Sulu Sea inferred from optical satellite images

Characteristics and generation of internal waves(IWs)in the Sulu Sea are studied using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)images taken from October 2016 to September 2019.Satellite observations show that IWs in the Sulu Sea mainly located in the shallower western areas with occasional observations in the deeper eastern regions.The dominant length of wave crest(LWC)of IWs is between 50 and 150 km with the largest LWC reaching over 300 km.The analysis of temporal distributions of IWs shows that March has the most IWs and July has the least.Further analysis shows that the seasonal variation is mainly due to the cloud contamination of optical satellite images.New generation sites of IWs are analyzed using satellite images.Six possible generation sites for IWs in the western Sulu Sea and one generation site for IWs in the eastern Sulu Sea are found using the ray-tracing method.Multi IW sources in the same strait are found,which may be due to the seawater fl ow over the strait in diff erent directions.The analysis shows that IWs with long wave crest in the Sulu Sea is a combined eff ort of all straits between small islands in the Sulu Archipelago.Remote generated IWs with long wave crest in the eastern Sulu Sea are studied,which are generated at the straits around(121.5°E,6°N)by the nonlinear evolution of internal tide originated from the Sulu Archipelago.

Surface diurnal warming in the East China Sea derived from satellite remote sensing

Process of sea surface diurnal warming has drawn a lot of attention in recent years, but that occurs in shelf seas was rarely addressed. In the present work, surface diurnal warming strength in the East China Sea was calculated by the sea surface temperature(SST) data derived from the MODIS sensors carried by the satellites Aqua and Terra. Due to transit time difference, both the number of valid data and the surface diurnal warming strength computed by the MODIS-Aqua data are relatively larger than Terra. Therefore, the 10-year MODIS-Aqua data from 2005 to 2014 were used to analyze the monthly variability of the surface diurnal warming. Generally, the surface diurnal warming in the East China sea is stronger in summer and autumn but weaker in winter and spring, while it shows different peaks in different regions. Large events with ΔT≥5 K have also been discussed. They were found mainly in coastal area, especially near the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary. And there exists a high-incidence period from April to July. Furthermore, the relationship between surface diurnal warming and wind speed was discussed. Larger diurnal warming mainly lies in areas with low wind speed. And its possibility decreases with the increase of wind speed. Events with ΔT ≥2.5 K rarely occur when wind speed is over 12 m/s. Study on surface diurnal warming in the East China Sea may help to understand the daily scale air-sea interaction in the shelf seas. A potential application might be in the marine weather forecasts by numerical models. Its impact on the coastal eco-system and the activities of marine organisms can also be pursued.

Remote Detection of Varying Water Storage in Relation to Surfacial Temperature of Aral Sea

Lake monitoring by remote sensing is of significant importance to understanding the lake and ambient ecological and environmental processes. In particular, whether lake water storage variation could predict lake surfacial temperature or vice versa has long fascinated the research community, in that it would greatly benefit the monitoring missions and scientific interpretation of the lake change processes. This study attempted to remotely detect the dynamics of the Aral Sea and pursue the relationships between varying lake water storage attributes and surface water temperature by using MODIS LST(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature) 8-day composite products, satellite altimeter data, and actual meteorological measurements. Their associations with lake Surface Water Temperatures(SWT) were then analyzed. Results showed the lake water surface areas and elevations of the North Aral Sea tended to increasing trend from 2001(2793.0 km^2, 13.6 m) to 2015(6997.8 km^2, 15.9 m), while those of the South Aral Sea showed a decreasing trend during 2001(20 434.6 km^2, 3.9 m) and 2015(3256.1 km^2, 0.9 m). In addition, the annual daytime and nighttime lake SWT both decreased in the North Aral Sea, while only the daytime SWT in the South Aral Sea exhibited an increase, indicating a rising deviation of diurnal temperatures in the South Aral Sea during the past 15 yr. Moreover, a lower correlation was found between variations in the daytime SWT and storage capacity in the South Aral Sea(R^2 = 0.33;P < 0.05), no fair correlations were tested between lake water storage and daytime SWT in the North Aral Sea nor between lake water storage and nighttime SWT in either part of the sea. These results implied that climate change, if any at least during the research period, has no significant effects on lake dynamics over the two sectors of the Aral Sea with anthropogenic disturbances. However, climate change and human activities may overlap to explain complex consequences in the lake storage variations. Our results may provide a reference for monitoring the spatiotemporal variations of lakes, increasing understanding of the lake water storage changes in relation to the lake SWT, which may benefit the ecological management of the Aral Sea region, in the effort to face the likely threats from climate change and human activities to the region.

The study of estimation method of broadband emissivity from EOS/MODIS data

The broadband emissivity is an important parameter for estimating the energy balance of the Earth. This study focuses on estimating the window （8 -12 μm） emissivity from the MODIS （mod- erate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer） data, and two methods are built. The regression method obtains the broadband emissivity from MODllB1 - 5KM product, whose coefficient is developed by using 128 spectra, and the standard deviation of error is about 0.0118 and the mean error is about O. 0084. Although the estimation accuracy is very high while the broadband emissivity is estimated from the emissivity of bands 29, 31 and 32 obtained from MOD11B1 _ 5KM product, the standard deviations of errors of single emissivity in bands 29, 31, 32 are about 0.009 for MOD11B1 5KM product, so the total error is about O. 02 and resolution is about 5km × 5km. A combined radiative transfer model with dynamic learning neural network method is used to estimate the broadband emis- sivity from MODIS 1B data. The standard deviation of error is about 0.016, the mean error is about 0.01, and the resolution is about 1 km x 1 km. The validation and application analysis indicates that the regression is simpler and more practical, and estimation accuracy of the dynamic learning neural network method is higher. Considering the needs for accuracy and practicalities in application, one of them can be chosen to estimate the broadband emissivity from MODIS data.

Spatial and seasonal characterization of net primary productivity and climate variables in southeastern China using MODIS data

We developed a sophisticated method to depict the spatial and seasonal characterization of net primary productivity (NPP) and climate variables. The role of climate variability in the seasonal variation of NPP exerts delayed and continuous effects. This study expands on this by mapping the seasonal characterization of NPP and climate variables from space using geographic information system (GIS) technology at the pixel level. Our approach was developed in southeastern China using moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The results showed that air temperature,precipitation and sunshine percentage contributed significantly to seasonal variation of NPP. In the northern portion of the study area,a significant positive 32-d lagged correlation was observed between seasonal variation of NPP and climate (P<0.01),and the influences of changing climate on NPP lasted for 48 d or 64 d. In central southeastern China,NPP showed 16-d,48-d,and 96-d lagged correlation with air temperature,precipitation,and sunshine percentage,respectively (P<0.01); the influences of air temperature and precipitation on NPP lasted for 48 d or 64 d,while sunshine influence on NPP only persisted for 16 d. Due to complex topography and vegetation distribution in the southern part of the study region,the spatial patterns of vegetation-climate relationship became complicated and diversiform,especially for precipitation influences on NPP. In the northern part of the study area,all vegetation NPP had an almost similar response to seasonal variation of air temperature except for broad crops. The impacts of seasonal variation of precipitation and sunshine on broad and cereal crop NPP were slightly different from other vegetation NPP.

A Remote Sensing Model to Estimate Sunshine Duration in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China

Sunshine duration（SD） is strongly correlated with solar radiation, and is most widely used to estimate the latter. This study builds a remote sensing model on a 100 m × 100 m spatial resolution to estimate SD for the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Digital elevation model（DEM） data are employed to reflect topography, and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer（MODIS） cloud products（Aqua MYD06-L2 and Terra MOD06-L2） are used to estimate sunshine percentage. Based on the terrain（e.g.,slope, aspect, and terrain shadowing degree） and the atmospheric conditions（e.g., air molecules, aerosols,moisture, cloud cover, and cloud types）, observation data from weather stations are also incorporated into the model. Verification results indicate that the model simulations match reasonably with the observations,with the average relative error of the total daily SD being 2.21%. Further data analysis reveals that the variation of the estimated SD is consistent with that of the maximum possible SD; its spatial variation is so substantial that the estimated SD differs significantly between the south-facing and north-facing slopes,and its seasonal variation is also large throughout the year.

Numerical Study of the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Meiyu Precipitation over Eastern China

The Yangtze River Delta（YRD） has experienced significant urban expansion in recent years, while the Meiyu belt of China has demonstrated a decadal northward shifting trend. Thus, it is of interest to assess how urban expansion affects Meiyu precipitation and hopefully to reveal the underlying physical mechanisms involved. In this study, the urban extents over the YRD in 2001 and 2010 are derived based on land use/land cover（LULC） category data and nighttime light image data. Two parallel groups of10-summer（2001-2010） numerical simulations are carried out with the urban extents over the YRD in2001 and 2010, respectively. The results show that the urban expansion in the YRD tends to result in increased（decreased） Meiyu precipitation over the Huaihe River（Yangtze River） basin with intensities of0.2-1.2 mm day-1. Further analysis indicates that the spatiotemporal pattern of the Meiyu precipitation change induced by the urban expansion resembles the third empirical orthogonal function（EOF） mode of the observed Meiyu precipitation. Analyses of the possible underlying physical mechanisms reveal that urban expansion in the YRD leads to changes in the surface energy balance and warming（cooling） of tropospheric（stratospheric） air temperature over eastern China. Anomalous upward（downward） motion and moisture convergence（divergence） over the Huaihe River（Yangtze River） basin occur, corresponding to the increases（decreases） of the Meiyu precipitation over the Huaihe River（Yangtze River） basin.

Estimating global land surface broadband thermal-infrared emissivityusing advanced very high resolution radiometer optical data

An algorithm for retrieving global eight-day 5 km broadband emissivity (BBE)from advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) visible and nearinfrared data from 1981 through 1999 was presented. Land surface was dividedinto three types according to its normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)values: bare soil, vegetated area, and transition zone. For each type, BBE at813.5 mm was formulated as a nonlinear function of AVHRR reflectance forChannels 1 and 2. Given difficulties in validating coarse emissivity products withground measurements, the algorithm was cross-validated by comparing retrievedBBE with BBE derived through different methods. Retrieved BBE was initiallycompared with BBE derived from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedos. Respective absolute bias and root-mean-square errorwere less than 0.003 and 0.014 for bare soil, less than 0.002 and 0.011 fortransition zones, and 0.002 and 0.005 for vegetated areas. Retrieved BBE wasalso compared with BBE obtained through the NDVI threshold method. Theproposed algorithm was better than the NDVI threshold method, particularly forbare soil. Finally, retrieved BBE and BBE derived from MODIS data wereconsistent, as were the two BBE values.