VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE MT.QOMOLANGMA NATURAL RESERVE FROM 1981 TO 2001

1 Introduction On 18 May 1989,the Mt.Qomolangma (Everest)Natural Reserve(abbr.MQNR)in Tibet Autonomous Region formally came into existence and it was listed as World Network of Biosphere Reserves(WNBR)in May 2005.The MQNR is a comprehensive reserve,which mainly protects alpine ecosystems,plateau natural landscapes,geological remains and Tibetan historical and cultural heritages.

The Mountain Summit Auspicious Clouds and Dreams—Recapping the Moment of the Olympic Torch Relay Leg at the Mt.Qomolangma

The Beijing leg of the 2008 Olympic torch relay be-gan in spring.Along with the citizens in other cities,we were longing for a distinctive and stun-ning torch relay in terms of the route and the many colorful cer-emonial activities. The unprecedented plan to ex-tend the torch relay to Mt. Qomolangma will surely attract at-tention from all over the world.

Meteorological Features at 6523 m of Mt.Qomolangma(Everest)between 1 May and 22 July 2005

Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）, the highest mountain peak in the world, has little been studied extensively from a meteorological perspective, mostly because of the remoteness of the region and the resultant lack of meteorological data. An automatic weather station （AWS）, the highest in the world, was set up on 27 April 2005 at the Ruopula Pass （6523 m asl） on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma by the team of integrated scientific expedition to Mt. Qomolangma. Here its meteorological characteristics were analyzed according to the lo-minute-averaged and 24-hour records of air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure and wind from 1 May to 22 July 2005. It is shown that at 6523 m of Mt. Qomolangma, these meteorological elements display very obvious diurnal variations, and the character of averaged diurnal variation is one-peak-and-one-vale for air temperature, one-vale for relative humidity, two-peak-and-two-vale for air pressure, and one-peak with day-night asymmetry for wind speed. In the 83 days, all the air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure increased with some different fluctuations, while wind speed decreased gradually and wind direction turned from north to south. The variations of relative humidity had great fluctuations and obvious local differences. Then the paper discusses the reason for the characters of diurnal and daily variations. Compared with the corresponding records in May 1960, 5-day-averaged maximums, minimums and diurnal variations of air temperature in May 2005 were apparently lower.

Hydrological Characteristics of the Rongbuk Glacier Catchment in Mt.Qomolangma Region in the Central Himalayas,China

From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 35% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.

Seasonal variations in heavy metals concentrations in Mt.Qomolangma Region snow

The concentrations of heavy metals Ba, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co in snow pit collected in September, 2005 from the accumulation area of the East Rongbuk Glacier （6523 m a.s.l.）, which lies on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. Concentrations （pg/ml） of heavy metals are Ba2-227, Co2.8-15.7, Cu10-120, Zn29-4948 and Pb14-142, respectively. The 5180 was determined by MAT-252. The time period of the snow pit spans from autumn 2005 to summer 2004. Seasonal variations of the concentrations and δ^18O are observed, of which Pb, Cu, Zn and Co are much lower in summer monsoon season than that in non summer monsoon season, suggesting that different sources of heavy metals contributed to the site. EFc （crustal enrichment factors） is Co3.6, Cu27, Pb33 and Zn180, respectively. Higher EFo values of Pb, Cu and Zn suggest that Pb, Cu especially Zn are mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources.

Spatial-temporal dynamics of alpine grassland coverage and its response to climate warming in Mt.Qomolangma Nature Preserve during 2000-2019

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)has the largest and highest alpine grassland ecosystem in the world,which is considered to be the most sensitive and vulnerable ecosystem to climate change.Its dynamic changes and driving mechanism have always been widely researched.The Qomolangma National Nature Preserve(QNNP),with the largest altitude difference in the world,was selected as the study area to analyse the spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and the different characteristics of elevation gradients at the southern slope(SS)and northern slope(NS)with MODIS MOD13Q1 NDVI and MOD11A2 land surface temperature data from 2000to 2019 using the Mann-Kendall trend test and Theil-Sen slope methods.Further,the response mechanism of grassland coverage to climate warming is discussed.The results revealed that from 2000 to 2019,the grassland coverage change in the study area is mainly stable.The increased area proportion of grassland coverage on the southern slope is significantly higher than that on the northern slope,and the decreased area proportion of grassland coverage on the northern slope is significantly greater than that on the southern slope.The change characteristics of grassland coverage in the QNNP exhibit an obvious elevation gradient;the higher the elevation,the greater the increased area proportion of grassland coverage,particularly on the SS.The land surface temperature can be used as a proxy for analysing the temporal and spatial variation trends of air temperature in the QNNP.With the increase of the altitude,the land surface temperature rise rate on both the southern slope and northern slope exhibited an increasing trend,and the sensitivity of grassland coverage to temperature rise was higher on the northern slope.The water condition was the decisive factor for the horizontal and vertical spatial heterogeneity of the dynamic change of grassland coverage,and the melting of glaciers and thawing of permafrost were important sources of water for grassland growth in the QNNP.Climate warming promotes the growth of grassland in areas with a sufficient water supply,but adversely affects the growth of grassland in areas with insufficient water supplies,which will be further intensified by human activities.

5G Reaches Mt.Qomolangma

ON the afternoon of April 30,a 5G base station jointly built by China Mobile and Huawei started operating at the 6,500-meter-high advanced camp of Mt.Qomolangma,becoming the highest of its kind in the world.“China Mobile and Huawei built a 5G base station on Mt.Qomolangma at an altitude of 6,500 meters within a short period of time and under extremely harsh circumstances.This accomplishment testifies to the maturity of China’s 5G industrial chain,”said Wang Bo,a manager of Huawei’s Lhasa branch.

PHENTOK’S LIFE OF CLIMBING:THE FIRST WOMAN ON THE SUMMIT OF MT.QOMOLANGMA

On March 31,2014,Phentok,the first woman mountaineer in the world to reach the summit of Mt.Qomolangma from the north side,passed away because of complications from diabetes,aged75.From her humble upbringing as a serf to the first Chinese woman on Mt.Qomolangma,she left behind

The Earth Summit Mission-2022:Successful ozone soundings contribute to source identification in the north Mt.Qomolangma region

As part of“The Earth Summit Mission-2022”during the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)in April and May 2022,we conducted the ozone sounding experiment(an ozonesonde mated to a radiosonde)at Mt.Qomolangma Base Camp(MQBC;86.85°E,28.14°N;5200 m),a location at an extremely high altitude.A total of ten sounding profiles were obtained between April 30 and May 06,2022,of which seven profiles were above35 km in altitude,with a maximum detection altitude up to 39.0 km.This study presents the temporal variation and vertical distributions of atmospheric temperature,humidity,and ozone during the MQBC campaign.The averaged ozone concentration was high(68.3 ppbv)at the surface and then increased smoothly until peaking(~110 ppbv)in the middle troposphere(approximately 10 km),and afterward,the ozone concentration increased rapidly from the upper troposphere to a maximum of~10 ppmv at~30 km.The enhanced ozone concentration in the middle troposphere was associated with the blocking high pressure,and transport from the southern flank of the Himalayas occurred during the campaign period.The average total ozone column was 291.9±21.4 DU for the seven profiles exceeding 35km in altitude.The ozonesonde measurements were also compared with the vertical ozone profiles retrieved from the space-borne ozone products from the Microwave Limb Sounder(MLS)onboard the Aura satellite and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)onboard the Aqua satellite.

商业健康保险的收入再分配效应研究——基于中国家庭金融调查数据

利用2019年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,研究不同收入水平群体购买不同类型商业健康保险的保险受益情况,评估商业健康保险的收入再分配效应。结果显示,商业健康保险存在逆向收入再分配现象;不断提高的筹资标准、高昂的医疗费用,是收入差距急剧扩大的重要因素;保险偿付能弥补保险缴费以及医疗支出后扩大的收入差距,但存在正向收入再分配作用不足、受益不公平现象。对此,应创新商业健康保险产品和服务,建立“商业健康保险+健康管理”模式,加大政府支持力度,促进我国商业健康保险的发展。

Organochlorine pesticides in fresh-fallen snow on East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt.Qomolangma (Everest)

During a field campaign in April 2005,fresh-fallen snow samples were collected on the East Rongbuk Glacier of the Mt. Qomolangma at four altitudes (6500 m,6300 m,6100 m and 5900 m),to study the role of Mt. Qomolangma as "cold-traps" for Persistent Organic Pollutants. From these snow samples col-lected at the highest-altitude,organochlorine pesticides (OCPs):HCB,p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD were detected,with the concentrations in the ranges of 44―72 pg/L,401―1560 pg/L,and 20―80 pg/L,re-spectively. The concentration of o,p′-DDT was around the method detection limit. Analysis of backward trajectories showed that the detected compounds came from the north of India,suggesting that DDTs detected in the snow were possibly originated from new emissions in this area. Relationships between the concentrations of OCPs in snow samples and the sampling altitudes were discussed. The altitudes had no obvious effect on HCB concentrations in the fresh-fallen snow,while increases in the concen-trations of p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD with increasing altitude were found,which was reversed compared to the trends observed in North America. Three factors likely resulted in this trend: (1) the properties of the target compounds; (2) the low temperatures at high altitudes; and (3) the location of the mountain sampling sites relative to their sources.

On crustal movement in Mt.Qomolangma area

Mt. Qomolangma lies in the collision zone between the fringe of Eurasia plate and Indian plate. The crustal movement there is still very active so far. In the past three decades China carried out five geodetic campaigns in Mt. Qomolangma and its north vicinal area, independently or cooperatively with other countries, including triangulation, leveling, GPS positioning, atmospheric, astronomical and gravity measurements. On the basis of the observation results achieved in the campaigns the crustal movements in the area were studied and explored. A non-stationary phenomenon both in time and space of the crustal vertical movement in the area is found. There seems to be some relevance between the phenomenon of non-stationary in time and seismic episode in China. The phenomenon of non-stationary in space is possibly relevant to the no-homo- geneity of crustal medium and non-uniform absorption of terrestrial stress. The horizontal crustal movement in the area is in the direction of NEE at a speed of 6—7 cm per year, and the trend of strike slip movement is manifested evidently in the collision fringe of Indian plate and Qinghai-Xizang block.

Records of volcanic events since AD 1800 in the East Rongbuk ice core from Mt.Qomolangma

Continuous Bi profile of the East Rongbuk(ER) ice core near Mt.Qomolangma reveals nine major volcanic events since AD 1800.Compared with Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI),it shows that the concentrations of Bi in the ER ice core can reflect the major volcanic events within the key areas.This provides a good horizon layer for ice core dating,as well as a basis for reconstructing a long sequence of volcanic records from the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau ice cores.

新疆大红柳滩伟晶岩型锂矿深部结构与区域成矿模型解释

为揭示花岗岩-伟晶岩型锂等稀有金属矿成矿系统的深部结构,对西昆仑造山带大红柳滩伟晶岩型锂矿集区开展了大地电磁测深法(MT)探测。通过MT三维反演电阻率模型,探测到两个0~20 km深度范围的高阻体,反映了出露于地表的大红柳滩复式花岗岩基和半隐伏的大红柳滩东花岗岩基;20~80 km深度范围内发现的大范围高导异常,则反映了深达上地幔的地壳重熔形成的大规模长英质岩浆储库。可见,成矿母岩大红柳滩花岗岩基是有根的,而且是规模巨大深达上地幔的岩浆储库,它们为超大型大红柳滩伟晶岩型锂矿的形成提供了物源和热源。与松潘-甘孜甲基卡超大型伟晶岩型锂矿集区对比,尽管川西甲基卡地区地表出露的花岗岩有限,但MT三维反演电阻率模型显示,其也存在深达上地幔的大范围高导异常,同样反映了大规模长英质岩浆储库的存在,只是剥蚀深度浅,上侵的花岗岩未被剥蚀出来而已。从而,深剥蚀的大红柳滩地区表现为大面积花岗岩出露的“热隆”特征,而浅剥蚀的甲基卡地区则表现为花岗岩围岩“片麻岩穹隆”热变质构造特征。西昆仑-松潘-甘孜伟晶岩型锂等稀有金属巨型成矿带两端的晚三叠世超大型矿床是大规模地壳重熔长英质岩浆作用中心的产物,由于锂等稀有金属的喜水性,H2O的饱和度是造就伟晶岩型锂超常富集的关键,并在长英质岩浆储库、上侵花岗岩和伟晶岩不同分异演化阶段,锂的“预富集”为大规模伟晶岩型锂矿成矿奠定了重要基础。

基于特斯拉阀的黏滞阻尼器减震性能研究

针对一种基于特斯拉阀单向流通性的新型黏滞阻尼器,利用MTS landmark电液伺服试验系统对单双阀两种工况的阻尼器进行多振幅多频率循环加载;基于流体在特斯拉阀内的沿程损失建立理论模型,用MATLAB软件对新型阻尼器及传统孔隙式黏滞阻尼器进行仿真分析,分组讨论新型阻尼器的耗能减震性能。试验及仿真结果表明:新型阻尼器是一种无刚度的速度相关型阻尼器,试验值与仿真值基本吻合,较传统阻尼器减震性能突出;单阀阻尼器其性能受流体速度影响存在适用局限性,可通过调整阀门组数以调节阻尼器耗能性能。

1-MCP与MT联合处理对芒果保鲜效果的影响

为探究1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)与褪黑素(MT)联合处理对芒果保鲜效果的影响,该研究用0.1 mg/L 1-MCP和0.2 mmol/L MT联合处理芒果后,于25℃贮藏10 d,每2 d取样测定相关指标。结果显示:1-MCP和MT联合处理可以延缓芒果果皮叶绿素降解和类胡萝卜素含量升高,在贮藏第10天,处理组的果皮叶绿素为0.078 mg/g,是对照组的5.27倍;延缓了果肉L*值的下降和a*、b*值的升高,抑制原果胶降解和可溶性果胶含量的升高,贮藏第6天处理组的原果胶含量比对照高2.53倍,而可溶性果胶含量比对照低44.04%,同时在贮藏前期显著抑制了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)活性,降低了β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性,并且维持了果肉更完整的细胞结构,但果肉类黄酮含量在贮藏中期显著低于对照。综上,1-MCP和MT联合处理保持了芒果良好的外观品质,延缓了细胞壁物质的降解,提高了货架期品质。

土壤镉胁迫下龙葵MTs的检测与响应:纳米材料与微生物的影响

本论文以单纯周芽孢杆菌和卷枝毛霉为供试微生物,以纳米氧化铁为外源添加材料,采用龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)盆栽实验,以龙葵中金属硫蛋白(MTs)、生物量和土壤-龙葵中镉(Cd)含量的响应差异为指标,研究了土壤Cd胁迫下纳米氧化铁与微生物对龙葵响应机制及修复效果的影响。结果表明,紫外光谱分析方法可快速检测龙葵叶片中MTs含量,其最大吸收峰为317 nm,线性关系良好。MTs测定结果表明,单纯周芽孢杆菌、卷枝毛霉及其联合处理均能有效促进龙葵生成MTs,从而结合更多Cd离子,减轻Cd对植物的毒害,表现为植物生物量的提高和重金属去除率的提升,这与微生物对植物的促生作用相吻合;其中卷枝毛霉对植物的解毒作用尤为突出,相比对照组,龙葵叶片中MTs的含量增加了86.95%,生物量增加了44.59%,叶片中Cd含量增加了47.26%。不同的是,单独纳米氧化铁的添加未显著影响龙葵中MTs的含量。

形式背景上近似推理生成决策蕴涵研究

基于形式背景获取决策蕴涵、概念规则等知识是数据分析、机器学习的重要研究内容之一.首先,利用属性逻辑语义对决策蕴涵的特性进行刻画.其次,在经典二值逻辑框架下分析决策蕴涵、概念规则的基于全蕴涵三I推理思想及分离规则(Modus ponens,MP)和逆分离规则(Modus tonens,MT)的近似推理模式的特征,证明决策蕴涵的MP、MT近似推理结论是决策蕴涵,概念规则的MP、MT近似推理结论是概念规则等结论.引进属性逻辑公式的伪距离,在属性逻辑伪距离空间中分析推理对象范围参数变化对决策蕴涵MP、MT近似推理结论的影响.最后,提出若干通过MP、MT近似推理生成决策蕴涵、概念规则及拟决策蕴涵的模式和方法,数值实验验证了所提方法的有效性.

CANCELED CLIMBING:China Cancels Mt.Qomolangma Trips for Remainder of 2021

Chinese officials have announced the cancellation of all Mt.Qomolangma(referred to as Mt.Everest in the West)summit expeditions in the face of rising COVID-19 cases on the neighbor!ng side of the mountain,according to Reuters.Just a week prior,the Tibetan Sports Bureau armounced plans to build a separating line to distance Chinese climb.ers from the hordes on the Nepalese side of Mt.Qomolangma.Something clearly easier said than done as they were unsure of the logistics when the announcement was first made.

CANCELED CLIMBING China Cancels Mt.Qomolangma Trips for Remainder of 2021

Chinese officials have announced the cancellation of all Mt.Qomolangma(referred to as Mt.Everest in the West)summit expeditions in the face of rising COVID-19 cases on the neighboring side of the mountain,according to Reuters・Just a week prior,the Tibetan Sports Bureau armounced plans to build a separating line to distance Chinese climb・ers from the hordes on the Nepalese side of Mt.Qomolangma.