Endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal and gastric lesions:A comparison of procedures

Objective Esophageal and gastric lesions are effectively managed with minimally invasive upper endoscopic procedures such as endoscopic mucosa resection(EMR)and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD),offering patients alternatives to invasive interventions.While ESD is well established in Eastern Asia,its adoption in Denmark for superficial esophageal cancer is recent.This study presents real-world data on the feasibility,safety,and hospitalization duration associated with ESD and EMR for esophageal and gastric lesions.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent ESD or EMR at a specialized center in Denmark from October 2016 to June 2022.Data on treatment,indication,lesion location,hospitalization duration,procedure duration,specimen size,complications,recurrence,and one-year overall survival were collected.Statistical comparisons utilized the Mann-Whitney U test,independent sample median test,and chi-squared test.Results The study included 130 patients(144 procedures):72 underwent ESD and 58 underwent EMR.Compared with EMR,ESD resulted in greater percentages of en bloc and R0 resections(98.8%vs.64.1%,p<0.001;and 83.9%vs.23.8%,p<0.001),greater complication rates(28.7%vs.3.1%,p<0.001)and longer procedure times(119.5 min vs.37.0 min,p<0.001).The ESD procedure time significantly decreased over time(p=0.01).The local recurrence rates were 14.5%for ESD and 23.8%for EMR(p=0.767).The one-year overall survival rates were similar between the groups(95.8%vs.94.8%,p=0.553).Conclusion Both ESD and EMR are safe and viable for treating esophageal and gastric lesions.ESD offers advantages but requires more time and skill.These findings support the literature,emphasizing the importance of considering patient-specific factors and surgeon proficiency in selecting the appropriate procedure.

Role of buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty in the surgical management of pyeloplasty failure

Objective:Secondary pyeloplasty for recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions may be a safe and feasible surgical option for patients.This study aimed to demonstrate outcomes of utilizing a non-transecting buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after prior failed pyeloplasty.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of our Collaborative of Reconstructive Robotic Ureteral Surgery database for all consecutive patients who underwent buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty between April 2012 and June 2022 for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions after prior failed pyeloplasty.The primary outcome included surgical success which was defined as the absence of flank pain and no obstruction on imaging.Results:Overall,ten patients were included in our analysis.The median stricture length was 2.5(interquartile range[IQR]1.8-4.0)cm.The median operative time was 230.5(IQR 199.5-287.0)min and median estimated blood loss was 50.0(IQR 28.8-102.5)mL.At a median follow-up of 10.3(IQR 6.2-14.8)months,80%of patients were surgically successful and there were no major(ClavieneDindo Grade>2)complications.Conclusion:Buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty is a valuable non-transecting surgical option for patients with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions who failed prior pyeloplasty and has comparable outcomes to the literature regarding standard transecting techniques.

Co-infection with Neisseria mucosa in a patient with tuberculous otitis media

Tuberculous otitis media(TOM) is a rare manifestation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with low incidence rates among extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. Diagnosis is often delayed because of the presence of several clinical manifestations and the high prevalence of secondary bacterial infections. Few reports have attributed secondary bacterial infections in patients with TOM to commensal Neisseria. Thus, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features of commensal Neisseria is important, considering its recent presentation as an infection-causing pathogen. Neisseria mucosa is a commensal inhabitant in humans and is generally considered non-pathogenic but can cause infection in rare cases. Here, we report an atypical secondary infection caused by Neisseria mucosa in an 81-year-old woman with TOM being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Direct purulent otorrhea smear microscopy revealed no acid-fast bacilli using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, whereas the phagocytosis of gram-negative cocci by white blood cells was confirmed using Gram staining. Otorrhea culture revealed the growth of N. mucosa. Subsequently, M. tuberculosis infection in the otorrhea was identified using a culture-based method. Vigilance is critical for the early detection of TOM to prevent further complications. This report raises awareness regarding TOM and provides insight into the pathogenicity of N. mucosa in otitis media.

Limosilactobacillus mucosae FZJTZ26M3 prevents NAFLD in mice through modulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis

Lactobacillus are considered promising therapeutic methods for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The effects of two strains of Ltmosilactobacillus mucosae on NAFLD were investigated in this study.Fourweek-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups(n=8 per group,Control,Model,FZJTZ26M3,FGSYC17L3).L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 reduced the mice 's body weight,liver weight,and adipose tissue weight after 12 weeks of therapy.According to serum analysis,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased after L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 intervention.Liver pathology showed that L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 was effective to ameliorate lipid deposition in NAFLD mice.Additionally,the expression of the gene related to lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue was analyzed,and the results indicated that L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 could alleviate NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism.Furthermore,the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a drop in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae,which is linked to inflammation,but the relative abundance of a potential probiotic Akkermansia significantly increased after L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 intervention.Generally,L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 could be a candidate to prevent NAFLD.

Mucosa color and size may indicate malignant transformation of chicken skin mucosa-positive colorectal neoplastic polyps

BACKGROUND Lipid metabolism reprogramming is suspected to exist in pre-cancerous lesions,including colorectal adenoma.Screening colonoscopy frequently reveals chicken skin mucosa(CSM;white or yellow-white speckled mucosa)surrounding colo-rectal polyps,caused by macrophages engulfing and accumulating the lipids decomposed by colon cells or adjacent tumors.CSM-positive colorectal polyps are associated with various diseases;however,their prognosis varies greatly.Cold snare polypectomy is commonly used to resect lesions up to 10 to 15 mm in diameter without signs of submucosal invasion but is controversial for CSM-positive colorectal polyps.Improved imaging is required to diagnose and treat CSM-positive colorectal polyps.METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 177 patients with CSM-positive colorectal polyps diagnosed using endoscopy.All patient-related information was extracted from the Goldisc soft-clinic DICOM system or electronic medical record system.Based on the pathological results,patients were classified as non-neoplastic polyps(five juvenile polyps),neoplastic polyps,non-invasive high-grade neoplasia(NHGN),or submucosal invasive carcinoma(SM stage cancer).We analyzed and compared the clinical features,suspected risk factors for malignant transformation of neoplastic polyps,and early infiltration of sub-mucosal carcinoma.RESULTS The diameters of NHGN and SM polyps were much smaller than those of neoplastic polyps.Most NHGN polyps had a deeper red mucosal color.On logistic regression analyses,diameter and deeper red mucosal color were independent risk factors for malignant transformation of neoplastic polyps.Type 1 CSM was more common in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and SM;type 2 CSM was more common in neoplastic polyps.Logistic regression analyses revealed no significant differences in the malignant transformation of neoplastic polyps or early submucosal invasion of CSM-positive colorectal cancer.Changes in the CSM mucosa surrounding neoplastic polyps and submucosal invasion of colorectal cancer disappeared within 12 months.No tumor recurrence was found during either partial or complete endoscopic resection of the CSM.CONCLUSION CSM-positive colorectal polyps>1 cm in diameter or with deeper red mucosa may be related to NHGN.Resection of CSM surrounding colorectal adenomas did not affect tumor recurrence.

Modified approach of regenerative treatment for distal intrabony defect beneath non-keratinized mucosa at terminal molar:A case report

BACKGROUND Intrabony defects beneath non-keratinized mucosa are frequently observed at the distal site of terminal molars.Consequently,the application of regenerative treatment using the modified wedge-flap technique is considered impractical for these specific dental conditions.CASE SUMMARY This article proposes a modified surgical procedure aimed at exposing the distal intrabony defect by making a vertical incision in the keratinized buccal gingiva.The primary objective is to maintain gingival flap stability,thereby facilitating periodontal regeneration.The described technique was successfully employed in a case involving the left mandibular second molar,which presented with an intrabony defect without keratinized gingiva at the distal site.In this case,an incision was made on the disto-buccal gingival tissue,creating a tunnel-like separation of the distal non-keratinized soft tissue to expose the intrabony defect.Subsequently,bone grafting and guided tissue regeneration surgeries were performed,resulting in satisfactory bone fill at 9 mo postoperatively.CONCLUSION This technique offers a regenerative opportunity for the intrabony defects beneath non-keratinized mucosa and is recommended for further research.

Guiding function of positron emission tomographycomputed tomography examination in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

AIM:To explore the role of positron emission tomographycomputed tomography(PET-CT)examination in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma(OAML).METHODS:The general clinical data,postoperative PET-CT results,treatment regimens,and the prognosis of 21 histopathologically confirmed OAML patients between October 2017 and September 2021 were collected.Among the 21 patients,five patients underwent surgical treatment alone,13 patients underwent surgical treatment combined with radiotherapy,and three patients underwent surgical treatment combined with chemotherapy.RESULTS:The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 79mo,with four cases of recurrence and no deaths.Through PETCT examination,two patients exhibited both local ocular metabolic elevation and systemic metastasis,and one of these patients had cervical lymph node metastasis,while the other had submandibular and parotid gland metastasis.Nine patients showed only local ocular metabolic elevation,while 10 patients had no abnormal metabolic activity locally.CONCLUSION:PET-CT examination plays a crucial role in detecting residual lesions and recurrence following tumor resection,aiding in precise disease staging,and facilitating the development of personalized treatment plans,ultimately improving patient prognosis.

Could near focus endoscopy,narrow-band imaging,and acetic acid improve the visualization of microscopic features of stomach mucosa?

BACKGROUND Conventional magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging(NBI)observation of the gastric body mucosa shows dominant patterns in relation to the regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of a new one-dual(near)focus,NBI mode in the assessment of the microscopic features of gastric body mucosa compared to conventional magnification.METHODS During 2021 and 2022,68 patients underwent proximal gastrointestinal endoscopy using magnification endoscopic modalities subsequently applying acetic acid(AA).The GIF-190HQ series NBI system with dual focus capability was used for the investigation of gastric mucosa.At the time of the endoscopy,the gastric body mucosa of all enrolled patients was photographed using the white light endoscopy(WLE),near focus(NF),NF-NBI,AA-NF,and AA-NF-NBI modes.RESULTS The WLE,NF and NF-NBI endoscopic modes for all patients(204 images)were classified in the same order into three groups.Two images from each patient for the AA-NF and AA-NF-NBI endoscopic modes were classified in the same order.According to all three observers who completed the work independently,NF magnification was significantly superior to WLE(P<0.01),and the NF-NBI mode was significantly superior to NF magnification(P<0.01).After applying AA,the three observers confirmed that AA-NF-NBI was significantly superior to AA-NF(P<0.01).Interobserver kappa values for WLE were 0.609,0.704,and 0.598,respectively and were 0.600,0.721,and 0.637,respectively,for NF magnification.For the NF-NBI mode,the values were 0.378,0.471,and 0.553,respectively.For AA-NF,they were 0.453,0.603,and 0.480,respectively,and for AA-NF-NBI,they were 0.643,0.506,and 0.354,respectively.CONCLUSION When investigating gastric mucosa in microscopic detail,NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for assessing regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits among the five endoscopic modalities investigated in this study.AA-NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for analyzing crypt opening and intervening part.

Effects of β-Glucan Supplementation on Repairing of Phenol-Induced Vaginal Mucosal Epithelium Damage in Rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of β-glucan on the repair of damaged vaginal mucosa, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the inflammatory factor-6 (IL-6) in vaginal tissues. Methods: Thirty-six adult female specific pathogen free (SPF)-grade Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 phase groups with 12 rats each. Vaginal inflammation rat models were established by injecting phenol gel into the vagina of each rat at a dose of 0.1 ml/100g body weight. After modeling, rats were divided into 4 groups based on different concentrations of the test agent. The control group was injected with 0.5 ml of saline, experimental group A was injected with 0.375 ml saline 0.125 ml β-glucan, experimental group B was injected with 0.25 ml saline 0.25 ml β-glucan, and experimental group C was injected with 0.50 ml β-glucan. The injection sites were selected at the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions of the vagina. Rats were sacrificed at 7-, 14-, and 28-days post-injection, and tissue samples were collected from the injection sites and prepared for histological analysis. New blood vessels and fibroblast numbers in the tissues were observed after Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of VEGF and IL-6 in the tissues were measured using quantificational reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: Histological examination of vaginal tissue specimens at 7-, 14-, and 28-days post-injection showed that on day 7, there were no significant changes in the experimental groups compared to the control group. However, on days 14 and 28, the experimental groups showed more new blood vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts with increased activity compared to the control group. The expression levels of VEGF in vaginal tissues were elevated on days 14 and 28 in the experimental groups. The comparison of IL-6 levels in vaginal tissues on day 28 showed that serum IL-6 levels returned to normal, and there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: In the 3 experimental phases, the increase in VEGF levels in vaginal tissues on day 14 post-injection was more pronounced with higher concentrations of β-glucan, and IL-6 levels returned to normal on day 28. β-Glucan can enhance VEGF levels in damaged vaginal tissues, promote the repair of damaged vaginal tissues, and higher concentrations of β-glucan have a better effect.

Gastrointestinal mucosal immunity and COVID-19

As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the role of the gut mucosal immune system as a first-line physical and immunological defense is critical.Furthermore,gastrointestinal involvement and symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients have been linked to worse clinical outcomes.This review discusses recent data on the interactions between the virus and the immune cells and molecules in the mucosa during the infection.By carrying out appropriate investigations,the mucosal immune system role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in therapy and prevention can be established.In line with this,COVID-19 vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity against the virus may have more advantages than the others.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric epithelial proliferation in progression from normal mucosa to gastric carcinoma

AIM To study the effect of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) infection on gastric epithelial proliferation in the progression from normal mucosa to gastric carcinoma. METHODS Gastric biopsy specimens from normal controls ( n =11), superficial gastritis ( n =32), atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia ( n =83), dysplasia ( n =25) and gastric carcinoma ( n =10) were studied by immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS The gastric epithelial proliferation, expressed as PCNA labeling index (LI)%, was progressively increased in successive stages from normal mucosa to gastric carcinoma regardless of H. pylori status. There was significant difference in PCNA LI% among all groups ( P <0 01). The analysis pursuing the effect of H. pylori infection on gastric epithelial proliferation in the progression from normal mucosa to gastric carcinoma showed that in superficial gastritis and mild atrophic gastritis groups, PCNA LI% in H. pylori positive patients were 13 14±1 6 and 19 68±2 22 respectively, significantly higher than 6 95±0 78 and 11 34±1 89 in H. pylori negative patients ( P <0 01); but there was no such difference in other groups ( P >0 05). CONCLUSION H. pylori infection causes increased gastric epithelial proliferation in the stages of superficial and mild atrophic gastritis and may play a part in triggering gastric carcinogenesis.

The mucosal immune system in the oral cavity——an orchestra of T cell diversity

The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is composed of complex anatomical structures and is constantly challenged by antigens from air and food. The mucosal immune system of the oral-pharyngeal cavity must prevent pathogen entry while maintaining immune homeostasis, which is achieved via a range of mechanisms that are similar or different to those utilized by the gastrointestinal immune system. In this review, we summarize the features of the mucosal immune system,focusing on T cell subsets and their functions. We also discuss our current understanding of the oral-pharyngeal mucosal immune system.

Association of high expression in rat gastric mucosal heat shock protein 70 induced by moxibustion pretreatment with protection against stress injury

AIM:To study the effect of moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point on gastric mucosa injury in stress-induced ulcer rats and its correlation with the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). METHODS:Sixty healthy SD rats (30 males,30 females) were divided into control group,injury model group,Zushanli point group,Liangmeng point group. Stress gastric ulcer model was induced by binding cold stress method. Gastric mucosa ulcer injury (UI) index was calculated by Guth method. Gastric mucosa blood flow (GMBF) was recorded with a biological signal analyzer. Protein content and gene expression in gastric mucosal HSP70 were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thiobarbital method was used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Gastric mucosal endothelin (ET) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:High gastric mucosal UI index,high HSP70 expression,low GMBF and PGF2,elevated MDA and ET were observed in gastric mucosa of rats subjected to cold stress. Moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point decreased rat gastric mucosal UI index,MDA and ET. Conversely,the expression of HSP70,GMBF,and PGE2 was elevated in gastric mucosa after pretreatment with moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point. The observed parameters were significantly different between Zusanli and Liangmeng points. CONCLUSION:Pretreatment with moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point protects gastric mucosa against stress injury. This protection is associated with the higher expression of HSP70 mRNA and protein,leading to release of PGE2 and inhibition of MDA and ET,impairment of gastric mucosal index.

Effects of intestinal mucosal blood flow and motility on intestinal mucosa

AIM： To investigate the role of intestinal mucosal blood flow （IMBF） and motility in the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier in rats with traumatic brain injury. METHODS： Sixty-four healthy male Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups： traumatic brain injury （TBI） group （n = 32）, rats with traumatic brain injury; and control group （n = 32）, rats with sham-operation. Each group was divided into four subgroups （n = 8） as 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after operation. Intestinal motility was measured by the propulsion ratio of a semi-solid colored marker （carbon-ink）. IMBF was measured with the laser-Doppler technique. Endotoxin and D-xylose levels in plasma were measured to evaluate the change of intestinal mucosal barrier function following TBI. RESULTS： The level of endotoxin was significantly higher in TBI group than in the control group at each time point （0.382 ± 0.014 EU/mL vs 0.102 ± 0.007 EU/mL, 0.466 ± 0.018 EU/mL vs 0.114 ± 0.021 EU/mL, 0.478± 0.029 EU/mL vs 0.112 ±- 0.018 EU/mL and 0.412± 0.036 EU/mL vs 0.108 ±0.011 EU/mL, P 〈 0.05）. D-xylose concentrations in plasma in TBI group were significantly higher than in the control group （6.68 ± 2.37 mmol/L vs 3.66 ±1.07 retool/L, 8.51 ± 2.69 mmol/L vs 3.15 ＋ 0.95 mmol/L, 11.68 ±3.24 mmol/L vs 3.78 ± 1.12 mmol/L and 10.23 ± 2.83 mmol/L vs 3.34 ± 1.23 mmol/L, P 〈 0.05）. The IMBF in TBI group was significantly lower than that in the control group （38.5 ± 2.8 PU vs 45.6 ± 4.6 PU, 25.2 ± 3.1 PU vs 48.2 ± 5.3 PU, 21.5 ± 2.7 PU vs 44.9 ± 2.8 PU, 29. 4 ± 3.8 PU vs 46.7 ± 3.2 PU） （P 〈 0.05）. Significant decelerations of intestinal propulsion ratio in T8I groups were found compared with the control group （0.48% ± 0.06% vs 0.62%± 0.03%, 0.37% ±0.05% vs 0.64% ± 0.01%, 0.39% ± 0.07% vs 0.63% =1= 0.05% and 0.46% ± 0.03% vs 0.65% ± 0.02%） （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The intestinal mucosal permeability is increased obviously in TBI rats. Decrease of intestinal motility and IMBF occur early in TBI, both are important pathogenic factors for stress-related damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier in TBI.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal tumors: A meta-analysis

AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for the treatment of colorectal tumors.

Expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 on vascular endothelium of gastric mucosa in patients with nodular gastritis

AIM:The interaction of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) with integrin α4β7 mediates lymphocyte recruitment into mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).Nodular gastritis is characterized by a unique military pattern on endoscopy representing increased numbers of lymphoid follicles with germinal center,strongly associated with H pylori infection.The purpose of this study was to address the implication of the MAdCAM-1/integrin β7 pathway in NG. METHODS:We studied 17 patients with NG and H pylori infection and 19 H pylori-positive and 14 H pylori-negative controls.A biopsy sample was taken from the antrum and snap-frozen for immunohistochemical analysis of MAdCAM- 1 and integrin β7.In simultaneous viewing of serial sections, the percentage of MAdCAM-1-positive to von Willebrand factor-positive vessels was calculated.We also performed immunostaining with anti-CD20,CD4,CD8 and CD68 antibodies to determine the lymphocyte subsets co- expressing integrin β7. RESULTS:Vascular endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression was more enhanced in gastric mucosa with than without H pylori infection.Of note,the percentages of MAdCAM-1-positive vessels were significantly higher in the lamina propria of NG patients than in H pylori-positive controls.Strong expression of MAdCAM-1 was identified adjacent to lymphoid follicles and dense lymphoid aggregates.Integrin β7-expressing mononuclear cells,mainly composed of CD20 and CD4 lymphocytes,were associated with vessels lined with MAdCAM-1-expressing endothelium.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the MAdCAM一1/ integrin a4p7 homing system may participate in gastric inflammation in response to H py/o}i-infection and contributes to MALT formation, typically leading to the development of NG.

Low grade gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma:Treatment strategies based on 10 year follow-up

AIM:To deduce strategic guidelines of gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALTOMA) by evaluating the long-term outcome of patients in respect to various treatment modalities. METHODS:A total of 55 patients with MALTOMA from May 1992 to August 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS:Complete remission was obtained in 24 (82.8%) of 29 patients treated with anti Helicobacter pylori (Hpylori) regimen only.The duration to reach complete remission was 12 months (85 percentile,2-33 months).Five patients showed complete remission with radiation therapy (26-86 months).Two of them were Hpyloritreatment failure cases. CONCLUSION:Hpylorieradication is an effective primary treatment option for low grade MALTOMA and radiation therapy could be considered in patients with no evidence of Hpyloriinfection or who do not respond to Hpylorieradication therapy 12 months after successful eradication.

Micronuclei in Nasal Mucosa, Oral Mucosa and Lymphocytes in Students Exposed to Formaldehyde Vapor in Anatomy Class

The frequency of micronuclei (MN) in cells of the nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and in lym-phocytes was evaluated for 25 students in anatomy classes exposed to formaldehyde (FA) overan 8-week period. Each student served as his or her own control. The time-weighted averageconcentration (TWA) of fOrmaldehyde in anatomical laboratories and in students' dormitorieswas 0. 508 ± 0. 299 mg/m3 and 0. 012 ± 0. 0025mg/m3, respectively. A higher frequency ofmicronuclei was observed in nasal and oral exfoliative cells after formaldehyde exposure (3. 85± 1. 48 vs 1 .20± 0. 676 and 0. 857 ± 0. 558 vs 0. 568 ± 0. 317, paired-t test: P< 0. 001and P < 0. 01, respectively). No significant increase in the frequency of lymphocyte micronu-clei was found after formaldehyde exposure (P >0. 05 ). The present study shows that nasalmucosa cel1s exposed through respiration are the chief target of FA-induced genotoxic effects

The effects of PAF antagonist on intestinal mucosal microcirculation after burn in rats

INTRODUCTIONGut originated infection(GOI)has been recognizedas a potential factor for postburn irreversible shock,early sepsis and multiple system organ failure.The intestinal mucosal barrier injury has beenimplicated as the cause of postburn GOI.However,pathogenesis of the lesion is not

Intestinal mucosal atrophy and adaptation

Mucosal adaptation is an essential process in gut ho- meostasis. The intestinal mucosa adapts to a range of pathological conditions including starvation, short-gut syndrome, obesity, and bariatric surgery. Broadly, these adaptive functions can be grouped into proliferation and differentiation. These are influenced by diverse interactions with hormonal, immune, dietary, nervous, and mechanical stimuli. It seems likely that clinical out- comes can be improved by manipulating the physiol- ogy of adaptation. This review will summarize current understanding of the basic science surrounding adapta- tion, delineate the wide range of potential targets for therapeutic intervention, and discuss how these might be incorporated into an overall treatment plan. Deeper insight into the physiologic basis of adaptation will identify further targets for intervention to improve clini- cal outcomes.