Structural insights on anti-biofilm mechanism of heated slightly acidic electrolyzed water technology against multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on food contact surface

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water(SAEW)has proven to be an efficient and novel sanitizer in food and agriculture field.This study assessed the efficacy of SAEW(30 mg/L)at 40℃on the inactivation of foodbome pathogens and detachment of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm.Furthermore.the underlying mechanism of MRS A biofilm under heated SAEW at 40℃treatment on metabolic profiles was investigated.The results showed that the heated SAEW at 40℃significantly effectively against foodbome pathogens of 1.96-7.56(lg(CFU/g))reduction in pork,chicken,spinach,and lettuce.The heated SAEW at 40℃treatment significantly reduced MRS A biofilm cells by 2.41(lg(CFU/cm^(2))).The synergistic effect of SAEW treatment showed intense anti-biofilm activity in decreasing cell density and impairing biofilm cell membranes.Global metabolic response of MRSA biofilms,treated by SAEW at 40℃,revealed the alterations of intracellular metabolites,including amino acids,organic acid,fatty acid,and lipid.Moreover,signaling pathways involved in amino acid metabolism,energy metabolism,nucleotide synthesis,carbohydrate metabolites,and lipid biosynthesis were functionally disrupted by the SAEW at 40℃treatment.As per our knowledge,this is the first research to uncover the potential mechanism of heated SAEW treatment against MRSA biofilm on food contact surface.

Multi-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A new step in management?

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) is the most typical infection observed in cirrhosis patients. SBP is responsible for an in-hospital mortality rate of approximately 32%. Recently, pattern changes in the bacterial flora of cirrhosis patients have been observed, and an increase in the prevalence of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria has been noted. The wide-scale use of quinolones in the prophylaxis of SBP has promoted flora modifications and resulted in the development of bacterial resistance. The efficacy of traditionally recommended therapy has been low in nosocomial infections(up to 40%), and multi-resistance has been observed in up to 22% of isolated germs in nosocomial SBP. For this reason, the use of a broad empirical spectrum antibiotic has been suggested in these situations. The distinction between community-acquired infectious episodes, healthcare-associated infections, or nosocomial infections, and the identification of risk factors for multi-resistant germs can aid in the decision-making process regarding the empirical choice of antibiotic therapy. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, such as carbapenems with or without glycopeptides or piperacillin-tazobactam, should be considered for the initial treatment not only of nosocomial infections but also of healthcare-associated infections when the risk factors or severity signs for multi-resistant bacteria are apparent. The use of cephalosporins should be restricted to community-acquired infections.

Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Leaves of Myristica fragrans against Multi-resistant Microorganisms

Myristicafragrans, known as nutmeg, is used in food applications. In traditional medicines, the seeds and leaves are used to treat skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Limited antibacterial activity has been reported for this plant. The present study aimed to screen the decoction and methanolic extracts of the seeds and leaves of M. fragrans against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, five strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus （MRSA）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662, Escherichia coli NCTC 10418, as well as essential oils from both parts against a panel of resistant bacteria and Candida spp. in order to identify potential antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using well （well diameter： 12 mm） and disc diffusion methods （disc diameter： 6 mm）. The decoction and methanolic extract of leaves and methanolic extract of seeds ofM. fragrans showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and all five MRSA strains with zones of inhibition （ZOI） = 16.0 ± 0.0 mm to 19.0 ± 0.0 mm. The decoction and methanolic extract of both parts did not show inhibitory activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. However, both essential oils showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and the five MRSA strains, as well as E. coli （ZOI = 9-15 mm）. The essential oils from seed showed activity against all tested multi-resistant bacteria （ZOI = 7-12 mm）. The essential oils from leaves showed activity against Klebsiella pnemoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae and group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus （ZOI = 8-12 mm）. The essential oils showed inhibitory activity against all tested Candida species （ZOI = 8-15 mm）. The decoction, methanolic extract and essential oils of leaves have potential activity against sensitive and resistant S. aureus. This is the first report of inhibition of multi-resistant bacteria and Candida spp. by the essential oils of leaves and seeds of M. fragrans which could be utilized for pharmaceutical applications.

Retrospective study of the incidence, risk factors, treatment outcomes of bacterial infections at uncommon sites in cirrhotic patients

BACKGROUND Bacterial infections(BI)negatively affect the natural course of cirrhosis.The most frequent BI are urinary tract infections(UTI),pneumonia,and spontaneousbacterial peritonitis(SBP).AIM To assess the relevance of bacterial infections beyond the commonly recognized types in patients with cirrhosis and to investigate their relationship with other clinical variables.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patients with cirrhosis and BI treated between 2015 and 2018 at our tertiary care center.BIs were classified as typical and atypical,and clinical as well as laboratory parameters were compared between the two groups.RESULTS In a cohort of 488 patients with cirrhosis,we identified 225 typical BI(95 UTI,73 SBP,72 pulmonary infections)and 74 atypical BIs,predominantly cholangitis and soft tissue infections(21 each),followed by intra-abdominal BIs(n=9),cholecystitis(n=6),head/throat BIs(n=6),osteoarticular BIs(n=5),and endocarditis(n=3).We did not observe differences concerning age,sex,or etiology of cirrhosis in patients with typical vs atypical BI.Atypical BIs were more common in patients with more advanced cirrhosis,as evidenced by Model of End Stage Liver Disease(15.1±7.4 vs 12.9±5.1;P=0.005)and Child-Pugh scores(8.6±2.5 vs 8.0±2;P=0.05).CONCLUSION Atypical BIs in cirrhosis patients exhibit a distinct spectrum and are associated with more advanced stages of the disease.Hence,the work-up of cirrhosis patients with suspected BI requires detailed work-up to elucidate whether typical BI can be identified.

Study of the Effectiveness of Papaver Sp. Alkaloids as Future Therapeutic Alternatives against Enterococcus Sp. Causing Hospital-Acquired Septicemic Infections

Background and Objective: In recent years, control of Enterococcus sp. It has been proven in the local medical environment to be a cause of acquired septicemia in various age groups, and medical instruments are considered an effective means of transmitting enterococcal septicemia, and catheters are at the forefront in terms of danger. Based on this risk, this study aimed to monitor the spread of Enterococcus sp., which causes blood poisoning acquired from catheters, and to compare its response to antibiotics with that of those isolated from clinical samples in children, as a first study locally. The effectiveness of alkaloids of different types of Papaver sp. In Syrian plants, they were tested against infection with this bacteria. Materials and Methods: The study dealt with two parts: The first part included collecting clinical samples from the University Children’s Hospital in Damascus/bacterial diagnostic laboratories/then isolating and diagnosing the bacteria by following a set of tests to identify the most prevalent genera and species and comparing their prevalence rate with Enterococcus. The second part;It included collecting plant samples, confirming the species taxonomically, then extracting alkaloids from plant parts (fruit, stem, Flowers), then comparing the extent of resistance of bacterial strains to antibiotics compared to the Enterococcus sp., and then confirming the antibacterial activity of the Papaver sp. alkaloids against Enterococcus sp. Result:In its first part, the study confirmed the significant contribution of the Enterococcus sp. to infections acquired from various sources, largely in catheter tip infections (9.09%) and to a lesser extent in other sources (3.7%), The second part was to confirm the effective-ness of the alkaloid extract of the Papaver sp., especially the two species Papaver syriacum, and Papaver dubium, against Enterococcus sp. with areole diameters that ranged between (15 - 26 mm) for the fruit extract and at a minimum inhibitory concentration (3.12 - 6.25 mml) and then the stem (5 - 20 mm). And the effectiveness of the Flowers extract is very weak to almost non-existent. Conclusions: The catheter and medical sources surrounding the patient constitute a dangerous source of multi-resistant Enterococcus sp., which poses a real threat to the lives of children, with new mechanisms represented by colonization of the skin and the ability to form biofilms Surfaces of medical instruments, with are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. As an alternative and effective modern source to limit its spread in the future, the alkaloid extract of the fruits and stems of the wild Papaver sp. has proven a strong antibiotic effect, especially the two types: Papaver syriacum and Papaver dubium.

Profile of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Bukavu Hospitals and Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To evaluate the spread of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in Bukavu hospitals and test antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of some isolates to usual marketed antibiotics. Methods: The prevalence of MDR strains was determined by using general antimicrobial susceptibility data collected from 3 hospital laboratories. The susceptibility of some isolates to usual antibiotics was processed by agar diffusion method with standard E. coli ATCC8739 and standard antibiotics discs as controls. The tested antibiotics were ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Results: At the 3 hospitals, 758 tests were realized in urine, pus, stool, FCV, blood, LCR, split and FU specimens;46 strains were unidentified and 712 strains were identified. Of 712 identified strains, 223 (31.4%) were MDR or XDR strains including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella morganii, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, Neisseria gonorrohoae, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative, staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Of the infected patients, 36 (21.5%) children were under 16 years and 188 (78.5%) adults were predominately women (58.5%). The susceptibility test showed that all strains but S. aureus were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol remain partially active (27% - 80%) against P. mirabilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The resistance is more likely related to strain mutation than to pharmaceutical quality of the antibiotics prescribed. Conclusion: Both data from hospital laboratories and in vitro post-testing findings confirmed the ongoing elevated prevalence of MDR strains in Bukavu. The causes of antibiotic misuse and socio-economic determinants of the phenomenon of resistance should be scrutinized in order to take adequate strategies in the prospective of establishing an effective control system against this threat to overall health. The results of this work on MDR profiles have various implications for the management of infectious diseases. It provides indicators for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, practical guidelines for antibiotic susceptibility testing in biomedical laboratories, and guidance for antibiotic therapy.

Development of "Multi-Resistance Rice" by Pyramiding of Insect (Cry1C) and Blast Resistance (Pi1 and Pi2) Genes

[Objective] The paper was to improve the blast resistance of insect-resistant transgenic rice. [Method] The Japonica rice variety Jikang10, a new transgenic variety with exogenous insect-resistant gene Cry1C, was used as the receptor, and Kongyu 131, a traditional breeding variety with broad-spectrum high blast resistance genes Pi1 and Pi2, was used as the donor to breeding new rice varieties. The genes were polymerized by hybridization and multi-generation backcrossing, and the offspring of each generation was screened by molecular marker assisted selection, field identification of multi-resistance against insect pests and diseases and agronomic trait selection. [Result] Four lines SK01, SK02, SK03 and SK04 with better resistances to insect pests and blast and outstanding agronomic traits in field were selected. [Conclusion] The results will lay foundations for breeding new multi-resistance rice varieties in Huanghuai rice region.

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶耐药基因和同源性分析

目的分析多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶耐药基因型和医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌同源性。方法收集四川省人民医院重症监护病房(ICU)分离的鲍曼不动杆菌复合群76株,用OXA-51基因扩增法鉴定。用Vitek 2 Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行药敏试验,同时用PCR技术分析其产碳青霉烯酶相关耐药基因类型,对其中确定为医院感染的19株鲍曼不动杆菌和5株物体表面的鲍曼不动杆菌用重复序列聚合酶链反应(Rep-PCR)的DiversiLab系统进行同源性分析。结果 76株菌株均显示多重耐药,全部检出携带OXA-51、OXA-23基因,未检出OXA-24、OXA-58、VIM、IMP-1、IMP-4、SIM、NDM-1耐药基因。DiversiLab系统将19株医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌和5株物体表面的鲍曼不动杆菌分为4个亲缘性不同的克隆组及9个亚克隆组。结论该院鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药现象严重,OXA-23基因可能是其耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的主要原因。克隆组1为该院鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的主要流行株。

Monitoring of Respiratory Infections in the Intensive Area of Respiratory System Disease

Respiratory infections are the most frequent nosocomial infections after those urinaries and surgicals. We analysed respiratory infection incidences in patients treated with different kinds of respiratory assistance (non-invasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation trough tracheostomy), studying 640 patients recovering in the intensive area of respiratory disease from 2010 to 2013. We had 113 cases of respiratory infections: 42.5% in patients of non-invasive ventilation group and 57.5% of patients treated with invasive ventilation with a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The patients treated with non-invasive ventilation showed a lower incidence of nosocomial respiratory infections. Prevention guidelines are important to reduce nosocomial infections frequency.

Class Ⅰ integron with a novel cassette array in an ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate

Objective： To analyze the molecular mechanism of integron mediated mulfi-resistanc, e in an ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae NJ 12 isolate. Methods： Susceptibility test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer method. Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ integrons were detected by integrase gene PCR with primers that annealed to conserved regions of integron-encoded integrase genes intll, intl2 and intl3. The variable region of integron was amplified by integron PCR with primers that targeted the conserved flanking regions, and the product was sequenced. Six aminoglycoside modifying-enzyme genes, including ant（2＂）-Ⅰ, ant（3＂）- Ⅰ, aac（3）- Ⅰ, aac（3）-Ⅱ, aac （6＇）-Ⅰ, and aac（6＇）-Ⅱ , were detected. Results： K. pneumoniae NJ 12 was resistant to nine antibiotics, including piperacillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, aztreonam, streptomycin, gentamicin and amikacin. This isolate was shown that there was positive with class Ⅰ integron, ant（2＂）- Ⅰ , ant（3＂）- Ⅰ , aac（3）-Ⅱ and aac（6＇）- Ⅰ modifying-enzyme genes. Neither class Ⅱ nor Ⅲ integron was detected; DNA sequencing of the fragment amplified by integron PCR revealed a novel cassette array aadR-cat-blaoxa-10/ aadA1. Conclusion： Class I integron with a novel cassette array in an ESBL-producing multidrug-resistant K. pneumon/ae NJ 12 isolate was reported from Nanjing area of China, with the GenBank accession number DQ141319.

Mussel-inspired multifunctional coating for bacterial infection prevention and osteogenic induction

Bacterial infection and osteogenic integration are the two main problems that cause severe complications after surgeries. In this study, the antibacterial and osteogenic properties were simultaneously introduced in biomaterials, where copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs) were generated by in situ reductions of Cu ions into a mussel-inspired hyperbranched polyglycerol(MI-h PG) coating via a simple dip-coating method.This hyperbranched polyglycerol with 10 % catechol groups’ modification presents excellent antifouling property, which could effectively reduce bacteria adhesion on the surface. In this work, polycaprolactone(PCL) electrospun fiber membrane was selected as the substrate, which is commonly used in biomedical implants in bone regeneration and cardiovascular stents because of its good biocompatibility and easy post-modification. The as-fabricated Cu NPs-incorporated PCL membrane [PCL-(MI-h PG)-Cu NPs]was confirmed with effective antibacterial performance via in vitro antibacterial tests against Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Escherichia coli(E. coli), and multi-resistant E. coli. In addition, the in vitro results demonstrated that osteogenic property of PCL-(MI-h PG)-Cu NPs was realized by upregulating the osteoblast-related gene expressions and protein activity. This study shows that antibacterial and osteogenic properties can be balanced in a surface coating by introducing Cu NPs.