Disparity-Based Generation of Line-of-Sight DSM for Image-Elevation Co-Registration to Support Building Detection in Off-Nadir VHR Satellite Images

The integration of optical images and elevation data is of great importance for 3D-assisted mapping applications. Very high resolution (VHR) satellite images provide ideal geo-data for mapping building information. Since buildings are inherently elevated objects, these images need to be co-registered with their elevation data for reliable building detection results. However, accurate co-registration is extremely difficult for off-nadir VHR images acquired over dense urban areas. Therefore, this research proposes a Disparity-Based Elevation Co-Registration (DECR) method for generating a Line-of-Sight Digital Surface Model (LoS-DSM) to efficiently achieve image-elevation data co-registration with pixel-level accuracy. Relative to the traditional photogrammetric approach, the RMSE value of the derived elevations is found to be less than 2 pixels. The applicability of the DECR method is demonstrated through elevation-based building detection (EBD) in a challenging dense urban area. The quality of the detection result is found to be more than 90%. Additionally, the detected objects were geo-referenced successfully to their correct ground locations to allow direct integration with other maps. In comparison to the original LoS-DSM development algorithm, the DECR algorithm is more efficient by reducing the calculation steps, preserving the co-registration accuracy, and minimizing the need for elevation normalization in dense urban areas.

Estimating the Baseline Error of Wide-Swath Altimeters Using Nadir Altimeters via Numerical Simulation

The baseline roll and length errors for wide-swath altimeters are major error sources in sea surface measurements that exhibit strong spatial characteristics in the cross-track direction.These errors can be identified and estimated in accordance with height differences at crossover points generated with nadir altimeters after excluding the interference from other error sources.Most of the wide-swath altimeter baseline estimation methods considered only the roll error in previous studies.A numerical simulation was conducted in this study using nadir altimeters to estimate the roll and length errors simultaneously to provide a selectable scheme for baseline error estimation and correction for future wide-swath altimeters.Results based on the parameters of the surface water and ocean topography mission and Sentinel-3A show that the correlation coefficient of the roll error between the estimated and simulated values is 0.89,while the correlation coefficient of the length error is 0.85.The sea surface height root mean square error(RMSE)can be reduced from 12.18 cm to 6.45 cm based on the two estimated results.The estimation effect can be increased by using multiple nadir altimeters to form an observation constellation.The numerical simulation of the five nadir altimeter constellation shows that the correlation coefficients of the roll and length errors would increase to 0.97,which reduces the sea surface height RMSE to 2.88 cm.In addition,the stability of this method is indicated in simulation experiments,which introduce different degrees of sea state errors.

Association of time to prostate-specific antigen nadir and logarithm of prostate-specific antigen velocity after progression in metastatic prostate cancer with prior primary androgen deprivation therapy

We investigated the association of time to prostate-specific antigen nadir （TTPN） and logarithm of prostate-specific antigen velocity after progression Log（PSAVAP） in metastatic prostate cancer with prior primary androgen deprivation therapy （ADT）. All metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with primary ADT from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed. Patients who developed disease progression were included in the subsequent analyses. Patients were categorized into three groups according to their TTPN： TTPN of 〈3 months, 3-17 months, and 〉17 months. We compared the Log（PSAVAP） between the different TTPN groups using Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Further multiple linear regression analyses on Log（PSAVAP） were performed to adjust for other potential confounding factors. Among 419 patients who were treated with primary ADT, 306 patients developed disease progression with a median follow-up of 28 months, Longer TTPN was associated with lower Log（PSAVAP） （P = 0.008） within all subgroup analyses （TTPN of 〈3 vs 3-17 months, P = 0.020; TTPN of 3-17 vs 〉17 months, P = 0.009; and TTPN of 〈3 vs 〉17 months, P = 0.001）. Upon multiple linear regression analyses, baseline PSA （regression coefficient 0.001, P = 0.045）, PSA nadir （regression coefficient 0.002, P = 0.040）, and TTPN （regression coefficient -0.030, P = 0.001） were the three factors that were significantly associated with Log（PSAVAP）. In conclusion, a longer TTPN was associated with lower Log（PSAVAP） in metastatic prostate cancer patients following primary ADT. TTPN cut-offs at 3 months and 17 months appeared to have prognostic significance in predicting Log（PSAVAP）. TTPN may serve as a good prognostic indicator in deciding the treatment strategy in patients with disease progression.

PSA time to nadir as a prognostic factor of first-line docetaxel treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer： evidence from patients in Northwestern China

Docetaxel-based chemotherapy remains the first-line treatment for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer （mCRPC） in China; however, the prognostic factors associated with effects in these patients are still controversial. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the data from 71 eligible Chinese patients who received docetaxel chemotherapy from 2009 to 2016 in our hospital and experienced a reduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） level 〉50% during the treatment and investigated the potential role of time to nadir （TTN） of PSA. TTN was defined as the time from start of chemotherapy to the nadir of PSA level during the treatment. Multivariable Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to predict overall survival （OS）. In these patients, the median of TTN was 17 weeks. Patients with TTN ≥17 weeks had a longer response time to chemotherapy compared to TTN 〈17 weeks （42.83 vs 21.50 weeks, P 〈 0.001）. The time to PSA progression in patients with TTN ：〉17 weeks was 11.44 weeks compared to 5.63 weeks when TTN was 〈17 weeks. We found several factors to be associated with OS, including TTN （hazard ratio [HR]. 3.937, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 1.502-10.309, P = 0.005）, PSA level at the diagnosis of cancer （HR： 4,337, 95% CI： 1.616-11.645, P= 0.004）, duration of initial androgen deprivation therapy （HR： 2.982, 95% CI： 1.104-8.045, P= 0.031）, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio （HR： 3.963, 95% CI： 1.380-11.384, P = 0.011）, and total PSA response （Class 1 [〈0 response] compared to Class 2 [0-50% response], HR： 3.978, 95% CI： 1.278-12.387, P = 0.017）. In conclusion, TTN of PSA remains an important prognostic marker in predicting therapeutic outcome in Chinese population who receive chemotherapy for mCRPC and have 〉50% PSA remission.

Study of the ability of SWOT to detect sea surface height changes caused by internal solitary waves

Surface Water and Ocean Topography(SWOT)is a next-generation radar altimeter that offers high resolution,wide swath,imaging capabilities.It has provided free public data worldwide since December 2023.This paper aims to preliminarily analyze the detection capabilities of the Ka-band radar interferometer(KaRIn)and Nadir altimeter(NALT),which are carried out by SWOT for internal solitary waves(ISWs),and to gather other remote sensing images to validate SWOT observations.KaRIn effectively detects ISW surface features and generates surface height variation maps reflecting the modulations induced by ISWs.However,its swath width does not completely cover the entire wave packet,and the resolution of L2/L3 level products(about 2 km)cannot be used to identify ISWs with smaller wavelengths.Additionally,significant wave height(SWH)images exhibit blocky structures that are not suitable for ISW studies;sea surface height anomaly(SSHA)images display systematic leftright banding.We optimize this imbalance using detrending methods;however,more precise treatment should commence with L1-level data.Quantitative analysis based on L3-level SSHA data indicates that the average SSHA variation induced by ISWs ranges from 10 cm to 20 cm.NALTs disturbed by ISWs record unusually elevated SWH and SSHA values,rendering the data unsuitable for analysis and necessitating targeted corrections in future retracking algorithms.For the normalized radar cross section,Ku-band and four-parameter maximum likelihood estimation retracking demonstrated greater sensitivity to minor changes in the sea surface,making them more suitable for ISW detection.In conclusion,SWOT demonstrates outstanding capabilities in ISW detection,significantly advancing research on the modulation of the sea surface by ISWs and remote sensing imaging mechanisms.

梳状高度计编队探测海洋涡旋仿真分析

单颗星下点高度计卫星可进行一维海面高度测量,但时空分辨率较低,对涡旋的探测能力不足。梳状高度计卫星编队可提升海面高度时空分辨率,增强对涡旋的识别探测能力。为定量分析高度计编队下的涡旋探测能力,本文在黑潮延伸体海域开展观测仿真实验,对海平面高度进行沿轨采样,经优化插值算法处理后得到逐天海面高度异常数据场并进行涡旋识别与统计分析。此外,本文还同步开展了单颗星下点高度计和成像高度计卫星涡旋探测仿真实验及对比分析。结果表明,梳状高度计卫星编队在涡旋数量、极性、半径及振幅等方面识别效果较好,与成像高度计探测结果相近。

Survival Rate and Factors Influencing It in Triptorelin-Castrated Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients

Background: Most newly diagnosed prostate cancers in Benin are metastatic diseases and patients are reluctant to undergo orchiectomy. Still, chemical androgen deprivation therapy is not always available and not every patient can afford it. Thus, it will be interesting to evaluate the results of that therapy in the country. Objective: To analyze the survival rate and factors influencing it in metastatic prostate cancer patients who underwent triptorelin-based androgen deprivation therapy at the former Military Teaching Hospital of Cotonou from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2022. Patients and Method: Metastatic prostate cancer patients received intragluteal injections of triptorelin 11.25 mg every 3 months. We retrospectively collected follow-up data from the patients’ medical records. By means of the software StataTM version 15, we performed a descriptive analysis of qualitative data. We used Kaplan-Meir method to estimate the overall survival rate in the whole cohort and in specific subgroups of patients. We compared survival rates by using the log-rank test. Results: 68 metastatic prostate cancer patients aged 47-86 years (mean = 69.9) with initial PSA ranging from 24.25 to 6334 ng/mL (mean = 666.1) started triptorelin-based castration. The tumor grade in 21 (33.3%), 14 (22.2%), 15 (23.8), 8 (12.7%), and 5 (7.9%) patients was respectively ISUP grade groups 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. 15 (22.1%), 4 (5.9%), 2 (2.9%), 1 (1.5%), 11 (16.2%), and 7 (10.3%) patients respectively had hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer, asthma, unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis, and paralysis. The mean nadir PSA level was 22.5 ng/mL (range: 0.01-220.25). The mean time to nadir PSA level was 8.9 months (range: 3-57). The overall survival rate was 42.6%. There was no significant survival difference between age groups (p = 0.475), relating to the presence of diabetes or hypertension (p = 0.757) or to the presence of paralysis or hydronephrosis (p = 0.090). The initial PSA level exerted no significant impact on patients’ survival (p = 0.461). Neither did the time to PSA nadir (p = 0.263). The PSA nadir less than 4 ng/mL (p = 0.005) and the PSA nadir less than 4 ng/mL achieved in 12 months or less (p = 0.002) were predictive of longer survival rate. The difference in survival rate through the ISUP grade groups was not significant (p = 0.061). Conclusion: The overall survival rate was 42.6% at 5 years. Achieving PSA nadir of less than 4 ng/mL in less than 12 months of castration was predictive of longer survival rate in triptorelin-castrated metastatic prostate cancer patients.

不同指向模式下星载冷原子梯度仪对重力场解算精度的影响

冷原子干涉测量技术(CAI, Cold-Atom Interferometry)的发展为未来卫星重力梯度测量任务提供了新的测量思路.目前基于该任务概念的模拟研究均基于单一的观测指向模式对CAI梯度仪的对地观测能力进行论证.本文在GOCE卫星任务背景下,通过数值闭环模拟评估了CAI梯度仪在近地指向和惯性指向模式下对重力场观测影响.实验结果表明:在近地指向观测模式下,CAI梯度仪受卫星旋转角速度的影响,重力场解算的精度仅在50阶以内优于GOCE卫星的模拟结果.若当卫星搭载轨道旋转补偿系统时可以有效地减弱卫星旋转对CAI梯度仪的影响,进而提高重力场模型的解算精度.梯度张量主对角线三分量的联合解算精度在全频段内都要优于GOCE卫星相应分量的结果,精度可提高1.5~6倍.在惯性指向观测模式下且仅考虑卫星残余角速度的影响时,CAI梯度仪的解算结果在30阶以后比GOCE卫星所搭载的GRADIO梯度仪的精度低.而在综合考虑卫星残余角速度和卫星轨道面旋转后,解算得到的重力场在100阶以内优于GOCE卫星解算精度.进一步比较两种指向模式下分别基于单轴、双轴和三轴观测的结果可以发现,三轴观测时两种指向模式的解算精度相当,在所有阶次上都要优于GRADIO梯度仪的结果.但基于单轴进行观测时,近地指向模式下V_(zz)分量的精度更高,而对于双轴观测的情况,惯性指向下的组合(V_(xx)+V_(zz)和V_(yy)+V_(zz))解算精度更高.本研究通过对不同指向模式下CAI梯度仪对地观测影响的分析,可为基于CAI梯度仪的新型空间量子-地球重力场测量任务提供相应的参考.

最大化电力系统频率最低点的并网风电机组频率支撑控制

为提高电力系统遭受大扰动后的频率稳定性,风电机组需具有主动频率支撑的能力。然而,现有的风机频率支撑控制大多直接模仿同步发电机的惯量及调频特性,未能充分发挥风机控制的灵活性。针对这一问题,从提升系统频率最低点这一核心需求出发,提出一种考虑系统一次调频特性的风机最优频率支撑控制。首先,以最大化频率最低点为控制目标,提出并严格证明了系统频率最优轨迹的通用形态。然后,构建了风机能量回收特性的定量表达,并以此为基础,结合系统频率响应模型逆向推导了风机的最优频率支撑控制。最后,仿真和对比验证表明,所提方法通过与系统原有的调频特性协同,从而显著提升了频率最低点,且对不同运行工况和扰动水平均具有较好的鲁棒性。

计及调速系统详细模型和调频备用的大扰动下频率最低值预测方法

随着新能源占比的提升,系统惯性降低、调频资源减少,系统频率稳定问题严峻。因此在新型电力系统运行方式多变的背景下,如何快速精准评估大功率扰动下系统频率安全指标显得尤为重要。其中频率最低值指标由于与多种参数存在高度非线性且无法显式表达的量化关系而难以实现快速准确预测,是频率稳定安全指标评估的研究重点。然而,目前频率最低值快速预测方法难以考虑调频备用的影响。为此,基于系统频差曲线抛物线近似的假设,对平均系统频率(average system frequency,ASF)模型进行开环解耦,进一步得出系统频率最低值时间与调速器输出功率之间的量化关系,最终实现考虑调频备用容量的频率最低值快速预测方法。该方法在小系统和ACTIVSg2000算例上的预测精度分别为99.28%和97.71%,算例结果证明了算法的有效性。该方法对频率安全约束下机组组合、频率稳定控制措施的有效性评估以及频率稳定约束下系统新能源运行承载能力评估等问题具有重要意义。

计及直流-储能短时功率支援的新型电力系统频率稳定协调控制方法

针对电力电子接口能源可提供能量约束下的新型电力系统频率稳定问题,提出一种计及直流-储能短时功率支援的频率稳定协调控制方法。利用直流输电系统的短时过载能力,建立了计及短时直流功率支援量与投入时刻的频率响应模型,分析了功率支援量与投入时刻对频率最低点的影响。基于此,考虑直流、储能的自身约束、直流互联电网频率安全约束以及交流系统潮流安全约束,建立了计及直流与储能协调参与频率稳定控制的优化模型,得到确保受扰电网频率最低点高于频率稳定阈值并且控制能量最小的控制方案。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效利用控制能量,提高了系统运行的经济性。

提升新能源短时性功率冲击下暂态频率安全的储能紧急控制策略

高比例新能源电力系统中单一短路故障容易引起大规模新能源进入低电压穿越,使得系统承受大容量短时性功率冲击,可能会导致系统暂态最大频率偏差超过低频减载阈值,带来负荷损失。将电化学储能纳入由电网故障事件触发的紧急控制是应对短时性功率冲击下暂态频率越限的有效手段。为此,首先构建了新能源短时性功率冲击下计及储能紧急功率控制的系统频率响应分析模型,进而分析总结了储能释放功率和持续时间对短时性功率扰动下系统频率特性的影响。以此为理论依据,综合考虑短时性功率冲击下的暂态低频与高频安全,提出了避免低频减载的最小储能紧急释放能量计算方法,并给出了满足要求的储能紧急控制功率和持续时间策略。最后,在IEEE 10机39节点系统中验证了分析结果的准确性。

基于转子动能的双馈风机频率支撑优化方法

“双碳”背景下,新能源发电量占比逐年提高,电力系统低惯量、弱阻尼特征显现,双馈风机DFIG(doublyfed induction generator)如何在经济高效运行的同时参与频率支撑,是目前电力系统所面临的主要挑战之一。在双馈风机综合惯量阻尼控制策略的基础上,分析系统的频率动态特性,提出基于风机转子动能的频率支撑策略参数优化设计方法,求解考虑二次频率跌落下满足最小频率偏差的惯量阻尼最优控制系数,最大程度抬升频率最低点,防范系统低频减载等安全稳定措施不必要动作。最后,通过仿真验证了所提基于转子动能的DFIG频率支撑优化方法的正确性和有效性。

新型电力系统最小惯量需求的评估方法

随着新能源装机占比日益增加,系统惯量不断降低,给安全稳定运行带来了挑战。为了增加新能源出力,指导电网运行方式调度,需要对系统最小惯量需求进行评估。本文通过频率动态响应特性,构建了相应的频率响应数学关系,提出了同时考虑频率变化率约束和频率最低点约束的系统最小惯量需求评估方法,并在IEEE39节点网架进行了仿真验证。表明本文所提方法来计算最小惯量需求与仿真结果相差较小,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性,为新型电力系统最小惯量需求评估提供了方法。

水稻冠层垂直反射率的品种间差异及其影响因素初步分析

【目的】揭示结实期冠层垂直反射率与群体和株型性状关系。【方法】以辽宁省56个水稻品种(品系)为试材进行田间试验。【结果】冠层垂直反射率存在显著而稳定的品种间差异,与颈穗弯曲度呈极显著的正相关,与比叶重和叶宽呈显著或极显著的负相关,与叶面积指数的关系有待进一步研究。【结论】颈穗弯曲度是影响冠层垂直反射率的主要因素,进一步揭示了直立穗型水稻品种产量潜力高的生理基础。

水稻冠层垂直反射率模拟

利用 1999年和 2 0 0 0年实测的晚稻冠层结构参数 (叶面积指数、叶倾角、叶长、叶宽等 )和叶片生物化学组分含量 (叶绿素、蛋白质、纤维素、水等 )实测数据 ,结合椭圆分布函数模型、PROSPECT模型和 FCR模型 ,模拟水稻冠层垂直反射率 ,模拟值与实测值的相关系数大于 0 .98,均方根差 RMSE小于 0 .0 5 ,从而建立了冠层结构参数、叶片生物化学组成等农学参数与冠层垂直反射率的直接联系 ,为利用物理模型反演冠层叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量等奠定了基础。

预测新能源接入电网受扰后频率最低点的通用ASF模型

电网受扰后频率最低点预测对新型电力系统的频率安全评估非常重要,而目前已有频率动态分析模型较难快速、准确、灵活地预测电网受扰后频率最低点,其中同步发电机调速系统的低阶通用建模以及新能源接入的影响建模是主要挑战。首先提出了充分考虑频率响应特性的发电机调速系统低阶通用模型,结合新能源场站的通用频率响应模型,建立了新能源接入电网的通用平均系统频率(generic average system frequency,G-ASF)模型,在保证准确度的同时有效降低了模型阶数。然后,基于G-ASF模型直接预测电网在给定功率损失下的频率最低点。最后,在IEEE 3机9节点系统以及含新能源的IEEE 10机39节点系统中进行了仿真,结果表明提出的模型和方法在不同扰动或不同系统结构下均能准确预测频率最低点,且能够用于快速计算频率安全约束下的新能源渗透率极限值,验证了模型的准确性和通用性。

基于星载SAR实时波束形成的星下点及距离模糊抑制方法

针对星下点以及距离模糊点处的回波信号严重影响星载SAR图像质量的问题,该文提出了一种星下点及距离模糊抑制的方法。该方法基于数字波束形成原理,在星上实时对接收到的回波信号进行加权,能够在最大程度上对模糊信号进行抑制的同时不影响有用信号的接收,能拓宽波位选择范围,降低星载SAR系统设计时波位选择的难度。点目标仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。

BDS卫星星内多径及其对宽巷FCB解算的影响分析

针对BDS卫星的伪距星内多径(SIMP)问题,提出和强调了在进行SIMP建模时应该采用天底角而非高度角作为自变量,这样获得的模型才能用于不同高程的接收机。收集全球分布的iGMAS和MGEX监测站数据,以天底角为自变量构建了北斗IGSO和MEO两类卫星B1、B2和B3频点的SIMP分段线性模型。利用FY3C星载北斗数据对北斗GEO、IGSO和MEO的SIMP作进一步分析。结果表明,当天底角小于7°时,GEO和IGSO卫星的SIMP非常接近,对B2频点尤其明显。这也许预示着可以将地面数据获得的IGSO卫星的SIMP模型用于GEO卫星。同时还发现在天底角小于12°(MEO)和7°(IGSO)时,所得到的SIMP估值与地面数据获得的模型有非常好的一致性。在此基础上,采用MGEX全球监测网数据进行宽巷小数周偏差(FCB)解算试验,结果表明,经过SIMP改正后,各颗卫星的星端宽巷FCB序列的重复性都有显著提高,改进幅度都超过了60%。具体的,IGSO和MEO的星端FCB重复精度小于0.05周;采用IGSO卫星的SIMP模型对GEO卫星进行改正后,C01和C02星的FCB重复精度分别达到0.023和0.068周。

基于像底点的机载POS视准轴误差检校

基于灭点理论,提出一种利用像底点检校机载POS系统视准轴误差的方法。首先从理论上建立像底点与POS系统视准轴误差之间严格的数学关系,并在此基础上推导出求解视准轴误差的误差方程式,然后用一组带有POS数据的航空影像进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,所建立的利用像底点检校POS系统视准轴误差的模型是正确的,用两张以上像片上的像底点坐标即可检校出POS系统的视准轴误差,而毋须布设特定的检校场和地面控制点,对城区大比例尺航空摄影时POS系统视准轴误差检校具有一定的实用价值。