Multi-watt near-infrared light therapy as a neuroregenerative treatment for traumatic brain injury

Infrared light represents a broad spectrum of light with wavelengths from 700 nm to 1 million nm（1,000 microns）.At its shortest wavelengths（referred to as near-infrared）,it merges with the red spectrum of visible light.At the longest end（referred to as far-infrared）,it blends into the range of microwaves.

Low intensity near-infrared light promotes bone regeneration via circadian clock protein cryptochrome 1

Bone regeneration remains a great clinical challenge. Low intensity near-infrared(NIR) light showed strong potential to promote tissue regeneration, offering a promising strategy for bone defect regeneration. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of NIR on bone regeneration remain unclear. We demonstrated that bone regeneration in the rat skull defect model was significantly accelerated with low-intensity NIR stimulation. In vitro studies showed that NIR stimulation could promote the osteoblast differentiation in bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells, which was associated with increased ubiquitination of the core circadian clock protein Cryptochrome 1(CRY1) in the nucleus. We found that the reduction of CRY1 induced by NIR light activated the bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) signaling pathways, promoting SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation and increasing the expression levels of Runx2 and Osterix. NIR light treatment may act through sodium voltage-gated channel Scn4a, which may be a potential responder of NIR light to accelerate bone regeneration. Together, these findings suggest that low-intensity NIR light may promote in situ bone regeneration in a CRY1-dependent manner, providing a novel, efficient and non-invasive strategy to promote bone regeneration for clinical bone defects.

Turbidity analysis using visible and near-infrared light images

The conventional photoelectric detection system requires complex circuitry and spectroscopic systems as well as specialized personnel for its operation.To replace such a system,a method of measuring turbidity using a camera is proposed by combining the imaging characteristics of a digital camera and the high-speed information processing capability of a computer.Two turbidity measurement devices based on visible and near-infrared(NIR)light cameras and a light source driving circuit with constant light intensity were designed.The RGB data in the turbidity images were acquired using a self-developed image processing software and converted to the CIE Lab color space.Based on the relationship between the luminance,chromatic aberration,and turbidity,the turbidity detection models for luminance and chromatic aberration of visible and NIR light devices exhibiting values from 0-1000 NTU,less than 100 NTU,and more than 100 NTU were established.By comparing and analyzing the proposed models,the two measurement models with the best all-around performance were selected and fused to generate new measurement models.The experimental results prove that the correlation between the three models and the commercial turbidity meter measurements exhibite a significance value higher than 0.999.The error of the fusion model is within 1.05%,with a mean square error of 1.14.The visible light device has less error at low turbidity measurements and is less influenced by the color of the image.The NIR light device is more stable and accurate at full range and high turbidity measurements and is therefore more suitable for such measurements.

Highly efficient visible/near-infrared light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater over 3D yolk-shell ZnFe_(2)O_(4)supported 0D carbon dots with up-conversion property

The development of effective visible and near-infrared photocatalysts is highly promising in the current field of photocatalysis.Herein,carbon dots/ZnFe_(2)O_(4)(CDs/ZFO)with coating zero dimensional(0D)CDs on the surface of three dimensional(3D)yolk-shell ZFO spheres was designed and synthesized via a selftemplated solvothermal method.The as-prepared CDs/ZFO composites displayed outstanding visible and near-infrared photocatalytic degradation activity of tetracycline(TC),and the optimal 3%CDs/ZFO sample with loading 3%(mass)CDs displayed the highest photocatalytic TC degradation ability under visible light(79.5%within 120 min)and near-infrared light(41%within 120 min).The enhancement of photocatalytic activity for CDs/ZFO composite is mainly ascribed to the fact that 0D/3D yolk-shell CDs/ZFO structure not only effectively reflect the incident light to increase the utilization efficiency of solar light,but also utilize the up-conversion photoluminescence and electronic conductivity properties of CDs to broaden sunlight absorption range and promote separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs.

NONINVASIVE PROBING OF THE NEUROVASCULAR SYSTEM IN HUMAN BONE/BONE MARROW USING NEAR-INFRARED LIGHT

Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between bone/bone marrow,circulatory system and nervous system is of great interest due to the potential clinical impact.In humans,the amount of knowledge in this domain remains relatively limited due to the extreme difficulty to monitor these tissues continuously,noninvasively and for long or repeated periods of time.A typical difficult task would be,for example,to continuously monitor bone/bone marrow blood perfusion,hemoglobin oxygen saturation or blood volume and study their dependence on the activity of the autonomic nervous system.In this review article,we want to show that nearinfrared light might be utilized to solve these problems in part.We hope that the present analysis will stimulate future studies in this domain,for which near-infrared light appears as the best available technology today.

Dynamic aggregation of carbon dots self-stabilizes symmetry breaking for exceptional hydrogen production with near-infrared light

Developing new photosystems that integrate broad-band near-infrared(NIR)light harvesting and efficient charge separation is a long-sought goal in the photocatalytic community.In this work,we develop a novel photochemical strategy to prepare light-active carbon dots(CDs)under room temperature and discover that the aggregation of CDs can broaden the light absorption to the NIR region due to the electronic couplings between neighboring CDs.Importantly,the dynamic noncovalent interactions within CD aggregates can stabilize symmetry breaking and thus induce large dipole moments for charge separation and transfer.Furthermore,the weak non-covalent interactions allow for flexible design of the aggregated degrees and the local electronic structures of CD aggregates,further strengthening NIR-light harvesting and charge separation efficiency.As a result,the CD aggregates achieve a record apparent quantum yield of 13.5%at 800 nm,which is one of the best-reported values for NIR-light-driven hydrogen photosynthesis to date.Moreover,we have prepared a series of different CDs and also observed that these CDs after aggregation all exhibit outstanding NIR-responsive photocatalytic hydrogen production activity,suggesting the universality of aggregation-enhanced photocatalysis.This discovery opens a new promising platform for using CD aggregates as efficient light absorbers for solar conversion.

Near-infrared light and PIF4 promote plant antiviral defense by enhancing RNA interference

The molecular mechanism underlying phototherapy and light treatment,which utilize various wavelength spectra of light,including near-infrared(NIR),to cure human and plant diseases,is obscure.Here we re-vealed that NIR light confers antiviral immunity by positively regulating PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4)-activated RNA interference(RNAi)in plants.PIF4,a central transcription factor involved in light signaling,accumulates to high levels under NIR light in plants.PIF4 directly induces the transcription of two essential components of RNAi,RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6(RDR6)and ARGONAUTE 1(AGO1),which play important roles in resistance to both DNA and RNA viruses.Moreover,the pathogenic determinant bC1 protein,which is evolutionarily conserved and encoded by betasatellites,interacts with PIF4 and inhibits its positive regulation of RNAi by disrupting PIF4 dimerization.Thesefindings shed light on the molecular mechanism of PIF4-mediated plant defense and provide a new perspective for the explo-ration of NIR antiviral treatment.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles with catalase-like nanozyme activity and near-infrared light response:A combination of effective photodynamic therapy,autophagy,ferroptosis,and antitumor immunity

We prepared biocompatible and environment-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)with upconversion properties and catalase-like nanozyme activity.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)application is severely limited by the poor penetration of UV-Visible light and a hypoxic tumor environment.Here,we used ZnO NPs as a carrier for the photosensitizer chlorin e6(Ce6)to construct zinc oxide-chlorin e6 nanoparticles(ZnO-Ce6 NPs),simultaneously addressing both problems.In terms of penetration,ZnO NPs convert 808 nm near-infrared light into 401 nm visible light to excite Ce6,achieving deep-penetrating photodynamic therapy under long-wavelength light.Interestingly,the ability to emit short-wavelength light under long-wavelength light is usually observed in upconversion nanoparticles.As nanozymes,ZnO NPs can catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in tumors,providing oxygen for photodynamic action and relieving hypoxia.The enhanced photodynamic action produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species,which overactivate autophagy and trigger immunogenic cell death(ICD),leading to antitumor immunotherapy.In addition,even in the absence of light,ZnO and ZnO-Ce6 NPs can induce ferroptosis of tumor cells and exert antitumor effects.

pH- and near-infrared light-responsive,biomimetic hydrogels from aqueous dispersions of carbon nanotubes

Owing to their low flexibility,poor processability and a lack of responsiveness,inorganic materials are usually non-ideal for constructing a living organism.Hence,to date,lifelike materials with structural hierarchies and adaptive properties usually rely on light and soft organic molecules,although few exceptions have been acquired using two-dimensional(2D)inorganic nanosheets.Herein,with a systematic study on the gelation behavior of carbon-based 0D quantum dots,1D nanotubes,and 3D fullerenes,we find that acidified 1D carbon nanotubes(CNTs)can serve as an alternative building block for fabricating purely inorganic biomimetic soft materials.The as-prepared CNT gels exhibit not only a pH-or photothermal-triggered mechanical and tribological adaptivity,which allows them to simulate the behavior of sea cucumbers,peacock mantis shrimps,and mammalian muscles or cortical bones,but also a unique damping property that is similar to spider’s cuticular pad.Their high elasticity,effective lubrication,excellent biocompatibility,and controllable friction and wear also allow them to function as a new type of smart lubricants,whose tribological properties can be regulated either by its internal pH changes or spatiotemporally by near-infrared(NIR)light irradiations,free of any toxic and flammable base oils or additives.

Tunable near-infrared light emission from layered TiS_(3) nanoribbons

The low-dimensional light source shows promise in photonic integrated circuits.Stable layered van der Waals material that exhibits luminescence in the near-infrared optical communication waveband is an essential component in on-chip light sources.Herein,the tunable near-infrared photoluminescence(PL)of the air-stable layered titanium trisulfide(TiS3)is reported.Compared with iodine particles as a transport agent,TiS3 grown by chemical vapor transport using sulfur powder as a transport agent has fewer sulfur vacancies,which increases the luminescence intensity by an order of magnitude.The PL emission wavelength can be regulated in the near-infrared regime by thickness control.In addition,we observed an interesting anisotropic strain response of PL in layered TiS3 nanoribbon:a blue shift of PL was achieved when the uniaxial tensile strain was applied along the b-axis,while a negligible shift was observed when the strain was applied along the a-axis.Our work reveals the tunable nearinfrared luminescent properties of TiS3 nanoribbons,suggesting their potential applications as near-infrared light sources in photonic integrated circuits.

Translucent ceramic enabling next-generation lasing-driven near-infrared light source

Broadband near-infrared(NIR) light sources demonstrate great potential in quantitative food analysis, material identification,invasive brain imaging diagnosis, and real-time health monitoring fields, etc. [1–3]. Compared with competing technologies based on quantum dots and organic crystals, NIR-emitting phosphor converted light-emitting diodes(pc-LEDs) favor high spectral modulation and physicochemical stability [4].

980 nm Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Using All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals Doped with Ytterbium Ions

All-inorganic perovskite(CsPbX3)nanocrystals(NCs)have recently been widely investigated as versatile solution-processable light-emitting materials.Due to its wide-bandgap nature,the all-inorganic perovskite NC Light-Emitting Diode(LED)is limited to the visible region(400-700 nm).A particularly difficult challenge lies in the practical application of perovskite NCs in the infrared-spectrum region.In this work,a 980 nm NIR all-inorganic perovskite NC LED is demonstrated,which is based on an efficient energy transfer from wide-bandgap materials(CsPbCl3 NCs)to ytterbium ions(Yb3+)as an NIR emitter doped in perovskite NCs.The optimized CsPbCl3 NC with 15 mol%Yb3+doping concentration has the strongest 980 nm photoluminescence(PL)peak,with a PL quantum yield of 63%.An inverted perovskite NC LED is fabricated with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/poly-TPD/CsPbCl3:15 mol%Yb3+NCs/TPBi/LiF/Al.The LED has an External Quantum Efficiency(EQE)of 0.2%,a Full Width at Half Maximum(FWHM)of 47 nm,and a maximum luminescence of 182 cd/m?.The introduction of Yb3+doping in perovskite NCs makes it possible to expand its working wavelength to near-infrared band for next-generation light sources and shows potential applications for optoelectronic integration.

Advanced near-infrared light approaches for neuroimaging and neuromodulation

Almost all physiological processes of animals are controlled by the brain,including language,cognitive,memory,learning,emotion and so forth.Minor brain dysfunction usually leads to brain diseases and disorders.Therefore,it'is greatly meaningful and urgent for scientists to have a better understanding of brain structure and function.Optical approaches can provide powerful tools for imaging and modulating physiological processes of the brain.In particular,optical approaches in the near-infrared(NIR)window(700-1700 nm)exhibit excellent prosperities of deep tissue penetration and low tissue scattering and absorption compared with those of visible windows(400-700 nm),which provides a promising approach for scientists to develop desired methods of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in deep brain tissues.In this review,variable types of NIR light approaches for imaging and modulating neural ions,membrane potential,neurotransmitters,and other critical molecules for brain functions and diseases are summarized.In particular,the latest breakthrough research of brain imaging and brain regulation in the NIR-II window(1000-1700 nm)are highlighted.Finally,we conclude the challenges and prospects of NIR light-based neuroimaging and neuromodulation for both basic brain research and further clinical translation.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in non-invasive neuromodulation

Non-invasive cerebral neuromodulation technologies are essential for the reorganization of cerebral neural networks,which have been widely applied in the field of central neurological diseases,such as stroke,Parkinson’s disease,and mental disorders.Although significant advances have been made in neuromodulation technologies,the identification of optimal neurostimulation paramete rs including the co rtical target,duration,and inhibition or excitation pattern is still limited due to the lack of guidance for neural circuits.Moreove r,the neural mechanism unde rlying neuromodulation for improved behavioral performance remains poorly understood.Recently,advancements in neuroimaging have provided insight into neuromodulation techniques.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,as a novel non-invasive optical brain imaging method,can detect brain activity by measuring cerebral hemodynamics with the advantages of portability,high motion tole rance,and anti-electromagnetic interference.Coupling functional near-infra red spectroscopy with neuromodulation technologies offe rs an opportunity to monitor the cortical response,provide realtime feedbac k,and establish a closed-loop strategy integrating evaluation,feedbac k,and intervention for neurostimulation,which provides a theoretical basis for development of individualized precise neuro rehabilitation.We aimed to summarize the advantages of functional near-infra red spectroscopy and provide an ove rview of the current research on functional near-infrared spectroscopy in transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial electrical stimulation,neurofeedback,and braincomputer interfaces.Furthermore,the future perspectives and directions for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neuromodulation are summarized.In conclusion,functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with neuromodulation may promote the optimization of central pellral reorganization to achieve better functional recovery form central nervous system diseases.

Spatial sensitivity to absorption changes for various near-infrared spectroscopy methods:A compendium review

This compendium review focuses on the spatial distribution of sensitivity to localized absorption changes in optically diffuse media,particularly for measurements relevant to near-infrared spectroscopy.The three temporal domains,continuous wave,frequency domain,and time domain,each obtain different optical data types whose changes may be related to effective homogeneous changes in the absorption coefficient.Sensitivity is the relationship between a localized perturbation and the recovered effective homogeneous absorption change.Therefore,spatial sensitivity maps representing the perturbation location can be generated for the numerous optical data types in the three temporal domains.The review first presents a history of the past 30 years of work investigating this sensitivity in optically diffuse media.These works are experimental and theoretical,presenting one-,two-,and three-dimensional sensitivity maps for different Near-Infrared Spectroscopy methods,domains,and data types.Following this history,we present a compendium of sensitivity maps organized by temporal domain and then data type.This compendium provides a valuable tool to compare the spatial sensitivity of various measurement methods and parameters in one document.Methods for one to generate these maps are provided in Appendix A,including the code.This historical review and comprehensive sensitivity map compendium provides a single source researchers may use to visualize,investigate,compare,and generate sensitivity to localized absorption change maps.

Near-infrared spectroscopy in schizophrenia:A bibliometric perspective

BACKGROUND Compared with current methods used to assess schizophrenia,near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)has the advantages of providing noninvasive and real-time monitoring of functional activities of the brain and providing direct and objective assessment information.AIM To explore the research field of NIRS in schizophrenia from the perspective of bibliometrics.METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection was used as the search tool,and the last search date was April 21,2024.Bibliometric indicators,such as the numbers of publications and citations,were recorded.Bibliometrix and VOS viewer were used for visualization analysis.RESULTS A total of 355 articles from 105 journals were included in the analysis.The overall trend of the number of research publications increased.Schizophrenia Research was identified as an influential journal in the field.Kasai K was one of the most influential and productive authors in this area of research.The University of Tokyo and Japan had the highest scientific output for an institution and a country,respectively.The top ten keywords were“schizophrenia”,“activation”,“near-infrared spectroscopy”,“verbal fluency task”,“cortex”,“brain,performance”,“workingmemory”,“brain activation”,and“prefrontal cortex”.CONCLUSION Our study reveals the evolution of knowledge and emerging trends in the field of NIRS in schizophrenia.the research focus is shifting from underlying disease characteristics to more in-depth studies of brain function and physiological mechanisms.

A highly sensitive ratiometric near-infrared nanosensor based on erbium-hyperdoped silicon quantum dots for iron(Ⅲ) detection

Ratiometric fluorescent detection of iron(Ⅲ)(Fe^(3+))offers inherent self-calibration and contactless analytic capabilities.However,realizing a dual-emission near-infrared(NIR)nanosensor with a low limit of detection(LOD)is rather challenging.In this work,we report the synthesis of water-dispersible erbium-hyperdoped silicon quantum dots(Si QDs:Er),which emit NIR light at the wavelengths of 810 and 1540 nm.A dual-emission NIR nanosensor based on water-dispersible Si QDs:Er enables ratiometric Fe^(3+)detection with a very low LOD(0.06μM).The effects of pH,recyclability,and the interplay between static and dynamic quenching mechanisms for Fe^(3+)detection have been systematically studied.In addition,we demonstrate that the nanosensor may be used to construct a sequential logic circuit with memory functions.

Cortical activity in patients with high-functioning ischemic stroke during the Purdue Pegboard Test:insights into bimanual coordinated fine motor skills with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

After stroke,even high-functioning individuals may experience compromised bimanual coordination and fine motor dexterity,leading to reduced functional independence.Bilateral arm training has been proposed as a promising intervention to address these deficits.However,the neural basis of the impairment of functional fine motor skills and their relationship to bimanual coordination performance in stroke patients remains unclear,limiting the development of more targeted interventions.To address this gap,our study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate cortical responses in patients after stroke as they perform functional tasks that engage fine motor control and coordination.Twenty-four high-functioning patients with ischemic stroke(7 women,17 men;mean age 64.75±10.84 years)participated in this cross-sectional observational study and completed four subtasks from the Purdue Pegboard Test,which measures unimanual and bimanual finger and hand dexterity.We found significant bilateral activation of the sensorimotor cortices during all Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks,with bimanual tasks inducing higher cortical activation than the assembly subtask.Importantly,patients with better bimanual coordination exhibited lower cortical activation during the other three Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks.Notably,the observed neural response patterns varied depending on the specific subtask.In the unaffected hand task,the differences were primarily observed in the ipsilesional hemisphere.In contrast,the bilateral sensorimotor cortices and the contralesional hemisphere played a more prominent role in the bimanual task and assembly task,respectively.While significant correlations were found between cortical activation and unimanual tasks,no significant correlations were observed with bimanual tasks.This study provides insights into the neural basis of bimanual coordination and fine motor skills in high-functioning patients after stroke,highlighting task-dependent neural responses.The findings also suggest that patients who exhibit better bimanual performance demonstrate more efficient cortical activation.Therefore,incorporating bilateral arm training in post-stroke rehabilitation is important for better outcomes.The combination of functional near-infrared spectroscopy with functional motor paradigms is valuable for assessing skills and developing targeted interventions in stroke rehabilitation.

Near-infrared light-driven multifunctional metal ion(Cu^(2+))-loaded polydopamine nanomotors for therapeutic angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia

Most of the current nanomedicine-based treatments for critical limb ischemia(CLI)only aim at promoting angiogenesis,ignoring the negative influence on the therapeutic effects caused by the complex pathological micro-environment of ischemic tissue.Herein,near-infrared(NIR)light-driven metal ion(Cu^(2+))-loaded polydopamine(PDA)nanomotors(JMPN@Cu^(2+))is designed and prepared.Due to the good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of PDA,JMPN@Cu^(2+)exhibits excellent biocompatibility and significantly improves the ischemic micro-environment.Additionally,based on superior photothermal conversion effect and jellyfish-like structure,the nanomotors are quickly propelled under NIR laser with low energy intensity to acquire the ability of movement and facilitate intracellular uptake of JMPN@Cu^(2+)by endothelial cells,resulting in the enhanced pro-angiogenic effect of Cu^(2+).Moreover,in vivo experimental findings show that JMPN@Cu^(2+)combined with NIR irradiation can successfully accelerate blood flow recovery and improve muscle repair.Taking these results together,this kind of nanomotor can promote angiogenesis along with ischemic micro-environment amelioration,holding great potential applications for the treatment of limb ischemia.