First-Order Symmetry Energy Induced by Neutron-Proton Mass Difference

The 1st-order symmetry energy coefficient of nuclear matter induced merely by the neutron-proton （n p） mass difference is derived analytically, which turns out to be completely model-independent. Based on this result, （npDM） the 1st-order symmetry energy Esym,1 （A） of heavy nuclei such as 2~spb induced by the np mass difference is investigated with the help of a local density approximation combined with the Skyrme energy density functionals. Although /U（npDM） Esym,1 （A） is small compared with the second-order symmetry energy, it cannot be dropped simply for an accurate estimation of nuclear masses as it is still larger than the rms deviation given by some accurate mass formulas. It is therefore suggested that one perhaps needs to distinguish the neutron mass from the proton one in the construction of nuclear density funetionals.

The Role of the Neutron-proton Interaction in Anomalous Band Crossing of Rare Earth Nuclei

Experimental estimate values of the n-p interaction between the odd protonand the aligning neutron pairs for odd proton nuclei in the first band crossing region areextracted based on the experimental quasi-particle routhians.The reliability of thismethod and the relation between the anomalous band crossing and the neutron-protoninteraction are discussed.

Calculation of Neutron-Proton Mass Difference by the Monte Carlo Method

Calculation results of the Monte Carlo method of the average energy of the electrostatic interaction between the quarks are presented to the neutron and proton. The proposed model of the distribution of quarks in protons and neutrons is possible to assess the area which included a strong (gluon) interaction. Given the fact that the probability of finding a quark in the field with strong interaction is less than one, there is a good agreement between the experimental and calculated values of the mass difference between the neutron and the proton.

High-precision inverse potentials for neutron-proton scattering using piece-wise smooth Morse functions

The aim of this study is to construct inverse potentials for various ℓ-channels of neutron-proton scattering using a piece-wise smooth Morse function as a reference.The phase equations for single-channel states and the coupled equations of multi-channel scattering are solved numerically using the 5^(th) order Runge-kutta method.We employ a piece-wise smooth reference potential comprising three Morse functions as the initial input.Leveraging a machine learning-based genetic algorithm,we optimize the model parameters to minimize the mean-squared error between simulated and anticipated phase shifts.Our approach yields inverse potentials for both single and multichannel scattering,achieving convergence to a mean-squared error≤10^(-3).The resulting scattering lengths"a_(0)"and effective ranges"r"for ^(3)S_(1) and ^(1)S_(0) states,expressed as[a_(0),r],are found to be[5.445(5.424),1.770(1.760)]and[–23.741(–23.749),2.63(2.81)],respectively;these values are in excellent agreement with experimental ones.Furthermore,the calculated total scattering cross-sections are highly consistent with their experimental counterparts,having a percentage error of less than 1%.This computational approach can be easily extended to obtain interaction potentials for charged particle scattering.

Simple scenario of integrated neutron-proton interaction

In this study,we investigate the patterns exhibited by integrated neutron-proton interactions(denoted as V_(NP))that exhibit systematic differences among particle-particle,hole-hole,hole-particle,and particle-hole cases.A simple formula of V_(NP)is proposed to be in approximate linearity with N_(n)N_(p).This formula yields regular patterns of V_(NP)that are highly consistent with those previously extracted according to binding energies.The observed ordering of V_(NP),i.e.,V_(NP)of the particle-particle case is the largest,V_(NP)of the hole-hole case is in-between,and V_(NP)of the particle-hole and hole-particle cases is the smallest,is explained in terms of the dominant part of V_(NP)originating from symmetry energy and refinement involving the shell correction in the mass formulas.

中国散裂中子源伴生质子辐照实验平台及其技术参数的确定

为了利用负氢离子加速器中伴随产生的质子成分,中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS)在直线加速器末端建设了伴生质子辐照实验平台(associated protons experimental platform,APEP)。为了确定其性能参数,采用散射测量、束斑照相、同位素活化法等实验方法对伴生质子辐照实验平台的主要参数进行了刻度。实验证实,该辐照平台可以提供的质子能量范围为10~80 MeV,束斑分布均匀,束流强度范围为1.2×10^(7)~4.0×10^(9) cm^(-2)·s^(-1)。伴生质子辐照实验平台运行稳定,每年提供超过5000 h的束流时间,可以满足宇航器件可靠性测试、探测器刻度、辐照育种以及材料抗辐照特性测试等多种应用需求。

质子治疗“三元”增敏模型的提出及分析

为了提高质子治疗的生物学效应,首先在现有质子放射治疗增敏效应的基础上,提出了硼基质子增强放疗的“三元”放疗模式的新方法:即以硼基介质(^(11)B和^(10)B)诱导抵达肿瘤靶区的布拉格峰区低能质子发生质子氢硼聚变反应(p+^(11)B→3α)和热中子俘获(^(10)B+n→^(7)Li^(3+)(0.84 MeV)+^(4)He^(2+)(1.47 MeV)+γ(0.477 MeV))两种核反应,释出高LET的低能α粒子以增强靶区质子剂量的生物效应,从而提高质子治疗的临床效应。然后根据“三元”模型理论基础和研究现状分析了模型的优缺点,最后对“三元”模型进行了总结与展望。

中国散裂中子源伴生质子束实验平台及其应用

基于中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS)建设的伴生质子束实验平台(associated proton beam experiment platform,APEP)主要用于宇航器件及设备的辐照损伤研究。质子能量在10~80 MeV之间连续可调,束流能散小于10%,束斑尺寸和束流流强也能够根据实验需求进行调节。自2021年10月投入运行以来,APEP已经开展了电子元器件辐照损伤实验、探测器标定实验、各类材料辐照损伤研究等百余项多学科实验研究,为我国多学科特别是辐照损伤效应领域的科学研究和应用研究提供了一个重要的质子束实验平台。

基于瞬发伽马谱学的元素重建算法

质子治疗中的瞬发伽马射线是质子和靶标之间核反应的产物,瞬发伽马射线的特征能量和强度可以用来确定靶中元素的种类和数量,在之前的实验中已经证明,无论反应截面多么复杂,一旦确定了被照射元素和入射质子的能量,元素浓度与伽马射线光子数之间就存在一定的线性关系。然而,这种线性关系很难应用于医学成像,而且氢的非线性行为迄今尚未研究。将这种线性关系推广到包括氢等非线性情况的混合元素材料,并提出了一种通用的数学形式,即基于瞬发伽马谱学的重建算法(PGSRA)。PGSRA的基本假设是样品材料的PGS与元素的每摩尔伽马射线有某种关系。对于碳和氧,这种关系是线性的,而对于氢,这种关系是非线性的。由于2.23 MeV的伽马线来源于中子吸收辐射,研究氢非线性行为,利用蒙特卡罗模拟验证碳、氧和氢的不同组合,如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、戊二醇和乙醇二醇的线性和非线性关系。所有样品材料的碳、氧相对误差均小于4%。基于氢的非线性特性,其相对误差约为10%。此外,样品密度的相对误差对所有样品材料都小于3.5%。开发的PGSRA法可能是PGS和医学成像之间的第一座桥梁。

Probing the symmetry potential with neutron-proton bremsstrahlung in heavy-ion collisions

In the framework of the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics transport model （QMD）, the effects of symmetry potential on the collision number and the neutron-proton bremsstrahlung photon in the reactions of 40Ca＋40Ca, 124Sn＋124Sn, 40Ca＋64Zn, 40Ca＋124Sn at different incident beam energies are studied. It is found that the collision number shows moderate sensitivity to the stiffness of the symmetry potential and the number of hard photons calculated with stiff symmetry potential is obviously smaller than that with soft symmetry potential. Thus, the neutron-proton bremsstrahlung photons produced in heavy-ion collisions may be a useful probe for the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry potential.

Mass Increase with Strong and Gravitational Potentials, and Mass Defect with Electromagnetic Potential

The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.

Solution of the Nucleon Structure Problem from a Field Theory of Fermions and Bosons and the Origin of the Proton Stability

A bound state formalism derived from a fermion-boson symmetric Lagrangian has been used to calculate the nucleon masses, the charge neutrality of the neutron, the magnetic moments and the electromagnetic form factor ratios μpGEp/GMpand μnGEn/GMn. A quantitative description is obtained, assuming a mixing of a scalar bound state of 3(f f¯)fstructure with its corresponding vector (f f¯)fstate (f indicating massless elementary fermions). Only a few parameters are needed, mainly fixed by energy and momentum conservation. The nucleon stability is explained by an extra binding in the confinement potential, negative for electric and positive for magnetic binding of the proton, and opposite for the neutron. The stronger electric extra binding of the proton allows a decay of the neutron to proton and electron.

CSNS伴生质子束实验平台控制系统研制

中国散裂中子源(CSNS)伴生质子束实验平台是利用直线加速器伴生的弱流中能质子建设的质子辐照应用平台。使用国产PLC和控制器,研制了基于EPICS软件架构的控制系统。该控制系统主要由运动控制系统和真空控制系统两部分组成,实现了对伴生质子束实验平台主要设备的监测和控制,现场运行稳定可靠,很好地满足了伴生质子束实验平台的需要。

反冲质子卡阈中子探测靶室偏转磁场设计

准确测量脉冲辐射场特征参数对研究核装置反应过程、开展核技术应用具有重要意义。为解决ICF聚变初级中子等高能中子的精确测量及面临的伴随X/γ干扰问题,研究了反冲质子高能量卡阈中子探测靶室的γ和中子灵敏度随偏转磁场的变化。首先,分析了中子探测靶室的X/γ干扰主要来源,在密封窗口处和靶腿位置分别设置清扫磁场和偏转磁场,降低探测器对X/γ和次级电子的响应。然后,详细计算了靶室灵敏度随所加磁感应强度和方向的变化。模拟结果表明:在密封窗口处设置高强度清扫磁场可一定程度降低靶室对X/γ灵敏度,在靶腿处设置偏转磁场对X/γ响应的抑制效果更好;靶腿处偏转磁场使聚乙烯靶上产生的次级电子向靶腿内侧方向偏转时效果更优;偏转磁场对中子灵敏度的影响与靶室反冲质子卡阈能量和磁场方向有关,强偏转磁场会使系统的高能中子灵敏度响应曲线发生显著变化,在应用中必须仔细考虑。最后,精细测量了探测靶室靶腿内偏转磁场的3维分布,计算了靶室中子和X/γ灵敏度随射线能量的变化。理论计算数据与CPNG-400高压倍加器14.9 MeV准单能中子灵敏度标定结果对比,相对偏差小于3%,理论值与实验结果评价在不确定度范围内一致。

位移损伤效应对AlGaN/GaN HEMT器件的影响

对AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)分别进行3 MeV质子辐照和14 MeV中子辐照实验。3 MeV质子辐照下累积注量达到1×10^(15) cm^(-2)或14 MeV中子辐照下累积注量达到2×10^(13)cm^(-2)时,AlGaN/GaN HEMTs饱和漏电流下降,阈值电压正向漂移,峰值跨导降低。分别对3 MeV质子辐照和14 MeV中子辐照后的AlGaN/GaN HEMTs进行深能级瞬态谱(DLTS)测试。3 MeV质子辐照后缺陷浓度下降降低了反向栅极漏电流,而14 MeV中子辐照会导致缺陷浓度增加,使得反向栅极漏电流增加。根据质子和中子辐照后的缺陷能级均为(0.850±0.020)eV,推断缺陷类型均为氮间隙缺陷,质子辐照和中子辐照后氮间隙缺陷的位移导致的位移损伤效应是AlGaN/GaN HEMT器件电学性能退化的主要原因。

快中子能谱在线测量的反冲质子望远镜响应模拟研究

快中子能谱是基于散裂中子源开展大气中子单粒子效应研究的关键输入参数,在线测量宽能区快中子能谱在近散裂靶位置面临飞行时间法不确定度大、中子通量高、本底干扰强等问题。设计了反冲质子望远镜(RPT)系统,利用Geant4模拟了20~200 MeV中子轰击不同厚度聚乙烯转换靶产生的反冲质子产额、角分布以及能谱,为优化探测系统设计提供了指导依据。通过模拟硅探测器与新型快响应CLLB闪烁体组成的二重符合RPT系统对入射中子的响应,分析了影响探测系统探测效率和能量分辨率的因素,确定了聚乙烯转换靶厚度为1 mm、符合质子探测器摆放角度为26.6°和探测器尺寸等重要参数,得到了RPT系统的中子响应函数矩阵,并计算了其探测效率达10-5,对高中子通量和复杂本底干扰环境下的快中子能谱在线测量具有指导意义和参考价值。

Structure of the Quarks and a New Model of Protons and Neutrons: Answer to Some Open Questions

The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?

Electrostatic Theory of Elementary Particles

Theoretical physics makes a wide use of differential equations for which only a potential solution is applied. The possibility that these equations may have a non-potential solution is ruled out and not considered. In this paper an exact non-potential solution of the continuity equation is described. The electric field of an elementary charged particle consists of two components: the known Potential Component (PC) produced by the charge and the earlier unknown Non-potential Component (NC) with a zero charge. Charged particles have both components, while a neutron has only the NC. The proton and neutron NC ensures similarity of their properties. The PC is spherically symmetric and NC is axisymmetric. Therefore, to describe an elementary particle, one should take into account both its spatial coordinates and the NC orientation. The particle interaction is determined by their NC mutual orientation. Neglecting the latter leads to indefiniteness of the interaction result. In a homogeneous electric field, the force acting on the NC is zero. Therefore, a charged particle possessing the NC will behave like a potential one. In an inhomogeneous field, the situation is principally different. Due to the NC there occurs an interaction between a neutron and a proton. The non-potential field results in the existence of two types of neutrons: a neutron and an antineutron. A neutron repels from a proton ensuring scattering of neutrons on protons. An antineutron is attracted to a proton leading to its annihilation. The NC produces the magnetic dipole moment of an elementary particle.

质子和中子在硅中位移损伤等效性计算

基于蒙特卡罗软件Geant4,探讨质子与硅的库仑散射和核反应及中子与硅的核反应产生反冲原子沉积非电离能量的过程,建立质子和中子在硅中的非电离能量阻止本领计算方法。在此方法中,描述了原子间库仑散射的物理过程,模拟带电粒子与晶格原子之间的屏蔽库仑散射。计算得到不同能量质子和中子在硅中因库仑散射和核反应产生反冲原子的非电离能量沉积及阻止本领的等效性,计算结果与中子ASTM标准及文献计算得到的质子数据符合很好。

质子和中子引起的单粒子效应及其等效关系理论模拟

根据器件几何尺寸、掺杂浓度、偏压等因素确定灵敏体积和临界电荷 ,从而提出单粒子效应的物理模型。考虑了质子和中子在硅中的弹性散射、非弹性散射、两体反应、多体反应以及质子的库仑散射等所有相互作用类型 ,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟跟踪入射粒子与核的相互作用以及各种次级带电粒子和反冲核的能量沉积过程。采用Ziegler的拟合公式精确计算质子、α粒子、氘核、反冲核等带电离子的能量沉积。根据模拟结果确定了两种粒子引起的单粒子效应等效系数 ,并将模拟结果与实验数据进行了对比。