This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of paym...This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of payment by the inhabitants of rural areas. The main source of data used for analysis and inference was information originating from the authors＇ own investigations conducted in 2013 on a group of 500 rural households and on a group of 150 trade and service points operating in non-urbanized areas. This work made use of statistical summary measures and Z2 independence test. According to the results of the conducted studies, forms of payment used by rural dwellers depend on many variables, of demographic, economic, and psychological character. Cash payments are more frequently used by persons possessing vocational or secondary education, elderly people, old-age pensioners, annuitants, or households with lower incomes. Also, persons who do not trust financial institutions or do not perceive benefits resulting from the use of non-cash instruments prefer cash. It is a group of households which require urgent educational activities in the area of non-cash payment instruments. A significant barrier to using non-cash payment instruments by rural dwellers was a limited access to non-cash channels. It is connected in the first place with a poorer development of financial infrastructure in rural areas （banks or cash points）, insufficient Internet access conditioning a possibility to use electronic banking points, and also a worse development of credit card acceptance network. As has been demonstrated by the results of conducted studies, the main reason for a lack of point of sale （POS） terminals in retail and service-providing points operating in rural areas, in the opinion of their owners, is the very high interchange fee （50% indications）, which under Polish conditions is one of the highest in the European Union （EU）.展开更多
医疗体制改革的核心在于走向全民医保,而全民医保制度建设的重点在于付费机制改革,这一点业已成为我国医保体制改革的共识。以更为先进的疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRGs)预付费机制为主导的多元付费方式组合逐渐取代...医疗体制改革的核心在于走向全民医保,而全民医保制度建设的重点在于付费机制改革,这一点业已成为我国医保体制改革的共识。以更为先进的疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRGs)预付费机制为主导的多元付费方式组合逐渐取代传统单一的按项目付费方式,是有效抑制医保费用急速增长的治本措施之一。按DRGs付费不仅能有效减轻患者就医负担,更可以促进医疗服务提供方加强成本意识、增强成本管理以及提高卫生资源利用率。展开更多
文摘This article aims at characterization and assessment of the financial behaviors of rural dwellers on non-cash payment markets and identification of factors determining the intensity of using individual methods of payment by the inhabitants of rural areas. The main source of data used for analysis and inference was information originating from the authors＇ own investigations conducted in 2013 on a group of 500 rural households and on a group of 150 trade and service points operating in non-urbanized areas. This work made use of statistical summary measures and Z2 independence test. According to the results of the conducted studies, forms of payment used by rural dwellers depend on many variables, of demographic, economic, and psychological character. Cash payments are more frequently used by persons possessing vocational or secondary education, elderly people, old-age pensioners, annuitants, or households with lower incomes. Also, persons who do not trust financial institutions or do not perceive benefits resulting from the use of non-cash instruments prefer cash. It is a group of households which require urgent educational activities in the area of non-cash payment instruments. A significant barrier to using non-cash payment instruments by rural dwellers was a limited access to non-cash channels. It is connected in the first place with a poorer development of financial infrastructure in rural areas （banks or cash points）, insufficient Internet access conditioning a possibility to use electronic banking points, and also a worse development of credit card acceptance network. As has been demonstrated by the results of conducted studies, the main reason for a lack of point of sale （POS） terminals in retail and service-providing points operating in rural areas, in the opinion of their owners, is the very high interchange fee （50% indications）, which under Polish conditions is one of the highest in the European Union （EU）.
文摘医疗体制改革的核心在于走向全民医保,而全民医保制度建设的重点在于付费机制改革,这一点业已成为我国医保体制改革的共识。以更为先进的疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRGs)预付费机制为主导的多元付费方式组合逐渐取代传统单一的按项目付费方式,是有效抑制医保费用急速增长的治本措施之一。按DRGs付费不仅能有效减轻患者就医负担,更可以促进医疗服务提供方加强成本意识、增强成本管理以及提高卫生资源利用率。
