Opportunistic Routing with Multi-Channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery

Due to the scattered nature of the network,data transmission in a dis-tributed Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET)consumes more energy resources(ER)than in a centralized network,resulting in a shorter network lifespan(NL).As a result,we build an Enhanced Opportunistic Routing(EORP)protocol architecture in order to address the issues raised before.This proposed routing protocol goal is to manage the routing cost by employing power,load,and delay to manage the routing energy consumption based on theflooding of control pack-ets from the target node.According to the goal of the proposed protocol techni-que,it is possible to manage the routing cost by applying power,load,and delay.The proposed technique also manage the routing energy consumption based on theflooding of control packets from the destination node in order to reduce the routing cost.Control packet exchange between the target and all the nodes,on the other hand,is capable of having an influence on the overall efficiency of the system.The EORP protocol and the Multi-channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery(MCCND)protocol have been designed to detect the cooperative adja-cent nodes for each node in the routing route as part of the routing path discovery process,which occurs during control packet transmission.While control packet transmission is taking place during the routing path discovery process,the EORP protocol and the Multi-channel Cooperative Neighbour Discovery(MCCND)protocol have been designed to detect the cooperative adjacent nodes for each node in the routing.Also included is a simulation of these protocols in order to evaluate their performance across a wide range of packet speeds using Constant Bit Rate(CBR).When the packet rate of the CBR is 20 packets per second,the results reveal that the EORP-MCCND is 0.6 s quicker than the state-of-the-art protocols,according to thefindings.Assuming that the CBR packet rate is 20 packets per second,the EORP-MCCND achieves 0.6 s of End 2 End Delay,0.05 s of Routing Overhead Delay,120 s of Network Lifetime,and 20 J of Energy Consumption efficiency,which is much better than that of the state-of-the-art protocols.

Evolutionary Profile of Opportunistic Infections in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus during Six Months of Dolutegravir Based Antiretroviral Treatment in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Background: Opportunistic infections (OI), which are still a major problem in the care of People Living with HIV (PLHIV), occur in situations of immunosuppression. The AntiRetroViral Treatments (ART) used allow a spectacular reduction in the frequency of Opportunistic Infections. Objective: The objective of this study is to present the evolution of Opportunistic Infections in People Living with HIV under AntiRetroViral Treatment in Kinshasa in the era of Dolutegravir. Methods: The present study is a prospective cohort to present the evolutionary profile of OIs in PLHIV on ART for 6 months in Outpatient Treatment Centers (OTC) in Kinshasa. Sixteen OTCs had been included. The population of the present work was patients over 18 years of age at inclusion, infected with HIV-1 and initiating ART in the selected OTC. Results: On inclusion, 119 patients were included of which 56.3% were women. Malaria (45.4%), tuberculosis (29.4%) and cutaneous pruritus (23.5%) were the most common Opportunistic Infections (OIs). In the third month of ART, 37 patients came for the consultation of which 70.3% were women. Non-specific STIs (97.3%), skin pruritus (37.8%) and malaria (24.3%) were the dominant OIs among patients. At the sixth month of ART, 62 patients came for the medical consultation of which 61.3% were women. Skin pruritus (25.8%), dermatitis (22.6%) and rash (21%) were the most common OIs. Conclusion: The evolutionary profile is marked by the conservation of Opportunistic Infections such as dermatitis (pruritus and rashes) and malaria.

AVAILABILITY SIMULATION OF MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEM BASED ON OPPORTUNISTIC MAINTENANCE POLICY

A multi-component system has the long fixed maintenance time, so the opportunistic maintenance policy is adopted to put preventive replacement and corrective replacement together, so that the long fixed maintenance time can be shared by more than one component, and the system availability can be improved. Then, the generation characteristics of the random failure time are researched based on the replacement maintenance and the minima[ maintenance. Furthermore, by choosing the opportunistic replacement ages of each component as opti- mized variables, a simulation algorithm based on an opportunistic maintenance policy is designed to maximize the total availability. Finally, the simulation result shows the validity of the algorithm by an example.

Opportunistic and other intestinal parasites among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic in Bahir Dar city,North West Ethiopia

Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from Aprill- May 30,2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of patients.Stool samples were examined by direct saline,iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Results:Out of 248 enrolled in the study,171(69.0%)(90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites.The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients(80.3%,151/188),and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3%(20/60).Cryptosporidum parvum(43.6%),Isospora belli(15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions: Opportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/ AIDS patients in the study area.Therefore,early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.

A preventive opportunistic maintenance method for railway traction power supply system based on equipment reliability

Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system(TPSS)is to perform scheduled regular maintenance activities for power supply equipment,while such maintenance mode may result in undue maintenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degradation processes of different sorts of equipment.To address this problem,this paper introduces a preventive opportunistic maintenance(POM)method for TPSS based on equipment reliability.Firstly,a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation process based on Weibull distribution.Then,by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycle of TPSS as the optimization objective,the optimal maintenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies.The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer,circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration.Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS.It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time,providing guidance to formulate scientific maintenance strategies for TPSS.

On opportunistic spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio systems

The performance bound of cognitive radio systems is analyzed.We use opportunistic spectrum effi-ciency(OSE)as the performance metric,and point out that the maximum achievable OSE can be used toevaluate the maximum value that the introduction of secondary users can add to the conventional wirelesssystems.Based on assumptions of the PU s traffic model and some reasonable approximations,the ex-pression of OSE is obtained and the maximum achievable OSE is derived by solving an optimization prob-lem.The results are verified by computer simulation.

Polyphase orthogonal sequences design for opportunistic array radar via HGA

Opportunistic array radar （OAR） is a new generation radar system based on the stealth of the platform, which can improve the modern radar performance effectively. Designing the orthogonal code sets with low autocorrelation and cross-correlation is a key issue for OAR. This paper proposes a novel hybrid genetic algorithm （HGA） and designs the polyphase orthogonal code sets with low autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties, which can be used in the OAR system. The novel algorithm combines with simulated annealing （SA） and genetic algorithm （GA）, adds in keeping best individuals and competition in small scope, and introduces grey correlation evaluation to evaluate fitness function. These avoid the premature convergence problem existed in GA and enhance the global searching capability. At last, the genetic results are optimized to obtain the best solution by using greedy algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for the design of orthogonal phase signals used in OAR systems.

Nested case-control study on risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND When opportunistic infections occur, patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) commonly display a significantly increased rate of morbidity and mortality.With increasing use of immunosuppressive agents and biological agents,opportunistic infections are becoming a hot topic in the perspective of drug safety in IBD patients. Despite the well-established role of opportunistic infections in the prognosis of IBD patients, there are few epidemiological data investigating the incidence of opportunis-tic infections in IBD patients in China. Besides, the risk factors for opportunistic infection in Chinese IBD patients remain unclear.AIM To predict the incidence of opportunistic infections related to IBD in China, and explore the risk factors for opportunistic infections.METHODS A single-center, prospective study of IBD patients was conducted. The patients were followed for up to 12 mo to calculate the incidence of infections. For each infected IBD patient, two non-infected IBD patients were selected as controls. A conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between putative risk factors and opportunistic infections, which are represented as odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS Seventy(28.11%) out of 249 IBD patients developed opportunistic infections.Clostridium difficile infections and respiratory syncytial virus infections were found in 24 and 16 patients, respectively. In a univariate analysis, factors such as the severity of IBD, use of an immunosuppressant or immunosuppressants, high levels of fecal calprotectin, and C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate were individually related to a significantly increased risk of opportunistic infection. Multivariate analysis indicated that the use of any immunosuppressant yielded an OR of 3.247(95%CI: 1.128-9.341), whereas the use of any two immunosuppressants yielded an OR of 6.457(95%CI: 1.726-24.152) for opportunistic infection. Interestingly, when immunosuppressants were used in combination with infliximab(IFX) or 5-aminosalicylic acid, a significantly increased risk of opportunistic infection was also observed. The relative risk of opportunistic infection was greatest in IBD patients with severe disease activity(OR = 9.090; 95%CI: 1.532-53.941, relative to the remission stage). However, the use of IFX alone did not increase the risk of opportunistic infection.CONCLUSION Factors such as severe IBD, elevated levels of fecal calprotectin, and the use of immunosuppressive medications, especially when used in combination, are major risk factors for opportunistic infections in IBD patients. The use of IFX alone does not increase the risk of opportunistic infection.

Effectiveness of gastric cancer screening programs in South Korea:Organized vs opportunistic models

AIM:To investigate the outcome and effectiveness of two screening programs,National Cancer Screening Program(NCSP)and opportunistic screening(OS),for the detection of gastric cancer. METHODS:A total of 45 654 subjects underwent upper endoscopy as part of the NCSP or OS at the Chung-Ang University Healthcare System in Korea between January 2007 and December 2010.The study population was comprised of subjects over the age of 40 years.More specifically,subjects who took part in the NCSP were Medicaid recipients and beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Corporation.Still photo-graphs from the endoscopies diagnosed as gastric cancer were reviewed by two experienced endoscopists. RESULTS:The mean age of the screened subjects was 55 years for men and 54 years for women.A total of 126 cases(0.28%)of gastric cancer were detected from both screening programs;100 cases(0.3%)from NCSP and in 26 cases(0.2%)from OS.The proportion of early gastric cancer(EGC)detected in NCSP was higher than that in OS(74.0%vs 53.8%,P=0.046). Among the 34 416 screenees in NCSP,6585(19.1%) underwent upper endoscopy every other year as scheduled.Among the 11 238 screenees in OS,3050(27.1%) underwent upper endoscopy at least once every two years during the study period.The detection rate of gastric cancer was found to be significantly higher during irregular follow-up than during regular follow-up in both screening programs(0.3%vs 0.2%,P=0.036).A higher incidence of EGC than advanced gastric cancer was observed during regular follow-up compared with irregular follow-up. CONCLUSION:Compliance to the screening program is more important than the type of screening system used.

Opportunistic maintenance for multi-component systems considering structural dependence and economic dependence

Although opportunistic maintenance strategies are widely used for multi-component systems, all opportunistic mainte- nance strategies only consider economic dependence and do not take structural dependence into account. An opportunistic main- tenance strategy is presented for a multi-component system that considers both structural dependence and economic dependence. The cost relation and time relation among components based on structural dependence are developed. The maintenance strategy for each component of a multi-component system involves one of five maintenance actions, namely, no-maintenance, a minimal maintenance action, an imperfect maintenance action, a perfect maintenance action, and a replacement action. The maintenance action is determined by the virtual age of the component, the life expectancy of the component, and the age threshold values. Monte Carlo simulation is designed to obtain the optimal oppor- tunistic maintenance strategy of the system over its lifetime. The simulation result reveals that the minimum maintenance cost with a strategy that considers structural dependence is less than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence. The availability with a strategy that considers structural dependence is greater than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence under the same conditions.

A Utility-Based Buffer Management Policy for Improving Data Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks

In opportunistic networks, most existing buffer management policies including scheduling and passive dropping policies are mainly for routing protocols. In this paper, we proposed a Utility-based Buffer Management strategy(UBM) for data dissemination in opportunistic networks. In UBM, we first design a method of computing the utility values of caching messages according to the interest of nodes and the delivery probability of messages, and then propose an overall buffer management policy based on the utility. UBM driven by receivers completely implements not only caching policies, passive and proactive dropping policies, but also scheduling policies of senders. Simulation results show that, compared with some classical dropping strategies, UBM can obtain higher delivery ratio and lower delay latency by using smaller network cost.

Role of upper endoscopy in diagnosing opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically decreased opportunistic infections (OIs) in human immunodef iciency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However,gastrointestinal disease continues to account for a high proportion of presenting symptoms in these patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms in treated patients who respond to therapy are more likely to the result of drug-induced complications than OI. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract remains a cornerstone of diagnosis,especially in patients with advanced immunodeficiency,who are at risk for OI. The peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte count helps to predict the risk of an OI,with the highest risk seen in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 count (< 200 cells/mm3). This review provides an update of the role of endoscopy in diagnosing OI in the upper gastrointestinal tract in HIV-infected patients in the era of HAART.

Data Distribution Mechanism over Opportunistic Networks with Limited Epidemic

Most of data distribution mechanism in Opportunistic Networks is derived by Epidemic data distribution,and Epidemic data distribution means that when each node meets another node,it may copy its own messages and transfer to another node.On the one hand,the copies improve the forwarding rate,and reduce the transmission delay.However,on the other hand,energy consumption increases and network survival time is reduced because the copies consume transmission resource.Therefore,copy number should be under control.In this paper,we first introduce the existing routing strategy based on Epidemic briefly,and present the Epidemic routing protocol analysis model and copy control mechanism based on the limited Epidemic in Opportunistic Networks.Then based on the limited copies scheme(LCS),we propose an energy balance scheme(EBS),the results show that EBS can improve the network survival time.

Optimal opportunistic maintenance model of multi-unit systems

An opportunistic maintenance model is presented for a continuously deteriorating series system with economical de-pendence. The system consists of two kinds of units, which are respectively subjected to the deterioration failure described by Gamma process and the random failure described by Poisson process. A two-level opportunistic policy defined by three decision parameters is proposed to coordinate the different maintenance actions and minimize the long-run maintenance cost rate of the system. A computable expression of the average cost rate is established by using the renewal property of the stochastic process of the maintained system state. The optimal values of three deci- sion parameters are derived by an iteration approach based on the characteristic of Gamma process. The behavior of the proposed policy is illustrated through a numerical experiment. Comparative study with the widely used corrective maintenance policy demonstrates the advantage of the proposed opportunistic maintenance method in significantly reducing the maintenance cost. Simultane- ously, the applicable area of this opportunistic model is discussed by the sensitivity analysis of the set-up cost and random failure rate.

Prevalence of Opportunistic Pathogens and Diversity of Microbial Communities in the Water System of a Pulmonary Hospital

Objective Our objective was to investigate the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens and characterize the bacterial community structures in the water system of a pulmonary hospital.Methods The water samples were collected from automatic and manual faucets in the consulting room,treatment room,dressing room,respiratory ward,and other non-medical rooms in three buildings of the hospital.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the load of several waterborne opportunistic pathogens and related microorganisms,including Legionella spp.,Mycobacterium spp.,and M.avium.Illumina sequencing targeting 16 S r RNA genes was performed to profile bacterial communities.Results The occurrence rates of Legionella spp.,Mycobacterium spp.,and M.avium were 100%,100%,and 76%,respectively in all samples.Higher occurrence rates of M.avium were observed in the outpatient service building(building 1,91.7%)and respiration department and wards(building 2,80%)than in the office building(building 3),where no M.avium was found.M.avium were more abundant in automatic faucets(average 2.21×10~4 gene copies/L)than in manual faucets(average 1.03×10~4 gene copies/m L)(P<0.01).Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Cyanobacteria,Firmicutes,and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla.Disinfectant residuals,nitrate,and temperature were found to be the key environmental factors driving microbial community structure shifts in water systems.Conclusion This study revealed a high level of colonization of water faucets by opportunistic pathogens and provided insight into the characteristics of microbial communities in a hospital water system and approaches to reduce risks of microbial contamination.

POWER CONTROL BASED COOPERATIVE OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This paper proposes an approach called PC-CORP (Power Control based Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol) for WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks), providing robustness to the random variations in network connectivity while ensuring better data forwarding efficiency in an energy efficient manner. Based on the realistic radio model, we combine the region-based routing, rendezvous scheme, sleep discipline and cooperative communication together to model data forwarding by cross layer design in WSN. At the same time, a lightweight transmission power control algorithm called PC-AIMD (Power Control Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease) is introduced to utilize the co- operation of relay nodes to improve the forwarding efficiency performance and increase the robustness of the routing protocol. In the simulation, the performance of PC-COPR is investigated in terms of the adaptation of variations in network connectivity and satisfying the QoS requirements of application.

A Trust Management Scheme Based on Behavior Feedback for Opportunistic Networks

In the harsh environment where n ode density is sparse, the slow-moving nodes cannot effectively utilize the encountering opportunities to realize the self-organized identity authentications, and do not have the chance to join the network routing. However, considering m ost of the communications in opportunistic networks are caused by forwarding operations, there is no need to establish the complete mutual authentications for each conversation. Accordingly, a novel trust management scheme is presented based on the information of behavior feedback, in order to complement the insufficiency of identity authentications. By utilizing the certificate chains based on social attributes, the mobile nodes build the local certificate graphs gradually to realize the web of "Identity Trust" relationship. Meanwhile, the successors generate Verified Feedback Packets for each positive behavior, and consequently the "Behavior Trust" relationship is formed for slow-moving nodes. Simulation result shows that, by implementing our trust scheme, the d elivery probability and trust reconstruction ratio can be effectively improved when there are large numbers of compromised nodes, and it means that our trust management scheme can efficiently explore and filter the trust nodes for secure forwarding in opportunistic networks.

Distributed Low-Complexity Channel Assignment for Opportunistic Routing

Opportunistic Routing (OR) involves multiple forwarding candidates to relay packets by taking advantage of the broadcast nature and multi-user diversity of a wireless medium. Compared with Traditional Routing (TR), OR is more suitable in the case of an unreliable wireless link and can evidently improve the end-to-end throughput of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). In this paper, we focus on OR in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel WMNs (MRMC-WMNs). This problem has not been well examined and is considerably more challenging than the OR in single-radio wireless networks considered in the existing literature. First, we validate the advantage of OR in MRMC-WMNs. Second, we propose Low-complexity Channel Assignment for Opportunistic Routing (LcCAOR), which assigns channels to flows according to the interference state of every node. Third, we implement the LcCOAR in a fully distributed manner. The simulation result shows that compared with OR in Single-Radio Single-Channel WMNs (SRSC-WMNs), the proposed OR can significantly enhance the throughput to 87.11% and 100.3% in grid and tree WMNs, respectively.

Reducing energy consumption optimization selection of path transmission routing algorithm in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks are random networks and do not communicate with each other among respective communication areas.This situation leads to great difficulty in message transfer.This paper proposes a reducing energy consumption optimal selection of path transmission(OSPT) routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.This algorithm designs a dynamic random network topology,creates a dynamic link,and realizes an optimized selected path.This algorithm solves a problem that nodes are unable to deliver messages for a long time in opportunistic networks.According to the simulation experiment,OSPT improves deliver ratio,and reduces energy consumption,cache time and transmission delay compared with the Epidemic Algorithm and Spray and Wait Algorithm in opportunistic networks.

Investigation and Analysis on Pathogen Distribution of HIV/AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Infection

Objective: This study aims to understand the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the region of HIV/AIDS patients with opportunistic infection. Methods: To count the number of the bacterial culture of HIV/AIDS patients in our hospital from October 2011 to December 2014, and observe the distribution of all kinds of pathogenic bacteria. Results: From the 4269 cases of HIV/AIDS patients’ bacteria, 5045 cases were cultured whose main flora distribution wasCandida albicans, 1759 cases. The second one was penicillium, 982 cases. The third one was mycobacteria, 557 cases. And then there are 213 cases ofCryptococcus neoformans, 212 cases of?Klebsiella pneumonia, 209 cases of?E. coli, 157 cases of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 112 cases of?Candida tropicalis, 90 cases of glabrata, 81 cases of?Staphylococcus aureus, 75 cases of?Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 60 cases of Salmonella, 48 cases of Acinetobacter and the distribution of the rest of cultured bacterial was less than 40 cases. Conclusion: There are many kinds of types of Pathogenic bacteria in HIV/AIDS patients with the opportunity to infectious. And the majorities are?Candida albicans,?Penicillium marneffei,?Penicillium,?Mycobacterium,?Cryptococcus neoformans?and so on. The infection sites are widely distributed;respiratory and circulatory are the main infected system. Improving the detection rate and reducing the contamination rate can truly reflect the distribution of pathogenic bacteria, and the distribution can guide the infection work in hospital. At the same time, it’s good to predict and prevent opportunistic infection. Thus, the patients can get immediate treatment.