Multi-Model Approach for Assessing the Influence of Calibration Criteria on the Water Balance in Ouémé Basin

Hydrological models are very useful tools for evaluating water resources, and the hydroclimatic hazards associated with the water cycle. However, their calibration and validation require the use of performance criteria which choice is not straightforward. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of the performance criteria on water balance components and water extremes using two global rainfall-runoff models (HBV and GR4J) over the Ouémé watershed at the Bonou and Savè outlets. Three (3) Efficacy criteria (Nash, coefficient of determination, and KGE) were considered for calibration and validation. The results show that the Nash criterion provides a good assessment of the simulation of the different parts of the hydrograph. KGE is better for simulating peak flows and water balance elements than other efficiency criteria. This study could serve as a basis for the choice of performance criteria in hydrological modelling.

Flood Risk Assessment in the Lower Valley of Ouémé, Benin

In response to the increased frequency of flood events in recent years, it has become crucial to enhance preparedness and anticipation through precise flood risk assessments. To this end, this study aims to produce updated and precise flood risk maps for the Lower Valley of Ouémé River Basin, located in the South of Benin. The methodology used consisted of a combination of geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria analysis, including Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods to define and quantify criteria for flood risk assessment. Seven hydro-geomorphological indicators (elevation, rainfall, slope, distance from rivers, flow accumulation, soil type, and drainage density), four socio-economic vulnerability indicators (female population density, literacy rate, poverty index, and road network density), and two exposure indicators (population density and land use) were integrated to generate risk maps. The results indicate that approximately 21.5% of the Lower Valley is under high and very high flood risk, mainly in the south between Dangbo, So-Ava, and Aguégués. The study findings align with the historical flood pattern in the region, which confirms the suitability of the used method. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive approach, the incorporation of AHP for weighting factors, and the use of remote sensing data, GIS technology, and spatial analysis techniques which adds precision to the mapping process. This work advances the scientific understanding of flood risk assessment and offers practical insights and solutions for flood-prone regions. The detailed flood risk indicator maps obtained stand out from previous studies and provide valuable information for effective flood risk management and mitigation efforts in the Lower Valley of Ouémé.

Assessment of Groundwater Physico-Chemical Quality in the Ouémé Delta (Southern-Benin)

Groundwater resources are the main sources of water used to supply drinking water to the population of the Ouémé Delta via the Continental Terminal aquifer. Urbanization, population growth, and agricultural and industrial activities have resulted in a deterioration in the quality of these resources. To assess the quality of the delta’s groundwater and its suitability for human consumption and irrigation, a total of fourteen (14) physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in some forty existing water points between September 2020 and March 2021, using standard water analysis techniques. The values obtained were compared with the potability standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Republic of Benin and were subjected to statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)). In addition, methods for determining the suitability of water for irrigation were used. The results showed that the waters are acidic to slightly neutral and influenced by ambient temperature. In addition, the waters are moderately mineralized, with conductivities (24 - 1205 μS/cm) in line with WHO standards. A comparison of the analytical results of the WHO (2017) and Benin (2001) standards indicates that the majority of the waters studied are of good quality for all the chemical parameters considered. Nevertheless, some samples show levels of nitrates (21%), potassium (14% to 16%), calcium (13%), ammonium (12%), nitrites (8%) and bicarbonates (10%) over their respective standards. The Wilcox and Riverside diagrams indicate that the majority of waters (90%) have excellent suitability for irrigation and no negative effect on soil fertilization.

Evaluation of Agricultural Contamination Level by Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Sediments of Rivers and Water Bodies for Shrimp Fishing in the Lower Ouémé: Case of the Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele Stations in Benin

This study assessed sediment contamination by heavy metals and pesticide active ingredients linked to chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in the lower Ouémé. Pesticide residues from the organochlorine, pyrethroid and organophosphorus families were investigated by gas chromatography, and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cr and Hg) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic pollution indices, the contamination factor (CF) and the ecological risk index were calculated. The results revealed 8 active ingredients in the rainy season and 9 in the dry season. Glyphosate was the active ingredient with the highest concentration at all stations, 9.65 ± 0.84 mg/kg recorded in the dry season at the Aguigadji station. All glyphosate values were above the EQS. DDT, Atrazine and Endosulfan also showed high concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons. Emamectin, Abamectin and Lambda Cyhalothrin also showed high concentrations in the dry season at Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele. Only glyphosate was recorded at the control station (Toho), but in very low concentrations. Lead showed the highest concentrations at all the stations, 265.96 ± 21.02 mg/Kg in the rainy season and 255.38 ± 79.09 mg/Kg in the dry season, all detected at the Aguigadji station and above the EQS. Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr were all representative in both the dry and rainy seasons at the contaminated stations. Manganese showed high concentrations in the rainy season. Pb showed very high contamination (FC ≥ 6) at the Aguigadji and Ahlan stations and significant contamination (3 ≤ FC 6) at the Sele station in both the rainy and dry seasons. Ni, Hg and Cd, showed either moderate or significant contamination at the contaminated stations. The risk values showed a considerable ecological Ri (190 ≤ Ri < 380) in the rainy season and a moderate ecological Ri (95 ≤ Ri < 190) in the dry season at these contaminated stations.

Assessment of the Recent Hydromorphological Features of Nokoue Lake and Its Channels (South-East Benin)

Based on 2022 and 2023 hydrometric data and satellite images (Sentinel 2022, SPOT 2010), this study aims to present the Nokoué Lake and its channels’ re-cent hydromorphological characteristics. Integrating flow, tributary morphology, and topography data determined specific power values along the axes studied. The values obtained range from 2.69 to 12.92 W/m2 for Ouémé River and 2.46 to 10.99 W/m2 for Sô River. The resulting water erosion on banks and bottoms is of linear, areolar, or gully and claw types. Lake bathymetry varies from -0.5 to -2.6 m (low flow period) and -1 to -4 m;in the Ouémé, Sô, and Totchè rivers, it varies from -5 m to -7 m, reaching -10 m at the Cotonou channel entrance (flood period). Bathymetric profiles reveal varied “U”, “V” and “Intermediate” bottom morphologies, influenced by erosion/sedimentation processes and human activities. The flow facies identified are lentic in the northern tributaries and lotic in the Cotonou and Totchè canals. Spatial analysis identified nine (09) thematic classes. In 2022, the surface area of the water body has increased from 274 km2 at low water to 280 km2 at high water, whereas in 2010 (a recent year of exceptional flooding), the surface area was 270 km2 at low water and 277 km2 at high water. Significant changes in land use are observed between 2010 and 2022. The floodplain area decreased slightly, from 421 km2 in 2010 (year of exceptional flooding) to 419 km2 in 2022. The evolution of land use shows a progressive expansion of the urban environment to the detriment of the natural environment. In the medium to long term, this trend could threaten the hydromorphological balance and even the existence of this important lagoon ecosystem.

Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors of 15 Fish Species from the Loémé River Basin (Mayombe, Republic of Congo)

Length-weight relationships and condition factors are among the commonly used parameters to link the length of a fish to its weight. The present study was initiated to find out the growth patterns and overweight status of 15 fish species in the Loémé basin in Mayombe, Republic of Congo. In the period from February 2020 to September 2021, sampling was carried out in eight stations, following a standardised capture method using four gillnets of 10, 12, 15, and 25 mm mesh size and a hawk net of 1.90 m radius with 10 mm mesh size. Length-weight relationships were calculated according to P = aLSb and the condition factor, using K = (P/LSb)* 100. A total of 1153 specimens representing 15 species, 10 genera and 6 families were recorded. The number of specimens ranged from 10 to 214 for Chrysichthys auratus and Enteromius camptacanthus, respectively. The allometry coefficient b minimum of 2.697 for Chromidotilapiamelaniae and maximum of 3.589 for Garraornata, with a mean of 3.03 ± 0.2 is significantly not different from 3 at the 0.05 probability threshold and indicates isometric growth for almost all species, except for E. camptacanthus where b = 2.858 was statistically different from 3 at the same threshold. The positive and high values of the coefficients of determination r2 = 0.787-0.989 of the species, obtained during this study, suggest that weight increases with size in the fish of the Loémé basin. The average condition factor varies from 0.524 ± 0.064 for G. ornata to 4.917 ± 0.440 for C. melaniae.

阿尔及利亚Oued Mya盆地438B区块下泥盆统储层沉积学特征

利用钻井岩心、测井资料和层序-岩相古地理编图,研究了阿尔及利亚Oued Mya(韦德迈阿次)盆地438B区块下泥盆统储层沉积学特征。该盆地是一个富含油气的古生代-中生代叠合盆地,438B区块地处盆地西北部,区块内下泥盆统发育有陆棚和障壁岛-滨岸2个沉积体系,具备良好的油气生、储、盖组合和勘探开发潜力。其中障壁岛-滨岸沉积体系由障壁砂坝、潮汐通道、冲溢扇、潟湖、潮坪等沉积微相组成。以储层沉积学分析为基础的储层预测和评价结果,表明储层发育主要受高位体系域的障壁砂坝和冲溢扇沉积微相控制。这2个沉积微相可列为主要的勘探目标。

四川盆地8000m海相超深层天然气成藏条件及有利勘探区带

超深层(埋深>6000 m)是全球油气勘探的重大领域。当前,四川盆地天然气勘探已经突破8000 m超深层,但是盆地内8000 m超深层领域是否具备规模油气成藏条件、有利勘探区带分布在哪里等重大问题亟待破解。基于烃源岩、有利相带、储集层、圈闭类型、成藏组合等研究,对四川盆地8000 m超深层领域成藏条件与有利勘探区带进行了梳理和评价,得出以下认识:(1)四川盆地超深层领域主要发育于震旦系—中二叠统,且主要分布在环川中隆起带的川西坳陷、川北坳陷、川东褶皱带的深凹地区,其中川西北地区最具勘探潜力;(2)超深层烃源岩明显受凹陷或台内裂陷控制,主要发育陡山沱组、灯影组三段、麦地坪组和筇竹寺组等四套烃源岩,为8000 m超深层油气勘探提供了雄厚的物质基础;(3)震旦系—古生界主体发育(丘)滩孔隙型、岩溶孔洞型和白云岩孔隙型三类基本储层类型,三者相互叠加兼具裂缝改造形成多套规模储层,为超深层油气勘探提供了有利储集条件;(4)多套烃源岩和储层以走滑或逆冲断层相互沟通,主要发育下生上储、旁生侧储两种成藏组合,立体成藏特征明显;(5)岩性圈闭是震旦系—二叠系超深层气藏的主要圈闭类型,大型斜坡背景上发育的背斜或者鼻状构造叠合岩性体形成的构造-岩性圈闭也是重要的勘探对象;(6)8000 m超深层发育六大领域9个有利勘探区带,累计勘探面积超4.5万km^(2),资源量约3×10^(12)~5×10^(12)m^(3)。研究认识对于四川盆地超深层天然气勘探具有重要理论和现实意义。

A New Understanding on the Emplacement of Ophiolitic Mélanges and Its Tectonic Significance: Insights from the Structural Analysis of the Remnant Oceanic Basin-Type Ophiolitic Mélanges

Ophiolites represent on-land fragments of paleooceanic crust and have been recognized as one of the key markers of suture zones.Here,we provide new insights into the emplacement of ophiolitic mélanges based on detailed geological mapping and structural analysis in the West Junggar and Songpan-Ganzi-Bayan Har orogens(Fig.1 and Fig.2).The results show that some ophiolitic mélange belts cannot be regarded as suture zones.The distribution of these ophiolitic mélange belts are usually associated with the structural processes during the closure of remnant oceanic basins.After the remnant-oceanic basin is filled with thick clastic deposit,the oceanic lithosphere material as the base of the remnant basin can be injected into the overlying sedimentary strata through various faultings under the regional compressive stress,forming the remnant oceanic basintype ophiolitic mélange system with dispersive distribution characteristics.Combining with previous researches,the emplacement mechanism of ophiolitic mélanges can be divided into four categories:subduction type which oceanic lithosphere subducted beneath active continental margin,obduction type which oceanic lithosphere obducted over passive continental margin,collision type between two continental lithospheres,and closure type of remnant-oceanic basin(Fig.3).These different types of ophiolitic mélange belts will be superimposed and even re-emplacement by the tectonic processes of post-plate convergence,complicating their distribution.Therefore,identifying the emplacement mechanism type of ophiolitic mélange belts formed in different tectonic processes and backgrounds is of importance for understanding the process of ocean-continental transition and the evolution of orogenic belts.

Radial tidal current field in a semi-enclosed rectangular basin: formation and evolution

The radial tidal current field accounts for the formation of the radial sand ridges in the South Yellow Sea. Understanding the formation and evolution of this radial tidal current field is vital to assessing the morphodynamic features in the area. A semi-enclosed rectangular basin with and without a coastal barrier was schematized from the topography of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. The 2D tidal current field in this basin was simulated using the DELFT3D-FLOW model. The concept of tidal wave refraction, which highlights the effect of the sloped or stepped submarine topography on the propagation of the tidal waves, was introduced to explain the formation of the radial tidal current field. Under the effect of tidal wave refraction, co-phase lines of the counterclockwise rotating tidal wave and incident tidal wave are transformed into clockwise and counterclockwise deflections, respectively, leading to the convergence and divergence of the flow field. Regardless of whether a coastal barrier exists or not, the outer radial tidal current field might emerge over certain topography. The responses of the radial tidal current field in this basin to the environmental variations such as coastline changes and bottom erosions were discussed. Results show that local protrusion near the focal point of the radial tidal current field will have limited effects on the location of the tidal system. However, a remarkable shift of the amphidromic point toward the entrance and central axis of this basin and a movement of the focal point of the radial tidal current field toward the entrance could be caused by the significant seaward coastline advance and submarine slope erosion.

Differences on Condition and Mechanism of Potash Deposited in O2 m5-6 Subsection of Northern Shaanxi Salt Basin

The Northern Shaanxi salt basin locates in the east of the Ordos basin.In this area,the thick layer salt sediment exists in the Majiagou Formation of Ordovician.Especial in the sixth subsection of the Majiagou fifth member,it

Assessment of the Contribution of Flooded Rice Cultivation Systems to Methane Emissions in the Lower OuéméValley, in Benin Republic

Flooded rice cultivation fields appear to be the major source of methane emission. In Benin Republic, flooded rice is cultivated in the Niger River and Ouémé River Basins. The present study aims to assess the contribution of flooded rice cultivation systems to methane emissions in the lower Ouémé Valley. Methane emission calculation was based on Activity Data which is the flooded rice harvested surface area from 2008 to 2017. The Tier 2 methodology of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines’ and the complements of the “Refinement 2019” have been used to elaborate the specific emission factors for the lower valley of Ouémé and to estimate the emission of methane in this zone. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers in order to elaborate on their perceptions of gas emissions in the flooded rice fields. The EX-ACT tool was used to estimate the carbon footprint of the intensive rice cultivation system “SRI” and the conventional rice cultivation system “SRC”. It is shown that producers have a strong perception of gas emissions in rice fields but are totally unaware of the nature of the gas. Methane emitted in the lower valley of the Ouémé is around 528 tons/year between 2008 and 2017 while the carbon footprint resulting from the results of EX-ACT for the adoption of the SRI rises to the level of sequestration of approximately 0.4 tCH4/ha/year. The intensive rice cultivation system has been identified as the production system that minimizes methane emissions and maximizes rice production.

博文盆地M煤层气田含气量主控因素分析及预测

精准预测煤层含气量是煤层气资源量评价及开发方案制定的关键之一,传统预测方法应用范围有限且预测误差较大。为了进一步提高含气量预测精度,以博文盆地M煤层气田GM煤层为研究对象,基于皮尔逊相关分析法对含气量主控因素进行定量分析,优选出了9个煤层含气量影响主控因素,提出基于高斯过程回归、支持向量机及集成装袋树等机器学习算法的煤层含气量预测模型,对比分析各方法优缺点,进而优选出最佳的含气量预测模型。研究结果表明:高斯过程回归精确度最高,预测结果平均相对误差为4.5%,适用于本气田煤层气的含气量预测;支持向量机泛化能力强,但是超平面的绝对化导致预测精度降低;集成装袋树并不侧重于训练数据集中的任何特定实例,对于噪声数据其基本不受过分拟合的影响。

400m长集装箱船进出青岛港受限港池套泊通航条件分析

为进一步拓展青岛前湾港区400 m集装箱船靠离泊窗口时间,提升码头泊位利用率,针对目前前湾港区400 m集装箱船套泊的需求以及在受限港池靠离泊过程中的高风险系数,结合受限港池进行集装箱船套泊作业的成果和船舶操纵模拟试验,模拟400 m集装箱船在不同风、流、吃水工况条件下在港池近端、中端和远端泊位进行3种典型套泊作业试验,并根据试验结果得出安全套泊作业条件和船舶交通组织。结果表明,在给定的安全套泊作业条件和制定的船舶交通组织,青岛前湾港区可常态化进行2条400 m集装箱船套泊作业。

M盆地的构造特征及与油气的关系

位于非洲的M盆地为前寒武系基底上发育起来的中、新生代内陆断陷盆地。该盆地主要由EW向和NW向两大构造体系组成 ,前者控制盆地构造的总体发育方向。依据断裂规模 ,控盆作用及形成、活动时间 ,此盆地的断裂可分为 5个级别。与盆地三大演化阶段相匹配 ,盆地内发育 5个期次的断裂构造 ,长期继承性发育的构造带是油气聚集的有利场所 ;后期 (第三、第四纪 )发育的断层对早期油藏有破坏作用 ,后期形成的圈闭不具成藏条件。由于断层发育 ,油气以垂向运移为主 ,发育较早 (AM组沉积前 )的断层具有封闭作用。

苏丹M盆地原油地球化学特征与母质的沉积环境探讨

通过对苏丹M盆地萨加隆起带的原油地球化学特征分析 ,探讨了生成原油的烃源岩的母质的沉积环境。该带原油主要有两种类型 ,一种是正常原油 ,另一种是生物降解油。原油的地球化学特征表明 :正常原油具有较高的饱和烃含量 ,生物降解原油饱和烃含量低 ,非烃含量高 ;碳同位素表明为典型的湖相Ⅰ Ⅱ有机质生成的原油 ;原油饱和烃具有较低的异戊二稀烃 ,Pr/Ph一般在 1.5左右 ,表现为弱的姥鲛烷优势 ,具有较完整的重排甾烷和新藿烷系列 ,γ蜡烷含量较低 ;重排甾烷含量高 ,C2 7、C2 8、C2 9甾烷呈“V”字型分布 ,具有较丰富的4 甲基甾烷。原油地球化学指标显示主要的烃源岩为弱氧化—弱还原、淡水—微咸水的沉积环境 ,有机质为水生生物和细菌改造的陆源有机质的混合输入 ,为一种以生油为主生气较少的母质类型。

苏丹M盆地储集层流体地球化学特征与油藏注入史

苏丹M盆地萨加隆起带Dar群稠油油藏的原油为典型的陆相盆地生成原油。m／z 191萜烷系列中，三环、四环萜烷含量较低，C29新藿烷、C30-重排藿烷含量较高，伽马蜡烷含量较低；m／z 217甾烷系列中，C27、C29重排甾烷含量高，C27、C28、C29甾烷呈“V”型分布，C29甾烷4个异构体中αββ构型含量低。这些地化特征反映原油母质发育于淡水沉积的水介质，以陆源有机质与水生生物混合输入为主，原油为生油高峰之前正常成熟的原油。包裹体中油的成熟度比孔隙中油的低，母质以陆源有机质占绝对优势，包裹体中的油是陆源有机质早期低温生成的原油。A．G．组油藏充注较早，在Dar群沉积末期（距今90Ma）就有油气充注储集层，主要充注时期应该是Amal组沉积时期（距今55～80Ma），Amal组沉积期末（距今50～55Ma）的剥蚀期是Dar群稠油油藏形成的主要时期，轻组分散失是Dar群稠油油藏形成的主要原因。

北黄海盆地东部M隆起构造特征及演化

北黄海盆地是中国东部近海中生代断陷型盆地,详细记载着中国东部复杂的构造活动信息,期间经历了多期岩浆活动和构造反转。M隆起位于北黄海盆地东部,其构造活动记录比周边的坳陷更为详细。为充分认识M隆起的地质结构及沉积响应关系,在充分利用地震、钻测井等资料的基础上,结合区域构造背景,从构造运动学和动力学等方面探讨分析其构造演化历程,进而为北黄海盆地乃至中国东部地区的构造演化提供新的依据。高精度三维地震资料及地质分析揭示,该隆起区发育有5个典型的不整合面,纵向上可划分为5个构造层。结合北黄海盆地所处构造位置、构造变形和沉积充填特征,及板块运动和区域构造演化史,将北黄海盆地东部M隆起自中侏罗世至今的构造演化划分为5个阶段(共9期):裂陷阶段(稳定沉积期、掀斜形成期、早白垩世凹陷沉积期)、构造反转阶段(晚白垩世抬升剥蚀期)、再次裂陷阶段(早渐新世初沉积期、早渐新世末剥蚀期、F2断层活跃期)、再次构造反转阶段(整体抬升期)、区域沉降阶段(区域沉降期)。

库车地区致密砂砾岩胶结指数m和饱和度指数n的主要影响因素及其量化研究

塔里木盆地库车地区中、新生界中大量发育致密碎屑岩储层,储层以低孔低渗为特征。为精细储层定量评价需要,以大量实验数据为基础,分析了胶结指数m和饱和度指数n的主要影响因素,包括孔隙度、平均粒径、钙质或膏质胶结物含量以及裂缝等地质因素。通过地质统计方法,确定m值和n值与主要影响因素之间的定量关系,实现了利用测井资料连续计算m、n值,进而计算含油气饱和度。实践表明,采用这种方法大大提高了阿尔奇饱和度方程的适应性和饱和度评价精度。

M盆地构造背景及其演化特征

M盆地位于塔拉斯—费尔干纳(卡拉套)大型走滑断裂最北端,构造特征表明其具有复杂的形成演化过程。笔者从控盆断裂的发育历史出发,分析了盆地发育的构造背景,厘定了盆地类型,进一步研究了盆地演化特征。研究结果表明,控盆断裂受板块构造运动影响,存在早期左行走滑和后期右行走滑;M盆地为早中侏罗世的走滑-拉分盆地,属于走滑-伸展叠瓦扇构造系统。盆地中新生代地质演化大体经历了初始张裂(晚三叠世)、断陷发育(早中侏罗世)、断坳转换(晚侏罗世)、坳陷发育(白垩纪)和萎缩隆起(古近纪)等5个阶段,其中早中侏罗世为盆地断陷伸展、沉积与沉降的主要时期,白垩纪主要为坳陷期。