Evaluation of Agricultural Contamination Level by Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Sediments of Rivers and Water Bodies for Shrimp Fishing in the Lower Ouémé: Case of the Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele Stations in Benin

This study assessed sediment contamination by heavy metals and pesticide active ingredients linked to chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in the lower Ouémé. Pesticide residues from the organochlorine, pyrethroid and organophosphorus families were investigated by gas chromatography, and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cr and Hg) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic pollution indices, the contamination factor (CF) and the ecological risk index were calculated. The results revealed 8 active ingredients in the rainy season and 9 in the dry season. Glyphosate was the active ingredient with the highest concentration at all stations, 9.65 ± 0.84 mg/kg recorded in the dry season at the Aguigadji station. All glyphosate values were above the EQS. DDT, Atrazine and Endosulfan also showed high concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons. Emamectin, Abamectin and Lambda Cyhalothrin also showed high concentrations in the dry season at Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele. Only glyphosate was recorded at the control station (Toho), but in very low concentrations. Lead showed the highest concentrations at all the stations, 265.96 ± 21.02 mg/Kg in the rainy season and 255.38 ± 79.09 mg/Kg in the dry season, all detected at the Aguigadji station and above the EQS. Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr were all representative in both the dry and rainy seasons at the contaminated stations. Manganese showed high concentrations in the rainy season. Pb showed very high contamination (FC ≥ 6) at the Aguigadji and Ahlan stations and significant contamination (3 ≤ FC 6) at the Sele station in both the rainy and dry seasons. Ni, Hg and Cd, showed either moderate or significant contamination at the contaminated stations. The risk values showed a considerable ecological Ri (190 ≤ Ri < 380) in the rainy season and a moderate ecological Ri (95 ≤ Ri < 190) in the dry season at these contaminated stations.

Assessment of the Recent Hydromorphological Features of Nokoue Lake and Its Channels (South-East Benin)

Based on 2022 and 2023 hydrometric data and satellite images (Sentinel 2022, SPOT 2010), this study aims to present the Nokoué Lake and its channels’ re-cent hydromorphological characteristics. Integrating flow, tributary morphology, and topography data determined specific power values along the axes studied. The values obtained range from 2.69 to 12.92 W/m2 for Ouémé River and 2.46 to 10.99 W/m2 for Sô River. The resulting water erosion on banks and bottoms is of linear, areolar, or gully and claw types. Lake bathymetry varies from -0.5 to -2.6 m (low flow period) and -1 to -4 m;in the Ouémé, Sô, and Totchè rivers, it varies from -5 m to -7 m, reaching -10 m at the Cotonou channel entrance (flood period). Bathymetric profiles reveal varied “U”, “V” and “Intermediate” bottom morphologies, influenced by erosion/sedimentation processes and human activities. The flow facies identified are lentic in the northern tributaries and lotic in the Cotonou and Totchè canals. Spatial analysis identified nine (09) thematic classes. In 2022, the surface area of the water body has increased from 274 km2 at low water to 280 km2 at high water, whereas in 2010 (a recent year of exceptional flooding), the surface area was 270 km2 at low water and 277 km2 at high water. Significant changes in land use are observed between 2010 and 2022. The floodplain area decreased slightly, from 421 km2 in 2010 (year of exceptional flooding) to 419 km2 in 2022. The evolution of land use shows a progressive expansion of the urban environment to the detriment of the natural environment. In the medium to long term, this trend could threaten the hydromorphological balance and even the existence of this important lagoon ecosystem.

Multi-Model Approach for Assessing the Influence of Calibration Criteria on the Water Balance in Ouémé Basin

Hydrological models are very useful tools for evaluating water resources, and the hydroclimatic hazards associated with the water cycle. However, their calibration and validation require the use of performance criteria which choice is not straightforward. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of the performance criteria on water balance components and water extremes using two global rainfall-runoff models (HBV and GR4J) over the Ouémé watershed at the Bonou and Savè outlets. Three (3) Efficacy criteria (Nash, coefficient of determination, and KGE) were considered for calibration and validation. The results show that the Nash criterion provides a good assessment of the simulation of the different parts of the hydrograph. KGE is better for simulating peak flows and water balance elements than other efficiency criteria. This study could serve as a basis for the choice of performance criteria in hydrological modelling.

Flood Risk Assessment in the Lower Valley of Ouémé, Benin

In response to the increased frequency of flood events in recent years, it has become crucial to enhance preparedness and anticipation through precise flood risk assessments. To this end, this study aims to produce updated and precise flood risk maps for the Lower Valley of Ouémé River Basin, located in the South of Benin. The methodology used consisted of a combination of geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria analysis, including Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods to define and quantify criteria for flood risk assessment. Seven hydro-geomorphological indicators (elevation, rainfall, slope, distance from rivers, flow accumulation, soil type, and drainage density), four socio-economic vulnerability indicators (female population density, literacy rate, poverty index, and road network density), and two exposure indicators (population density and land use) were integrated to generate risk maps. The results indicate that approximately 21.5% of the Lower Valley is under high and very high flood risk, mainly in the south between Dangbo, So-Ava, and Aguégués. The study findings align with the historical flood pattern in the region, which confirms the suitability of the used method. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive approach, the incorporation of AHP for weighting factors, and the use of remote sensing data, GIS technology, and spatial analysis techniques which adds precision to the mapping process. This work advances the scientific understanding of flood risk assessment and offers practical insights and solutions for flood-prone regions. The detailed flood risk indicator maps obtained stand out from previous studies and provide valuable information for effective flood risk management and mitigation efforts in the Lower Valley of Ouémé.

Assessment of Groundwater Physico-Chemical Quality in the Ouémé Delta (Southern-Benin)

Groundwater resources are the main sources of water used to supply drinking water to the population of the Ouémé Delta via the Continental Terminal aquifer. Urbanization, population growth, and agricultural and industrial activities have resulted in a deterioration in the quality of these resources. To assess the quality of the delta’s groundwater and its suitability for human consumption and irrigation, a total of fourteen (14) physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in some forty existing water points between September 2020 and March 2021, using standard water analysis techniques. The values obtained were compared with the potability standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Republic of Benin and were subjected to statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)). In addition, methods for determining the suitability of water for irrigation were used. The results showed that the waters are acidic to slightly neutral and influenced by ambient temperature. In addition, the waters are moderately mineralized, with conductivities (24 - 1205 μS/cm) in line with WHO standards. A comparison of the analytical results of the WHO (2017) and Benin (2001) standards indicates that the majority of the waters studied are of good quality for all the chemical parameters considered. Nevertheless, some samples show levels of nitrates (21%), potassium (14% to 16%), calcium (13%), ammonium (12%), nitrites (8%) and bicarbonates (10%) over their respective standards. The Wilcox and Riverside diagrams indicate that the majority of waters (90%) have excellent suitability for irrigation and no negative effect on soil fertilization.

Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Quality of the Waters of the Méné River (Sassandra Watershed, Ivory Coast) in the Dry Season and in the Rainy Season

The study carried out on the waters of the Méné River led to an overall assessment of its water quality during the dry season and the rainy season. The analysis focused on eight (8) water samples taken from the river during a period of dry season (January-February) and a period of rainy season (June and September). The various physicochemical parameters were measured according to Afnor standardized methods. The readings of temperature, turbidity, pH and conductivity made it possible to account for the disturbances occurring in water quality. A temporal variation correlated with the seasons (dry or rainy) is noted. Turbidity depends on the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in the water and drained particles and therefore on the seasons. Just like the temperature, the conductivity changes with the season. The waters of the Méné River are generally acidic. The results obtained show that there is a low level of pollution by chlorides, phosphates, nitrites and nitrates. A slight pollution of the waters of Méné in organic matter (chemical oxygen demand values are less than 25 mg∙L−1 during dry season and 32.33 ± 4.73 mg∙L−1 during rainy season) was observed. The concentrations of metallic trace elements such as iron, manganese and aluminum indicate significant pollution of these waters by these elements. Overall, the waters of the Méné River are of satisfactory quality because all the physicochemical parameters analyzed have values below standards during the dry season as well as during the rainy season with the exception of COD and a few metallic trace elements.

基于M-DGM(1,1)模型的东江河流系统健康评估

东江作为广东省和香港特别行政区的重要水源地,直接关系着珠三角地区的经济发展以及香港特区的繁荣稳定。为有效掌握东江河流系统健康状况的发展趋势,促进东江流域内经济社会的可持续发展,针对东江河流系统健康评分(2015—2019年)的振荡分布特性,基于灰色预测理论,结合等维灰数动态递补模型,构建了M-DGM(1,1)灰色预测模型,并利用该模型对东江河流系统(2020—2024年)的健康状况进行了评估。结果表明:该预测模型精度达到一级,可满足东江河流系统健康状况评估的要求;东江河流系统健康在2020—2024年间仍处于亚健康状态,但总体向着健康方向发展;部分敏感警兆指标评分(2020—2024年)发生波动,要继续加强对东江河流系统健康的保护与管理。

Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors of 15 Fish Species from the Loémé River Basin (Mayombe, Republic of Congo)

Length-weight relationships and condition factors are among the commonly used parameters to link the length of a fish to its weight. The present study was initiated to find out the growth patterns and overweight status of 15 fish species in the Loémé basin in Mayombe, Republic of Congo. In the period from February 2020 to September 2021, sampling was carried out in eight stations, following a standardised capture method using four gillnets of 10, 12, 15, and 25 mm mesh size and a hawk net of 1.90 m radius with 10 mm mesh size. Length-weight relationships were calculated according to P = aLSb and the condition factor, using K = (P/LSb)* 100. A total of 1153 specimens representing 15 species, 10 genera and 6 families were recorded. The number of specimens ranged from 10 to 214 for Chrysichthys auratus and Enteromius camptacanthus, respectively. The allometry coefficient b minimum of 2.697 for Chromidotilapiamelaniae and maximum of 3.589 for Garraornata, with a mean of 3.03 ± 0.2 is significantly not different from 3 at the 0.05 probability threshold and indicates isometric growth for almost all species, except for E. camptacanthus where b = 2.858 was statistically different from 3 at the same threshold. The positive and high values of the coefficients of determination r2 = 0.787-0.989 of the species, obtained during this study, suggest that weight increases with size in the fish of the Loémé basin. The average condition factor varies from 0.524 ± 0.064 for G. ornata to 4.917 ± 0.440 for C. melaniae.

Assessing the benthic habitat quality in the Huanghe(Yellow River) Estuary and its adjacent areas using AMBI and M-AMBI

The protection of the biological diversity and the maintenance of the regional ecological integrity for the Huanghe （Yellow River） Estuary and its adjacent areas are practically significant and valuable. However, frequent human activities and natural climate changes have caused vigorous disturbances on the ecosystem in these sea areas. An objective assessment on the benthic habitat quality （BHQ） of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas is conducted, using AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI） and multivariate AMBI （M-AMBI） based on the data of macrobenthos in May and August 2011. The results show that both the indices do not correlate significantly, and their assessment results are greatly different. All of the samples assessed using the AMBI were ＂high＂ or ＂good＂, because the ecological group I （EGI） and the ecological group II （EGII） were dominant macrobenthic ecological groups in the research area. Owing to a low species＇ richness and a high individual abundance in some samples, the BHQ levels using the M-AMBI were worse than those of the AMBI. Significant correlations are observed between the M-AMBI, water depth, bottom water salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, thus the M-AMBI could sensitively respond to environmental changes and distinguish influences from uninfluenced stations, but the AMBI could not. The consistent results between the AMBI and the M-AMBI mainly appeared in the uninfluenced （undisturbed or slightly disturbed） sta- tions. Therefore, the M-AMBI is more effective than the AMBI in assessing the benthic habitat quality in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas. Using the M-AMBI to assess the BHQ of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas, the results show that 3% of the stations are undisturbed and the BHQs are ＂high＂, and 61% of the stations are slightly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂good＂, and the rest are meanly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂moderate＂.

Macrobenthic assemblage characteristics under stressed waters and ecological health assessment using AMBI and M-AMBI:a case study at the Xin'an River Estuary,Yantai,China

To understand the ecological status and macrobenthic assemblages of the Xin＇an River Estuary and its adjacent waters, a survey was conducted for environmental variables and macrobenthic assemblage structure in September 2012（Yantai, China）. Several methods are adopted in the data analysis process： dominance index,diversity indices, cluster analysis, non-metric multi-dimentional scaling ordination, AMBI and M-AMBI. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus of six out of eight sampling stations were in a good condition with low concentration. The average value of DO（（2.89±0.60） mg/L） and p H（4.28±0.43） indicated that the research area faced with the risk of ocean acidification and underlying hypoxia. A total of 62 species were identified, of which the dominant species group was polychaetes. The average abundance and biomass was577.50 ind./m^2 and 6.01 g/m^2, respectively. Compared with historical data, the macrobenthic assemblage structure at waters around the Xin＇an River Estuary was in a relatively stable status from 2009 to 2012.Contaminant indicator species Capitella capitata appeared at Sta. Y1, indicating the animals here suffered from hypoxia and acidification. AMBI and M-AMBI results showed that most sampling stations were slightly disturbed,which were coincided with the abiotic measurement on evaluating the health conditions. Macrobenthic communities suffered pressures from ocean acidification and hypoxia at the research waters, particularly those at Stas Y1, Y2 and Y5, which displays negative results in benthic health evaluation.

River Health Assessment Based on Fuzzy Matter-element Model

[Objective] The study aimed to assess the health state of rivers by using fuzzy matter-element model.[Method] Based on fuzzy matter-element analysis theory,the assessment model of river health was established,then a modified method to calculate the superior subordinate degree was put forward according to Hamming distance.Afterwards,a multi-level evaluation model,which contained the assessment indicators about hydrological features,ecological characteristics,environmental traits and service function,was set up based on this method above.Finally,the model was applied in the health assessment of Qinhuai River.[Result] The health state of Qinhuai River was at medium level.This assessment result was consistent with that of comprehensive index method,and it showed that the multi-level fuzzy matter-element model was effective in the assessment of river health.[Conclusion] The research provided an effective method to evaluate the state of river health.

Assessment of the Contribution of Flooded Rice Cultivation Systems to Methane Emissions in the Lower OuéméValley, in Benin Republic

Flooded rice cultivation fields appear to be the major source of methane emission. In Benin Republic, flooded rice is cultivated in the Niger River and Ouémé River Basins. The present study aims to assess the contribution of flooded rice cultivation systems to methane emissions in the lower Ouémé Valley. Methane emission calculation was based on Activity Data which is the flooded rice harvested surface area from 2008 to 2017. The Tier 2 methodology of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines’ and the complements of the “Refinement 2019” have been used to elaborate the specific emission factors for the lower valley of Ouémé and to estimate the emission of methane in this zone. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with producers in order to elaborate on their perceptions of gas emissions in the flooded rice fields. The EX-ACT tool was used to estimate the carbon footprint of the intensive rice cultivation system “SRI” and the conventional rice cultivation system “SRC”. It is shown that producers have a strong perception of gas emissions in rice fields but are totally unaware of the nature of the gas. Methane emitted in the lower valley of the Ouémé is around 528 tons/year between 2008 and 2017 while the carbon footprint resulting from the results of EX-ACT for the adoption of the SRI rises to the level of sequestration of approximately 0.4 tCH4/ha/year. The intensive rice cultivation system has been identified as the production system that minimizes methane emissions and maximizes rice production.

60多年来车尔臣河流域主要水文要素特征分析

开展河流主要水文要素变化特征分析,可为不同来水情景下水资源配置(农业需水量计算、山区水库调蓄计算、水利工程规划布局、水资源优化利用等)提供理论依据。以新疆车尔臣河为例,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法对主要水文要素变化特征进行了分析。车尔臣河径流系列变差系数(Cv)为0.34,偏差系数(Cs)为1.14,径流年际变化相对稳定;1957—2021年间径流整体呈显著增加趋势,其中1957—2003年处于上升、下降的波动状态,在2003年后径流整体呈增加趋势,且在2008年发生突变;径流过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,在主周期内还存在7 a和11 a的小周期;基于距平百分率法得到丰水年来水为6.630亿m^(3),平水年来水量为5.319亿m^(3),枯水年来水量为4.820亿m^(3);流域降水呈现显著上升趋势,气温呈先下降后上升波动,整体呈上升趋势。研究表明,1957—2021年,在车尔臣河流域,径流年际变化相对稳定,整体呈显著增加趋势,过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,降水呈波动上升趋势,气温也呈增加趋势,在未来水资源配置规划时应重点关注以上特征。

一般高潮线与2m等深线反映黄河三角洲冲淤变化的对比

黄河三角洲是我国乃至世界上陆地动态变化最快的地区之一,其冲淤变化备受关注。利用从遥感影像提取一般高潮线和从实测水深提取2 m等深线反映海岸冲淤的两种方法,对钓口河嘴、清水沟河嘴和清8河嘴分别进行了冲淤面积(淤积、蚀退和净造陆面积)的计算,并对两种方法得到的结果进行了对比。结果显示,两种方法相差较大,钓口河嘴、清水沟河嘴和清8河嘴,2 m等深线反映的冲淤面积(无论是淤积、蚀退还是净造陆面积)绝对值比一般高潮线反映的冲淤面积绝对值都明显偏大。在反映黄河三角洲冲淤变化上,遥感影像提取的一般高潮线可反映陆上三角洲的冲淤变化,实测水深则反映水下三角洲的冲淤变化。

塔布河流域潜在蒸散量时空变化特征及成因

潜在蒸散量(ET_(0))对流域水文循环具有重要影响,分析ET_(0)时空变化规律及其与气象要素之间的响应对流域水资源管理具有重要意义。本研究基于塔布河流域及周边7个气象站1981—2023年逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式估算流域ET_(0)并分析其时间变化规律和空间分布;采用Beven敏感性公式计算季和年尺度ET_(0)对关键气象要素的敏感系数,并探究敏感系数的变化趋势;结合气象要素多年相对变化率定量分析影响ET_(0)变化的主导因子。结果表明:(1)塔布河流域年ET_(0)以4.09 mm·(10a)-1的速率呈不显著增加趋势,多年均值1024.51 mm;空间上,年ET_(0)自东南向西北逐渐增加。(2)年ET_(0)对各气象要素敏感系数绝对值大小排序为:相对湿度>最高气温>风速>日照时数>最低气温;春季、秋季和冬季对相对湿度最敏感,夏季对最高气温最敏感。(3)影响年ET_(0)变化的主要控制因子是最高气温和风速,贡献率分别为4.86%和-4.37%;春、夏、秋、冬四季ET_(0)变化的主要控制因素分别是最高气温、风速、风速、相对湿度。最高气温的上升和相对湿度的下降是流域ET_(0)上升的主要原因。

近60年淮河流域极端降水和极端温度时空变化特征

基于1962—2019年间淮河流域149个站的气象数据,选择10个典型极端降水指标,12个极端温度指标,运用M-K趋势检验、相关性检验等方法,研究淮河流域降水和温度时空变化特征。结果表明:1)极端降水空间分布由东南向西北逐渐减小;时间序列上,多数极端降水指标呈微弱下降趋势,仅RX1day、CWD、R95P和R99P呈微弱上升趋势。2)极端温度空间分布上,多数极值指标自北向南逐渐升高,仅TXx自西向东逐渐降低;极端暖指标中SU25自西向东逐渐降低,TR20自北向南逐渐升高,其余指标分布规律不明显;极端冷指标中仅FD0、ID0自南向北逐渐升高;时间序列上,极值指标和极端暖指标呈上升趋势,极端冷指标呈下降趋势;极端冷指标下降的幅度高于极端暖指标增加的幅度,二者演变趋势对气候整体变暖的影响表现为同向一致性。3)极端降水指标与大部分极值指标、极端暖指标呈正相关;与大部分极端冷指标呈负相关。

通州沙西水道整治对12.5m深水航道影响研究及对策分析

为分析通州沙西水道整治工程对长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道整治一期工程的影响,通过物理模型试验进行深入研究。研究表明,西水道整治工程实施后,西水道开挖至-8 m或不开挖,东水道分流比增加,对深水航道影响较小,但会造成深水航道左侧通州沙滩地窜沟的冲刷;随着开挖深度增加,其对深水航道影响逐渐增加,开挖至-12 m、-14.7 m时,航道沿程会出现一定淤积,营船港下航道浅区有淤积的趋势,不利于航道维护,但通州沙滩地窜沟略有淤积。建议:通州沙西水道整治时,西水道疏浚深度不宜过深;尽快实施通州沙潜堤下延工程。

m维欧氏空间中正则单形的不变

证明了m维欧氏空间中以正则单形的中心为球心的m维球面上任一点到各顶点及至各 (m -1)维面距离平方之和均为不变量 ,从数量关系方面揭示了正则单形的一个性质 .

长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道治理工程口岸直水道整治工程效果对比分析

为达到长江口深水航道上延至南京的目标,长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道二期工程在口岸直水道实施航道整治工程,主要包括落成洲头部潜堤及丁坝、右汊护底带;鳗鱼沙潜堤和护滩带。文章根据口岸直水道航道整治工程实施后的实测数据,与设计阶段数模物模预测结果进行对比分析,综合分析工程前后在河势变化、流场变化、汊道分流比变化、航道维护量等方面的实现情况。结果表明:工程实施以后,达到了预期的航道整治目标,工程治理方案合理,航道整治效果符合预期,可为长江中下游潮汐分汊河段航道整治提供参考。

造床流量法中变指数m值的确定

通过对造床流量法变指数值的确定方法进行研究,并结合长江中游周天河段的水流泥沙特性,分析不同方法确定下的m值对该河段造床流量确定的影响,表明变指数m对使用造床流量法确定河段的造床流量影响较大,因而必须慎重确定。