Preparation, characterization and evaluation of kaempferol phospholipid complex: Improvement of its solubility and biological effect

Kaempferol(KA),as one of the flavonoids,has extensive pharmacological properties.However,the poor solubility of KA severely limits its clinical application.In our study,the kaempferol phospholipid complex(KA-PC)has been prepared by solvent evaporation for the enhancement of the bioavailability of KA.KA-PC was verified by scanning electron microscope characterization methods.Drug loading,solubility and long-term stability were measured.The characterization results showed that KA-PC was formed through the intermolecular interaction between KA and phospholipids.The solubility of KA-PC in water was 189 times higher than that of KA,and the solubility in n-octanol was also significantly improved.Besides,pharmacodynamic studies showed that KA-PC can significantly reduce the level of serum uric acid in mice without causing renal injury.This study expanded the clinical application of KA by preparing KA-PC.

Protective effect and mechanism insight of purified Antarctic krill phospholipids against mice ulcerative colitis combined with bioinformatics

Antarctic krill oil is functional oil and has a complex phospholipids composition that poses difficulties in elucidating its effect mechanism on ulcerative colitis(UC).The mechanism of UC action was studied by bioinformatics,and the therapeutic effect of Antarctic krill phospholipids(APL)on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis mice was verified.GO functional enrichment analysis uncovered an enrichment of these genes in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion,membrane region,signaling receptor activator activity,and cytokine activity.Meanwhile,the KEGG results revealed the genes were enriched in the TNF signaling pathway,pathogenic Escherichia coli infection,inflammatory bowel disease and tight junction.Animal experiments showed that APL treatment alleviated the UC symptoms and reduced inflammatory damage.Meanwhile,the expressions of the tight junction(TJ)proteins,ZO-1 and occludin,were restored,and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-αwere reduced.Moreover,Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the intestinal microbiota was regulated,and the contents of short-chain fatty acids metabolites were raised.These findings would provide an insight for the beneficial effects of APL and dietary therapy strategies for UC.

Effects of Addition of Amino Acids or Soybean Phospholipid in Diet on Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Pigs

[Objectives]The study aims to discuss the effects of addition of arginine and glutamic acid or soybean phospholipid,vitamin E and yeast selenium in diet on the slaughter performance and meat quality of long(white)×large(York)binary hybrid pigs.[Methods]27 long×large castrated hybrid boars with the body weight of(54.4±0.15)kg were randomly divided into 3 groups,with 3 replicates per group and 3 pigs per replicate.Group A was the control group,in which the pigs were fed basal diet;in group B,0.8%arginine and 0.60%glutamate were added to the basal diet;in group C,75 g of soybean phospholipid,20 g of vitamin E and 8 g of yeast selenium were added to every 100 kg of the basal diet.The trial period was 60 d.After the experiment was ended,one test pig with similar body weight was selected from each replicate for slaughter and meat determination.[Results]The average weight gain and eye muscle area of the pigs in group B were significantly higher than those in group C(P<0.05),and also showed an increasing trend compared with group A,but there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05);there was no significant difference between group B or C and group A in the average weight gain and eye muscle area(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in other slaughter performance between the three groups(P>0.05).Besides,there was also no significant difference in the content of various amino acids,total amino acids and total umami amino acids between the three groups(P>0.05).The inosine content in the longissimus dorsi muscle and muscle cooking loss of binary hybrid pigs in group C were significantly better than those in group B(P<0.05),and also had a tendency to be better than those in group A,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05);there was no significant difference between group B or C and group A in the inosine content and muscle cooking loss of the pigs(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in other meat traits and chemical composition of the longissimus dorsi muscle between group B or C and group A(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The addition of arginine and glutamic acid or soybean phospholipid,vitamin E and yeast selenium in diet had no significant effect on the growth rate,slaughter performance and meat traits of long×large binary hybrid pigs.

Preparation and study of anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro of oxymatrine phospholipid complex

Aim The oxymatrine phospholipid complexs were prepared, and its activity against hepatitis B virus in vitro were studied. Methods Using tetrahydrofuran as a reaction medium, oxymatrine and phospholipids were resolved into the medium, Oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs were prepared. The toxicity measurements and inhibitory effect on HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBVDNA of oxymatrine phospholipid complex in 2.2.15 cells were studied respectively. Results The content of oxymatrine in the phospholipids eomplexs prepared was 24,86% （W/W）. The TCO of the oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs was 250 μmol·L^- 1 The inhibitory effect of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV-DNA of 2.2.15 cells treated by oxymatrine phospholipid complex were higher than those of the oxymatrine. Conclusion Oxymatrine phospholipid complex can have stronger effective activity against hepatitis B virus compared with oxymatrine. So oxymatrine phospholipid eomplexs were showing its potential antiviral activity in hepatitis B treatment.

A Study of Interaction of Cisplatin and Its Analogues withPhospholipid of Erythrocyte Membrane

The interaction of cisplatin and its analogues with phospholipid molecules of hu-man erythrocyte membranes was studied using IR and ￣31 P NMR methods. Dramatic changes were ob-served at 1300～953 cm￣-1 frequency region on the IR spectra .Based on the IR data analysis, it was speculated that the Pt(II) complexes interacted mainly with the polar head groups of phospholipids through electrostatic interaction and certain coordination patterns. The 1 2 h dynamic experiment showed that a recoverable process occurred in case of cis-DCDP and an unrecoverable one for other pt(II)analogues.A similar conclusion could be obtained from￣31 P NMR experimental results.The di-versity was discussed.

Association Mapping and Marker Development of Genes forStarch Lysophospholipid Synthesis in Rice

Phospholipids are a major kind of lipids in rice grains and have fundamental nutritional andfunctional benefits to the plant. Their lyso forms （lysophospholipids, LPLs） often form inclusion complexeswith amylose or independently influence the physicochemical and functional properties of rice starch.However, the genetic basis for LPL synthesis in rice endosperm is largely unknown. Here, we performeda preliminary association test of 13 LPL compositions among 20 rice accessions, and identified 22putative main-effect quantitative trait loci responsible for all LPLs except for LPC14：0 and LPE14：0. Fivederived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences and one insertion/deletion marker for threeLPL-synthesis-related candidate genes were developed. Association analysis revealed two markerssignificantly associated with starch LPL traits. These results provide an insight into the genetic basis ofphospholipid biosynthesis in rice and may contribute to the rice quality breeding programs usingfunctional markers.

Advances in studies of phospholipids as carriers in skin topical application

Objective： This article provides an overview of characteristics of phospholipids, the characteristics and influential factors of liposome and microemulsion as carriers for skin delivery of drugs, and the latest advances of the phospholipids carriers in transdermal delivery systems. The perspective is that phospholipids carriers may be capable of a wide range of applications in the transdermal delivery system.

Availability Test of the Free Phospholipids in the Plasma of Three Species of Freshwater Fish

[Objective] The research aimed to determine the existence of free phospholipids in the plasma of three species of freshwater fish and lay the foundation for discussing the physiological mechanism of coagulation phenomena in three species of freshwater fish.[Method] The activity of heated phospholipids was detected by the availability test of heated rabbit cephalin.Small amount of the platelet-poor plasma of the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus,the cell-free plasma of the carp Cyprinus carpio,the crucian Carassi...

Interaction of Soybean Phospholipids Based Lipo-Vesicle and Surfactants of Bile Salts In Vitro

Liposomes were prepared with natural soybean phospholipids by extrusion method after rotating-film evaporating technique. Transmission electron micrography was used to detect the appearances of the prepared liposomes, and the liposome diameter was also measured. The prepared liposomes were sphere in shape with the mean diameter of 217 nm and span of 0.838. The phospholipid bilayer structure, suitable for entrapping various effector molecules, could be seen clearly under transmission electron microscopy. The bile salts of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate were used as the surfactants to investigate their interaction with liposomes. The turbidities for the mixture of bile salts and liposomes were evaluated by the visible spectrometry method at the wavelength of 500 nm. And the diameter changes of liposomes were also tested to examine the effect of bile salts on liposomes. At the beginning, the diameters and turbidities of liposomes increased a little as the result of mixed micelles formation during the different stages for the structure changes of surfactant-liposomes micelles. The further added bile salts decreased the diameters and turbidities of liposomes. The liposome suspension underwent several rearrangements before small mixed micelles formed. And the diameter of liposomes changed regularly. The interaction of bile salts and liposomes is important for the further study of the behaviors of liposomes in vivo. The drug loaded and release properties of liposomes can also be well reflected by the interaction of liposomes and surfactants.

A review on phospholipids and their main applications in drug delivery systems

Phospholipids have the characteristics of excellent biocompatibility and a especial amphiphilicity.These unique properties make phospholipids most appropriate to be employed as important pharmaceutical excipients and they have a very wide range of applications in drug delivery systems.The aim of this review is to summarize phospholipids and some of their related applications in drug delivery systems,and highlight the relationship between the properties and applications,and the effect of the species of phospholipids on the efficiency of drug delivery.We refer to some relevant literatures,starting from the structures,main sources and properties of phospholipids to introduce their applications in drug delivery systems.The present article focuses on introducing five types of carriers based on phospholipids,including liposomes,intravenous lipid emulsions,micelles,drug-phospholipids complexes and cochleates.

Changes of Tumor Necrosis Factor, Surfactant Protein A, and Phospholipids in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in the Development and Progression of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis

Objective To evaluate the alterations of biomarkers in the development and progression of coal workers＇ pneumoconiosis （CWP）. Methods The type and number of cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α）, pulmonary surfactant protein, phospholipids and fibronectin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assayed in 14 health active coal miners, 21 coal miners without CWP and 13 miners with CWP of 0/1 to 1/1. Results Compared to active coal miners without CWP （8,23μg/mL）, TNF-α concentration was gradually decreased when dust exposure was stopped （5.90 μg/mL）. Elevated surfactant protein A （SP-A） level and phosphatidylglycerol （PG） to phosphatidylinositol （PI） ratio were found in miners actively exposed to coal dust （6528 μg/mL for SP-A and 10. for PG/P1）, and both parameters decreased when CWP progressed from CWP （0/1） （3419μg/mL for SP-A and 5.9 for PG/PI） to CWP （1/1） （1654 μg/mL for SP-A and 5.5 for PG/PI）. Conclusion Biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid can be used to screen coal miners at high risk of developing coal workers＇ pneumoconiosis.

Effect of copper on phospholipid fatty acid composition of microbial communities in two red soils

The phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） composition was analyzed in two red soils experimentally contaminated with copper at different concentrations. The total amounts ofphospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） in both red soils were significantly correlated with soil microbial biomass C and N, which decreased consistently with increasing levels of copper. The relative quantities of the PLFAs 17：0 （10 Me）, i16：0, il 5：0 and 16：1w5c, decreased with increasing heavy metal concentration, while those of cyl7：0, which is an indicator of gram-negative bacteria, increased. The Shannon index calculated from the PLFA data indicated that Cu addition in the red soils decreased the population diversity of soil microbial communities. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that high levels of Cu application had a significant impact on microbial community structure and there is a threshold metal concentration for PLFA composition. Comparatively higher toxic effect on microbial biomass and community structure were found in the red sandy soil than those in the red clayey soil. The differential effect of Cu addition on microbial communities in the two soils may be due to differences in soil texture and cation exchange capacity.

Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles of Chinese Red Soils with Varying Fertility Levels and Land Use Histories

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) was used to estimate the microbial community structures of eight Chinese red soils with different fertility levels and land use histories. The total amounts of PLFAs in the soils were significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass C and basal respiration, indicating that total PLFA was closely related to fertility and sustainability in these highly weathered soils. Soils for the eroded wasteland were rich in Gram-positive species. When the eroded soils were planted with citrus trees, the soil microbial population had changed little in 4 years but took up to 8-12 years before it reached a significantly different population. Multivariate analysis of PLFAs demonstrated that land use history and plant cover type had a significant impact on microbial community structure. However, the difference of soil microbial community structure in the paddy field compared to other land uses was not larger than expected in this experiment.

Long-Term Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Bound Phospholipids and the Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Bound Triglyceride and Egg Yolk Phospholipid on Lipid Metabolism in Mice

The bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) depends on their chemical forms. This study investigated the long-term effects of DHA-bound triglyceride(TG-DHA), DHA-bound phospholipid(PL-DHA), and the combination of TG-DHA and egg yolk phospholipid(Egg-PL) on lipid metabolism in mice fed with a high-fat diet(fat levels of 22.5%). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with different formulations containing 0.5% DHA, including TG-DHA, PL-DHA, and the combination of TG-DHA and Egg-PL, for 6 weeks. Serum, hepatic, and cerebral lipid concentrations and the fatty acid compositions of the liver and brain were determined. The concentrations of serum total triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), and hepatic TG in the PL-DHA group and the combination group were significantly lower than those in the high-fat(HF) group(P < 0.05). Atherogenic index(AI) of the PL-DHA group was significantly lower than that of the combination group(P < 0.05). Hepatic TC level in the combination group was significantly lower than that in the HF group(P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the combination group and the PL-DHA group. Both the PL-DHA and the combination groups showed significantly increased DHA levels in the liver compared with the HF group(P < 0.05). However, there were no obvious increases in the cerebral DHA levels in all DHA diet groups. These results suggest that PL-DHA was superior to the combination of TG-DHA and Egg-PL in decreasing the AI. Long-term dietary supplementation with low amount of DHA(0.5%) may improve hepatic DHA levels, although cerebral DHA levels may not be enhanced.

Using Phospholipid FattyAcid Technique toAnalysis the Rhizosphere Specific Microbial Community of Seven Hybrid Rice Cultivars

To analyze the intrinsic relationship between rhizosphere microbial community structure and variety of rice, the microbial community structures in rhizosphere of different hybrid rice cultivars were determined with phospholipid fatty acids （PLFA） analysis. Three series of new-breeding hybrid rice cultivars in China were tested in the experiment, Ilyouming 86 （II-32A/Minghui 86）, Ilyouhang 1 （II-32A/Hang 1）, and Ilyouhang 2 （II-32A/Hang 2） with H-32A as female parent, XinyouHK02 （XinA/HK02） and YiyouHK02 （YXA/HK02） with HK02 as male parent, Chuanyou 167 （ChuanxiangA/MR167） and 44you167 （Hunan44A/MR167） with MR167 as male parent. The results showed that the microbial community in rhizosphere of the hybrid rice comprised bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and protozoa, according to the 40 PLFA biomarkers detected. Bacteria were more abundant than fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere of the hybrid rice tested. Both sulfate-reducing and methane-oxidizing bacteria were found to exist in the hybrid rice rhizosphere. It was also found that the characteristics of PLFA biomarkers had correlation with the biological traits of rice. The cluster analysis suggested that microbial community structure and activity in rhizosphere were associated with genetic background of the rice cultivar.

Analysis of phospholipids in microalga Nitzschia closterium by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Precise structural identification of phospholipids in the microalga Nitzschia closterium has been established using ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) for direct analysis of total lipid extracts.Mass spectrometry was performed in reflective time-of-flight using electron spraying ionization in negative mode.Phospholipid molecular species identification was based on the characteristic product ions and neutral loss yielded by different phospholipids under ESI-MS/MS mode.The molecular species were confirmed by the carboxylate anions produced by phospholipids in negative mode;the regiospecificity of the two acyl chains was determined from the ratio of sn-1 to sn-2 carboxylate anion abundances.As a result,18 lipid molecular species were identified for the first time in this microalga,comprising seven phosphatidylcholines (PC),two phosphatidylethanolamines (PE),two phosphatidylinositols (PI),and seven phosphatidylglycerols (PG).Lipid standards of PC,PE,PI,and PG were added to the total lipids as internal standards for semiquantitative analysis,revealing concentrations of phospholipids in this species between 0.09 and 3.37 nmol/mg.This method can produce a full structural profile of intact phospholipid molecular species and can be used for study of the physiological and ecological functions of lipids by monitoring their individual changes over time.

Effects of cell membrane phospholipid level and protein kinase C isoenzyme expression on hepatic metastasis of colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanism of hepaticmetastasis of colorectal cancer is not well understood. Theaim of this study was to assess the relations between phos-pholipid contents of cellular membrane and isoenzyme ex-pression of protein kinase C (PKC) and their effects on he-patic metastasis of colorectal cancer.METHODS: High performance liquid chromatography wasused to detect contents of cell membrane phospholipids:phosphatidylinosital (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phos-phatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC)in primary foci, paratumor mucosa and hepatic metastaticfoci in patients with colorectal carcinoma. The mRNA ex-pression levels of PKC-α, -δ, -ε, -λ, -ξ isoenzymeswere detected with the QRT-PCR technique.RESULTS: The levels of PI, PC and PE in primary foci andhepatic metastatic foci were higher than those in paratumormucosa. The level of PE in hepatic metastatic foci wasmuch higher than that in primary foci (t =98.88, P <0.01);but the levels of PI and PC were not significantly differentbetween primary foci and hepatic metastatic foci (t =1.73 ,1.36, P>0.05). The expression levels of -δ, -ε,-λ, -ξ were enhanced in primary foci and hepatic metasta-tic foci, but the level of PKC-α in primary foci was de-creased as compared with that in paratumor mucosa. Thelevels of PKC-δ, -ε, -λ, -ξ in hepatic metastatic foci werehigher than those in primary foci. A positive correlationwas observed between the expression levels of PI, PC andand also between those of PE and PKC-δ, -ε, -λ,-ξ. However, there was a close negative correlation be-tween PE and PKC-α.CONCLUSION: Increased levels of PI and PC and de-creased ratio of PKC-α to are related to colorectalcancer genesis. Increased levels of PE, increased expressionof PKC-δ, -ε, -λ, -ξ isoenzymes and decreased level ofPKC-α are related to hepatic metastasis in colorectal carci-noma.

Silencing phospholipid scramblase 1 expression by RNA interference in colorectal cancer and metastatic liver cancer

BACKGROUND:Phospholipid scramblase 1(PLSCR1) not only participates in the transbilayer movement of phospholipids,but also plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers.The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of silencing PLSCR1 expression by RNA interference in colorectal cancer(CRC) and metastatic liver cancer.METHODS:The expression of PLSCR1 in CRC and metastatic liver cancer samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry.The cultured cells with the highest expression were selected for subsequent experiments.We designed three siRNA oligonucleotide segments targeted at PLSCR1.Successful transfection was confirmed.The biological behavior of the cells in proliferation,adhesion,migration and invasion was determined.RESULTS:PLSCR1 protein expression increased significantly in the majority of CRC and metastatic liver cancer samples compared with normal samples.Lovo cells had the highest expression of PLSCR1.The siRNA-390 oligonucleotide segment had the best silencing effect.After transfection,Lovo cell proliferation was significantly inhibited compared with the controls in the MTT assay.Laminin and fibronectin adhesion assays showed Lovo cell adhesion was also significantly inhibited.In the migration assay,the number of migrating cells in the PLSCR1 siRNA-390 group was 50±12,significantly lower than the number in the siRNA-N group(115±28) and in the control group(118±31).In an invasion test,the number of invading cells in the PLSCR1 siRNA-390 group was 60±18,significantly lower than that in the siRNA-N group(97±26) and the control group(103±24).CONCLUSIONS:PLSCR1 is overexpressed in CRC and metastatic liver cancer.Silencing of PLSCR1 by siRNA inhibits the proliferation,adhesion,migration and invasion of Lovo cells,which suggests that PLSCR1 contributes to the tumorigenesis and tumor progression of CRC.PLSCR1 may be a potential gene therapy target for CRC and associated metastatic liver cancer.

Preparation and characterization of solidified oleanolic acid–phospholipid complex aiming to improve the dissolution of oleanolic acid

The purpose of this study was to prepare the oleanolic acid–phospholipid complex (OAPC) and then solidify it employing fumed silica by simple solvent evaporation technique to improve dissolution rate of oleanolic acid and oleanolic acid–phospholipid complex. The process of OA-PC was optimized and the type and proportion of fumed silica were studied by dissolution text. The structures of the phospholipid complex and solidified powder were also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. In the dissolution tests, OA from solidified powder was further released compared with that from pure OA and OA-PC in different kinds of dissolution media. These results suggest that the method of preparing solidified powder of oleanolic acid–phospholipid complex is suitable for enhancing the dissolution rate of OA and OA-PC.

Mucin and phospholipids determine viscosity of gallbladder bile in patients with gallstones

AIM: An increased viscosity of gallbladder bile has been considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of gallstone disease. Besides lipids and proteins, mucin has been suggested to affect the viscosity of bile. To further clarify these issues we compared mucin, protein and the lipid componEnts of hepatic and gallbladder bile and its viscosity in patients with gallstones. METHODS: Viscosity of bile (mPa.s) was measured using rotation viscosimetry in regard to the non Newtonian property of bile at low shear rates. RESULTS: Biliary viscosity was markedly higher in gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol (5.00 +/- 0.60 mPa.s, mean +/- SEM, r= 28) and mixed stones (3.50 +/- 0.68 mPa.s; r= 8) compared to hepatic bile (0.92 +/- 0.06 mPa.s, r= 6). A positive correlation between mucin and viscosity was found in gallbladder biles (r = 0.65; P 【 0.001) but not in hepatic biles. The addition of physiologic and supraphysiologic amounts of mucin to gallbladder bile resulted in a dose dependent non linear increase of its viscosity. A positive correlation was determined between phospholipid concentration and viscosity (r = 0.34, P 【 0.005) in gallbladder biles. However, no correlation was found between total protein or the other lipid concentrations and viscosity in both gallbladder and hepatic biles. CONCLUSION: The viscosity of gallbladder bile is markedly higher than that of hepatic bile in patients with gallstones. The concentration of mucin is the major determinant of biliary viscosity and may contribute by this mechanism to the role of mucin in the pathogenesis of gallstones.