Understanding the catalytic performance and deactivation behaviour of second-promoter doped Pt/WO_(χ)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the glycerol hydrogenolysis for selective and cleaner production of 1,3-propanediol

The selective aqueous-phase glycerol hydrogenolysis is a promising reaction to produce commercially useful 1,3-propanediol(1,3-PDO).The Pt-WOx bifunctional catalyst can catalyse the glycerol hydrogenol-ysis but the catalyst deactivation via sintering,metal leaching,and coking can predominantly occur in the aqueous phase reaction.In this work,the effect of reaction temperature,pressure and second promoter(Cu,Fe,Rh,Mn,Re,Ru,Ir,Sn,B,and P)on catalytic performance and deactivation behaviour of Pt/WOx/-Al2O3 was investigated.When doped with Rh,Mn,Re,Ru,Ir,B,and P,the second promoter boosts catalytic activity by promoting great dispersion of Pt on support and increasing Pt surface area.The increased Bronsted acid sites lead to selective synthesis of 1,3-PDO than 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO).The characterization studies of fresh and spent catalysts reveal that the main cause of catalyst deactivation is the Pt sintering,as interpreted based on XRD,CO chemisorption,and TEM analyses.The Pt sintering is affected depending on the second promoter that can either or reduce the interaction between Pt,WO_(χ)/γ and Al_(2)O_(3).As an electron acceptor of Pt in Pt/WO_(χ)/γ-Al_(2)O_(3),Re and Mn as second promoters resulted in increased Pt^(2+) on the catalytic surface,which strengthens the contact between Pt andγ-Al_(2)O_(3) and WO_(χ),resulting in a decrease in Pt sintering.The metal leaching and coking are not affected by the presence of second promoter.The catalyst modified with a second promoter possesses improved catalytic activity and 1,3-PDO production,however the stability continues to remain a challenge.The present work unrav-elled the determining parameters of catalytic activity and deactivation,thus providing a promising pro-tocol toward effective catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis.

Enhanced extracellular production of alpha-lactalbumin from Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening

Alpha-lactalbumin(α-LA)is a major whey protein found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in the growth and development of infants.In this study,Bacillus subtilis RIK1285 harboring AprE signal peptide(SP)was selected as the original strain for the production ofα-LA.It was found thatα-LA was identified in the pellet after ultrasonic disruption and centrifugation instead of in the fermentation supernatant.The original strain most likely only producedα-LA intracellular,but not extracellular.To improve the expression and secretion ofα-LA in RIK1285,a library of 173 homologous SPs from the B.subtilis 168 genome was fused with target LALBA gene in the pBE-S vector and expressed extracellularly in RIK1285.SP YjcN was determined to be the best signal peptide.Bands in supernatant were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and purified by nickel column to calculate the highest yield signal peptide.In addition,different promoters(P_(aprE),P_(43),and P_(glv))were compared and applied.The results indicated that the strain RIK1285-pBE-P_(glv)-YjcN-LALBA had the highestα-LA yield,reaching 122.04μg/mL.This study demonstrates successful expression and secretion of humanα-LA in B.subtilis and establishes a foundation for simulating breast milk for infant formulas and developing bioengineered milk.

Revisiting the mitigation of coke formation:Synergism between support&promoters'role toward robust yield in the CO_(2)reformation of methane

CO_(2)reformation of methane(CRM)and CO_(2)methanation are two interconnected processes with significant implications for greenhouse gas reduction and sustainable energy production for industrial purposes.While Nibased catalysis suffers from poor stability due to coke formation or sintering,we report a super stable remedy.The active sites of mesoporous MgO were loaded using wet impregnation.The incorporation of Ni and promoters altered the physical features of the catalysts.Sm–Ni/MgO showed the smallest crystallite size,specific surface area,and pore volume.The Sm–Ni/MgO catalyst was selected as the most suitable candidate for CRM,with 82%CH4 and H2/CO ratio of approximately 100%and also for CO_(2)methanation with the conversion of carbon dioxide(82%)and the selectivity toward methane reaches 100%at temperatures above 300ᵒC.Furthermore,the Sm–Ni/MgO catalyst was stable for 900 min of continuous reaction,without significant carbon deposition.This stability was largely due to the high oxygen mobility on the catalyst surface in the presence of Sm.Overall,we demonstrated the efficacy of using promoted Ni catalysts supported by mesoporous magnesia for the improved reformation of greenhouse gases.

Molecular cloning,characterization and promoter analysis of LbgCWIN1 and its expression profiles in response to exogenous sucrose during in vitro bulblet initiation in lily

Lily(Lilium spp.) is an important ornamental flower, which is mainly propagated by bulbs. Cell wall invertases(CWINs), which catalyze the irreversibly conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the extracellular space, are key enzymes participating in sucrose allocation in higher plants. Previous studies have shown that CWINs play an essential role in bulblet initiation process in bulbous crops, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, a CWIN gene of Lilium brownii var. giganteum(Lbg) was identified and amplified from genomic DNA. Quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that the expression level of LbgCWIN1 was highly upregulated exactly when the endogenous starch degraded in non-sucrose medium during in vitro bulblet initiation in Lbg. Phylogenetic relationship, motif, and domain analysis of LbgCWIN1 protein and CWINs in other plant species showed that all sequences of these CWIN proteins were highly conserved. The promoter sequence of LbgCWIN1 possessed a number of alpha-amylase-, phytohormone-, light-and stress-responsive cis-elements. Meanwhile, β-glucuronidase(GUS) assay showed that the 459 bp upstream fragment from the translational start site displayed maximal promoter activity. These results revealed that LbgCWIN1 might function in the process of in vitro bulblet initiation and be in the response to degradation of endogenous starch.

Pueraria isoflavones inhibit XOD and GLUT9 to decrease uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion, respectively

Objective: To analyze the possible mechanism of Pueraria isoflavones inhibiting XOD and GLUT9 to reduce uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion. Methods: August 2021-April 2022, a total of forty SPF male Kunming mice were divided into the healthy group (carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the model group (HUA mice were given carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the low group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavone at a dose of 125 mg/kg), HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 250 mg/kg once d frequency)and the high group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 500 mg/kg once d frequency) dosage groups, with 8 mice in each group. The contents of uric acid (SUA), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (SCr) in serum and urine of each group were compared before and after intervention (30 d). Statistical differences of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and human glucose transporter 9(GLUT9), cy- clooxygenase- 2(COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1β) contents in renal tissues of each group after intervention (30 d) were compared. Results: After intervention, kidney inflammatory factors (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the model group were compared. Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were higher than those of healthy group(P<0.05). Renal inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in low, medium and high dose groups;Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were lower than those of model group, and there were low > medium > high dose groups, the comparison between the two groups had statistical significance(P< 0.05). After intervention, the contents of 3 indicators in blood or urine(COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) all decreased compared with before intervention, and the differences in intra-group comparison were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pueraria isoflavones can treat HUA mice by inhibiting the expression of XOD and GLUT9, and then play a role in reducing uric acid pro- duction and promoting uric acid excretion, as well as alleviating the degree of disease inflammation.

Lineage-Specific Genome Architecture Links Enhancers and Non-coding Disease Variants to Target Gene Promoters

Long-range interactions between regulatory elements and gene promoters play key roles in transcriptional regulation.The vast majority of interactions are uncharted,constituting a major missing link in understanding genome control.Here,we use promoter capture Hi-C to identify interacting regions of 31,253 promoters in 17 human primary hematopoietic cell types.We show that promoter interactions are highly cell type specific and enriched for links between active promoters and epigenetically marked enhancers.Promoter interactomes reflect lineage relationships of the hematopoietic tree,consistent with dynamic remodeling of nuclear architecture during differentiation.Interacting regions are enriched in genetic variants linked with altered expression of genes they contact,highlighting their functional role.We exploit this rich resource to connect non-coding disease variants to putative target promoters,prioritizing thousands of disease-candidate genes and implicating disease pathways.Our results demonstrate the power of primary cell promoter interactomes to reveal insights into genomic regulatory mechanisms underlying common diseases.

Promoter and coding sequence diversity of CsCCD1 may contribute to the differential accumulation of floralβ-ionone in fresh tea leaves

The carotenoid-derived volatileβ-ionone makes an important contribution to tea fragrance.Here,we qualitatively and quantitatively analysed 15 carotenoids in tea leaves of 13 cultivars by UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS.The 13 cultivars were divided into two groups by PCA(Principal Component Analysis)clustering analysis of their carotenoid content,and OPLS-DA(Orthogonal projections to latent structures)indicated that the levels ofβ-carotene(VIP=2.89)and lutein(VIP=2.30)were responsible for much of the variation between the two groups.Interestingly,theβ-carotene toβ-ionone conversion rates in Group 1 were higher than in Group 2,while theβ-carotene content was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2.Theβ-ionone content was significantly higher in Group 1.Pearson Correlation Coefficient calculation between the transcription level of candidate genes(CsCCD1 and CsCCD4)and the accumulation ofβ-ionone indicated that CsCCD1 may involve in the formation ofβ-ionone in 13 cultivars.Prokaryotic expression and in vitro enzyme activity assays showed that‘Chuanhuang 1’had an amino acid mutation in carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 1(CsCCD1)compared with‘Shuchazao’,resulting in a significantly higherβ-ionone content in‘Chuanhuang 1’.Sequence analysis showed that‘Chuanhuang 1’and‘Huangdan’had different CsCCD1 promoter sequences,leading to significantly higher CsCCD1 expression andβ-ionone accumulation in‘Chuanhuang 1’.These results indicated that the promoter and coding sequence diversity of CsCCD1 might contribute to the differential accumulation ofβ-ionone in different tea cultivars.

OsAMT1.1 Expression by Nitrate-Inducible Promoter of OsNAR2.1 Increases Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Rice Yield

Nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))and ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))are two main inorganic nitrogen(N)sources during crop growth.Here,we enhanced the expression of OsAMT1.1,which encodes a NH_(4)^(+)transporter,using the NO_(3)^(-)-inducible promoter of OsNAR2.1 and an ubiquitin promoter in transgenic rice plants.Under field condition of 120 kg/hm2 N,agronomic N use efficiency,N recovery efficiency and N transport efficiency,and grain yield of the pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 transgenic lines were increased compared with those of the wild type(WT)and the pUbi:OsAMT1.1 transgenic plants.Under 2.0 mmol/L NO_(3)^(-)+0.5 mmol/L NH_(4)^(+)and 0.5 mmol/L NO_(3)^(-)+2.0 mmol/L NH_(4)^(+)conditions of hydroponic culture,compared with the WT,both biomass and total N content were increased in the pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 transgenic lines.However,biomass was significantly reduced in pUbi:OsAMT1.1 transgenic plants under 0.5 mmol/L NO_(3)^(-)+2.0 mmol/L NH_(4)^(+)condition.The lines expressing pOsNAR2.1:OsAMT1.1 exhibited increased OsAMT1.1 expression and 15NH_(4)^(+)influx in roots under both 2.0 mmol/L NO_(3)^(-)+0.5 mmol/L NH_(4)^(+)and 0.5 mmol/L NO_(3)^(-)+2.0 mmol/L NH_(4)^(+)conditions.Our study showed that expression of OsAMT1.1 can be promoted when driven by the OsNAR2.1 promoter,especially under high-level nitrate condition,leading to enhancement of NH_(4)^(+)uptake,N use efficiency and grain yield.

Sensory nerves directly promote osteoclastogenesis by secreting peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D(Cyp40)

Given afferent functions,sensory nerves have recently been found to exert efferent effects and directly alter organ physiology.Additionally,several studies have highlighted the indirect but crucial role of sensory nerves in the regulation of the physiological function of osteoclasts.Nonetheless,evidence regarding the direct sensory nerve efferent influence on osteoclasts is lacking.In the current study,we found that high levels of efferent signals were transported directly from the sensory nerves into osteoclasts.Furthermore,sensory hypersensitivity significantly increased osteoclastic bone resorption,and sensory neurons(SNs)directly promoted osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro coculture system.Moreover,we screened a novel neuropeptide,Cyp40,using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ).We observed that Cyp40 is the efferent signal from sensory nerves,and it plays a critical role in osteoclastogenesis via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)-Ras/Raf-p-Erk-NFATc1 pathway.These findings revealed a novel mechanism regarding the influence of sensory nerves on bone regulation,i.e.,a direct promoting effect on osteoclastogenesis by the secretion of Cyp40.Therefore,inhibiting Cyp40 could serve as a strategy to improve bone quality in osteoporosis and promote bone repair after bone injury.

UV-B promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba by inducing the GbHY5-GbMYB1-GbFLS module

Ginkgo biloba(ginkgo)leaves have medicinal value due to their high levels of secondary metabolites,such as flavonoids.We found that the flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves increases significantly at high altitudes(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau).Considering that high UV-B radiation is among the key environmental characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,we carried out simulated UV-B treatments on ginkgo seedlings and found that the flavonoid content of the leaves increased significantly following the treatments.Combined with results from our previous studies,we determined that the transcription factor GbHY5 may play a key role in responses to UV-B radiation.Overexpression of GbHY5 significantly promoted the accumulation of flavonoids in both ginkgo callus and Arabidopsis thaliana.Furthermore,yeast two-hybrid and real-time quantitative PCR showed that GbHY5 promoted the expression of GbMYB1 by interacting with GbMYB1 protein.Overexpression of GbMYB1 in ginkgo callus and A.thaliana also significantly promoted flavonoid biosynthesis.GbFLS encodes a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis,and its promoter has binding elements of GbHY5 and GbMYB1.A dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that while GbHY5 and GbMYB1 activated the expression of GbFLS individually,their co-expression achieved greater activation.Our analyses reveal the molecular mechanisms by which the UV-B-induced GbHY5-GbMYB1-GbFLS module promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo,and they provide insight into the use of UV-B radiation to enhance the flavonoid content of ginkgo leaves.

Theoretical study on the morphology of cobalt nanoparticles modulated by alkali metal promoters

Cobalt nanoparticles(NPs)catalysts are extensively used in heterogeneous catalytic reactions,and the addition of alkali metal promoters is a common method to modulate the catalytic performance because the catalyst's surface structures and morphologies are sensitive to the addition of promoters.However,the underlying modulation trend remains unclear.Herein,the adsorption of alkali metal promoters(Na and K)on the surfaces of face-centered-cubic(FCC)and hexagonal-closest packed(HCP)polymorphous cobalt was systematically investigated using density functional theory.Furthermore,the effect of alkali promoters on surface energies and nanoparticle morphologies was revealed on the basis of Wulff theory.For FCC-Co,the exposed area of the(111)facet in the nanoparticle increases with the adsorption coverage of alkali metal oxide.Meanwhile,the(311),(110),and(100)facets would disappear under the higher adsorption coverage of alkali metals.For HCPCo,the Wulff morphology is dominated by the(0001)and(1011)facets and is independent of the alkali metal adsorption coverage.This work provides insights into morphology modulation by alkali metal promoters for the rational design and synthesis of cobalt-based nanomaterials with desired facets and morphologies.

Methyltransferase 3A-mediated promoter methylation represses retinoic acid receptor responder 3 expression in basal-like breast cancer

Retinoic acid receptor responder 3(RARRES3)has been characterized as a tumor suppressor in multiple types of cancer.This study aimed to examine the expression profile of RARRES3 across the PAM50 subtypes of breast cancer.The DNA methylation status of RARRES3 was checked in the basal-like subtype,and the underlying mechanisms of its dysregulation were explored.RNA-sequencing(seq)and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used for in-silico analysis.Basal-like representative SUM149 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo studies.Compared to tumor-adjacent normal tissues,only the basal-like tumor tissues had significantly downregulated RARRES3 expression.The methylation level of four CpG sites in the promoter region showed a strong negative correlation with RARRES3 expression.The gene coding for DNA methyltransferase 3A(DNMT3A)had consistent positive correlations with the methylation of the CpG sites.Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain-reaction and bisulfite sequencing PCR showed that DNMT3A could bind to the promoter region of RARRES3 and promote methylation of the CpG sites within the region.DNMT3A knockdown significantly restored RARRES3 expression at the mRNA and protein level in the two cell lines.CCK-8,colony formation,and flow cytometric analysis showed that RARRES3 overexpression attenuated the growth-promoting effects of DNMT3A overexpression and also weakened the DNMT3A overexpression-induced activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling.In summary,this study revealed that DNMT3A enhances promoter methylation of the RARRES3 gene and suppresses its transcription in basal-like breast cancer.The DNMT3A-RARRES3 signaling pathway might be a potential target for the treatment of this tumor subtype.

Promoter effect on the CO_2-H_2O formation during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on iron-based catalysts

The effects of Mg,La and Ca promoters on primary and secondary CO2 and H2O formation pathways during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on precipitated Fe/Cu/SiO2 catalysts are investigated.The chemisorbed oxygen atoms in the primary pathway formed in the CO dissociation steps reacted with co-adsorbed hydrogen or carbon monoxide to produce H2O and CO2,respectively.The secondary pathway was the water-gas shift reaction.The results indicated that the CO2 production led to an increase in both primary and secondary pathways,and H2O production decreased when surface basicity of the catalyst increased in the order Ca 〉 Mg 〉 La.

Endophytic Bacteria Promote the Growth of Suaeda glauca in Saline-Alkali Stress:Regulation of Osmotic Pressure and Antioxidative Defense System

Endophytic bacteria are promising bacterial fertilizers to improve plant growth under adverse environment.For ecological remediation of coastal wetlands,it was necessary to investigate the effect and interaction of endophytes on halophytes under saline-alkali stress.In this study,an endophytic bacterium strain HK1 isolated from halophytes was selected to infect Suaeda glauca under pH(7 and 8)and salinity gradient(150,300 and 450mmolL^(-1)).Strain HK1 was identified as Pantoea ananatis and it had ability to fix nitrogen,dissolve inorganic phosphorus and produce indole-3-aceticacid(IAA).The results showed that strain HK1 could promote the growth of S.glauca seedings when the salinity was less than 300mmolL^(-1),in view of longer shoot length and heavier fresh weight.The infected plants could produce more proline to decrease the permeability of cells,which content increased by 26.2%–61.1%compared to the non-infected group.Moreover,the oxidative stress of infected plants was relieved with the malondialdehyde(MDA)content decreased by 16.8%–32.9%,and the peroxidase(POD)activity and catalase(CAT)activity increased by 100%–500%and 6.2%–71.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis revealed that increasing proline content and enhancing CAT and POD activities were the main pathways to alleviate saline-alkali stress by strain HK1 infection,and the latter might be more important.This study illustrated that endophytic bacteria could promote the growth of halophytes by regulation of osmotic substances and strengthening antioxidant activities.This finding would be helpful for the bioremediation of coastal soil.

The Evidenced Effects of Early Childhood Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Parenting in the Nordic Countries: A Systematic Review

Thefirst years of life and the family context are key to the promotion and protection of children’s health and well-being,emphasizing the need for interventions aimed to support families with young children.This review aimed to explore the effectiveness of early childhood interventions developed for promoting mental health and parenting among families with young children in the Nordic countries.Six electronic databases were systematically searched,and 20 articles covering 16 studies applying various quantitative and qualitative methods met the study inclusion criteria.The studied interventions were assessed as universal health-promoting interventions and health-promoting interventions with elements of prevention.Outcomes of interest encompassed mental health,related risk and protective factors among the parents and/or the children,or child-parent interaction.The results from studies applying statistical methods show significant improvements in parents’self-efficacy,self-esteem,and parental satisfaction,while few improvements in parents’social support or parental relationship were identified.Improvements in social support and parental relationships were however reported in qualitative studies.Most quantitative studies reporting on parents’mental health problems and stress found a significant decrease,and qualitative studies highlighted experienced positive effects on mental health and well-being.The majority of stu-dies reporting on children’s mental health and/or development as well as strengths and difficulties indicated a statistically significant positive development.No significant changes were however found for existing behavioral problems.The majority of studies examining parenting strategies and/or parent-child interaction found signifi-cant positive changes after the interventions.In sum,althoughfindings are heterogeneous,early childhood inter-ventions show various positive effects on the parenting and mental health of both children and their parents.The fact that different types of initiatives have been developed and implemented can be seen as an advantage,con-sidering the varying needs and expectations of different families.

牙鲆GHR基因Promoter区微卫星序列多态性与生长性状关系的初步研究

采用牙鲆GHR基因5’端Promoter区的1个微卫星标记,对胶南和日照2个牙鲆养殖群体进行了群体遗传多样性的研究,并探索该基因多态性位点与牙鲆生长性状之间的相关性。结果表明,2个群体在该座位的等位基因数为12和9个,有效等位基因数为6.26和5.04个,多态信息含量为0.84和0.80。2个群体该座位的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数均为正值,并没有显示出杂合子缺失,但各基因型分布频率都在一定程度上偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.01)。连锁分析中发现,在胶南群体中,IM基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体长、头长、体高和眼径形态学数据中均是最大的;在日照群体中,BC基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长和眼径数据中均是最大的;而CJ基因型对应的个体在体长和头长这两组数据中是最大的。该结果为研究GHR基因的变异对鱼类生长发育的影响及探索将该基因作为生长遗传标记的可行性奠定了实验基础。

Industrialization Promotes Global Common Development

World history shows that industrialization has been an effective driver of economic growth through its creation of job opportunities,promotion of technological innovation,and raising of national income.

Isolation and Analysis of Rubber Hevein Gene and Its Promoter Sequence

Hevein, a lectin_like protein, is a major factor of lutoids in the latex of rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell._Arg.). This factor is involved in coagulation of the latex and has the ability to bind chitin. The hevein gene with a length of 680 bp was cloned by the method of RT_PCR. Its promoter region with 1 306 bp of this gene was also isolated by genome walking, and its sequence included the typical TATA and CAAT boxes as well as the homologous sequence of abscisic acid (ABA) response elements. Expression of the hevein gene in the latex and leaves was detected by Northern blot. After treatment of the trees with ethylene and ABA, the results showed that the hevein gene was expressed principally in latex, and the expression could be induced by ethylene and ABA.

Isolation of a Genomic DNA for Gastrodia Antifungal Protein and Analyses of Its Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco

A genomic DNA containing 5'-upstream region and complete open reading frame of a Gastrodia antifungal protein was isolated by screening of a genomic library from Gastrodia elata B1. To investigate the promoter activity, the 5'-flanking region - 1 157 lip upstream from the putative transcription start site was fused to the coding sequence of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum. The strongest GUS activity was detected in the roots of transgenic tobacco, followed by stems. The leaves only showed a low GUS activity. Furthermore, the promoter established inducible expression pattern in transgenic tobacco upon fungus Trichoderma viride inoculation and jasmonic acid and salicylic acid treatments.

Study on Cloning and Polymorphism of Porcine Adiponectin Promoter

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to provide a basis for study on adiponectin as a candidate gene for fat deposition. [ Method] The promoter sequence of adiponectin was obtained by porcine BAC library screening and primer-walking method. The polymorphisms of adiponectin promoter from 290 pigs, including 5 breeds of Lantang pig, Large spotted pig, Large white pig, Landrace and Duroc, were analyzed with PCR-RFLP. [ Result] At SNP site of adiponectin 5＇-flanking region -1 010 bp （G/A）, GG genotype frequency in Chinese indigenous pigs was significantly higher than that in exotic pigs. At SNP site of adiponectin 5＇-flanking region -394 bp （T/C）, the genotype distribution of Chi- nese indigenous pigs was abundant, while no CC genotype was detected in exotic pigs, and T allele frequency was higher in exotic pigs. [ Conclusion] SNP site mutation of - 1 010 bp （G/A） may lead to changes of the gene transcription level, while SNP site of -394 bp （T/C） properly has no relationship with gene transcription level and fat deposition.