Tectonic Evolution of the Palaeo——Tethys in Changning——Menglian Belt and Adjacent Regions,Western Yunnan

The Changning - Menglian belt , located between the Baoshan - Gengma massif and the Simao - Lincang massif in Western Yunnan , preserves the complete record of a suture zone and the most continuous record of deep water sedimentation , representing the main branch of the Palaeo - Tethys polyisland ocean in the Hercynian - Indo-sinian stage .This belt could be further subdivided into three tectono - lithofacies zones . In the east zone , terrigenous elastics , argillaceous ,marl-argillaceous and silicate sedi-ments lie on the metamorphosed Early Palaeozoic base ment in concealed unconformity , representing deep water sediments on a passive continental margin . The central zone , although the basement rocks are absent from outcropping here , includes a contemporary complex of various sedimentary types , among them one type is of deep ocean sediments represented by radiolarian bedded chert , appearing from at least early Early Devonian to the Middle Triassic . Another type includes pure carbonates of the Early Carboniferous to the Late Permian , a type of shallow water carbonate platform on seamount or oceanic plateau within an ocean basin . In the west zone , the Permo - Carboniferous terrigenous elastics , argillaceous and silicate sediments appear again -representing the passive continental slope sedimentation in the east of the Baoshan - Gengma massif .As the Permo-Carboniferous rock types,sedimentary environments and palaeontological characters of the east and west zones are quite similar , we hold that these two zones were originally formed all on the eastern continental slope of the Baoshan - Gengma massif , and were separated due to eastward thrust later in the Indosinian orogeny . Intense thrust compacting also resulted in tectonic melange in the central zone , which is displayed by shallow water carbonates overlapping on or embedded in deep water volcanics . In the Lancangjiang belt , the Permo - Carboniferous are very complicated in sedimentary types which include island arc volcanics , deep water turbidites, silicolites and shallow water carbonates , representing the active continental margin in the west of the Simao massif. Whether there existed by Early Permi an, a Lincang magma tic arc still awaits further evidence . From the Late Permian,both the Changning-Meng-lian belt and the Lancangjiang belt experienced important sedimentary and volanic events which took place contemporaneously or penecontemporaneously but with different characters . Evidence for the Lincang magmatic arc began to be apparent , and the turbidite deep water basin in the Lancangjiang belt closed . Nevertheless , the Palaeo - Tethys oceanic basin , represented by the Changning - Menglian suture zone , existed until the Mid-dle Triassic . In the Late Triassic . massifs of Baoshan -Gengma ,Simao - Lincang ,collided and aggregated ,resulting in the disappearance of the Palaeo - Tethys ocean .

THE ANISOTROPY OF LOESS MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE NORTHEASTERN FRINGE OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AS AN INDICATOR OF PALAEOWIND DIRECTION

Estimates of the palaeo subaerial wind direction were studied systematically for the first time by using the anisotropy of loess magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements in the northwestern China. One hundred and forty undisturbed oriented aeolian loess samples were collected from Lanzhou, Linxia and Wudu areas for AMS measurements, which indicated the subaerial wind directions were not the same while the loess deposited. From the Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene till Late Pleistocene, the wind direction experienced an anticlockwise rotation in the studied area. We suggested this change was related to the uplift of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau and the adjustment of current and landform effects.

Last Deglaciation Climatic Fluctuation Record by the Palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap, Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The last deglaciation, a key period for understanding present and future climate changes, has long been the hot topic for palaeoclimatological study. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP） is often a target study area for understanding hemispheric, or even global environment changes. The glacial landforms on the QTP provide a unique perspective for its climate change. In order to investigate the onset of the last deglaciation at the QTP and its regional correlation, the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides（TCN） 10 Be and 26 Al surface exposure dating was chosen to date the roche moutonnée, the polished surface and the moraine debris located at the palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap（pDIC）, southeastern QTP. Our results show that the onset of the last deglaciation is at about 19 ka, followed by another warming event occurring around 15 ka in the p-DIC area. These timings agree well with other records, e.g. equivalent with a rapid sea level rise at 19 ka and the onset of B？lling warming event at about 15 ka. Thus, our new data can provide good reveal constraint on the climate evolution at the QTP.

Cosmogenic ^(10)Be and ^(26)Al Chronology of the Last Glaciation of the Palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap,Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The glacial landforms of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） provide a unique opportunity to research hemispheric and global environmental changes. In this study, we focus on the glacial history of the palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap （p-DIC） in the southeastern QTP during the last glacial cycle. Based on field investigations, morphostratigraphy, and surface exposure dating of roche moutonnée, polished surface and moraine debris through the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides （TCN） ^10Be and ^26Al. We identify glacial deposits of the last deglaciation, with minimum ages of 14.9±1.3-18.7±1.7 ka, the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） of 24.7±2.2 ka, and the early part of the last glacial period （marine oxygen isotope stage （MIS） 3） of 37.1±3.4-45.2±3.9 ka. Our results show that in this region, the extent of the glacial advance during MIS 3 was larger than that during the traditional LGM （MIS 2）. These ages are consistent with prior chronologies, and the ^10Be age is consistent with the ^26Al age for the same sample. Thus, these data provide reliable constraints on climate change in the QTP, during the last glaciation.

A late Holocene winter monsoon record inferred from the palaeo-aeolian sand dune in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, northern China

The variation of the Asian winter monsoonal strength has seriously affected the climate and environmental conditions in the Asian monsoonal region, and even in marginal islands and the ocean in the East Asian region. However, relevant under-standing remains unclear due to the lack of suitable geological materials and effective proxies in the key study areas. Here, we present a grain-size record derived from the palaeo-aeolian sand dune in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, together with other proxies and OSL dating, which reflect a relatively detailed history of the winter monsoon and abrupt environmental events during the past 4.2 ka. Our grain-size standard deviation model indicated that 〉224 μm content can be considered as an indicator of the intensity of Asian winter monsoon, and it shows declined around 4.2–2.1 ka, enhanced but unstable in 2.1–0.9 ka, and obviously stronger since then. In addition, several typical climate events were also documented, forced by the periodic variation of winter monsoonal intensity. These include the cold intervals of 4.2, 2.8, 1.4 ka, and the Little Ice Age （LIA）, and relatively warm sub-phases around 3.0, 2.1, 1.8 ka, and the Medieval Warm Period （MWP）, which were roughly accordant with the records of the aeolian materials, peat, stalagmites, ice cores, and sea sediments in various latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the previous progresses of the Asian summer monsoon, we prelimi-narily confirmed a millennial-scale anti-correlation of Asian winter and summer monsoons in the Late Holocene epoch. This study suggests that the evolution of the palaeo-aeolian sand dune has the potential for comprehending the history of Asian monsoon across the desert regions of the modern Asian monsoonal margin in northern China.

Records in palaeo-notch sediment: changes in palaeoproductivity and their link to climate change from Svalbard

Palaeo-notch sediment, accumulated in lacustrine environment, is a reliable proxy material for palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental research. In this study, we collected a palaeo-notch sediment profile from the Blomstrandhalv?ya, used multiple geochemical proxies to reconstruct palaleoproductivity variations, and investigated their link to climatic records from surrounding regions. C/N atomic ratios and carbon isotope indicate that organic matter in the sediment is mainly derived from lacustrine algae. Toward the surface sediment, the TOC, TN, P contents and the reconstructed palaeoproductivity show remarkable fluctuations with several peaks and troughs, opposite to the variation trend of the CaCO3 contents. Changes in the reconstructed palaeoproductivity are in good agreement with palaeoclimatic records from the surrounding regions, and three interruptions are likely linked to the well-known cooling periods around 1900 BP, 2800 BP and 4200 BP. Thus palaeoproductivity variations on the Blomstrandhalv?ya are mainly driven by climate changes; palaeoproductivity increase during warmer periods, and vice versa. This study will help the research of Arctic lake ecosystem and its response to climate change.

鄂尔多斯盆地中部古地貌油藏类型及勘探前景

鄂尔多斯盆地中部侏罗系油藏得到重大突破,在区域地质背景研究基础上,通过分析研究区的油气藏特征来确定其油藏成藏模式,并建立有利区预测筛选原则,进行有利区评价与预测。研究结果表明:基于研究区不同层位、不同井区油气藏特征的分析,发现该区侏罗系油藏的主导要素为构造要素;研究区主要发育斜坡、河间丘、古河和高地4种古地貌单元;根据“斜坡带的构造高点、古河的构造高点、古高地中的有利聚集单元”这一筛选原则建立有利区分类标准,分别进行了研究区富县组、延10及延9有利区预测。

南羌塘古油藏白云岩成因机制及其油气地质意义

南羌塘隆鄂尼—昂达尔错—达卓玛古油藏白云岩是羌塘盆地最有利的碳酸盐岩储层之一,其成因机制对于羌塘盆地油气勘探突破具有十分重要的意义。在岩石薄片鉴定的基础上,结合碳氧稳定同位素、锶同位素、微量和稀土元素等测试分析,对古油藏白云岩成因机制及白云岩储层的形成演化开展研究。结果表明:(1)研究区共发育6种类型白云岩(石),分别为泥—粉晶残余结构白云岩、他形—半自形细晶白云岩、自形细晶白云岩、他形中—粗晶白云岩、雾心亮边晶粒白云岩和后期孔洞充填的马鞍形白云石。(2)古油藏白云岩存在多种成因。泥—粉晶残余结构白云岩成因为准同生期微生物白云石化作用,他形—半自形细晶白云岩和他形中—粗晶白云岩成因为浅埋藏阶段回流渗透白云石化作用,自形细晶白云岩成因为埋藏白云石化作用,雾心亮边晶粒白云岩是后期抬升至近地表混合水白云石化作用的产物。古油藏白云岩孔洞中大量充填的马鞍形白云石是热液白云石化作用的产物。(3)南羌塘古油藏白云岩储层受白云石化、大气淡水淋滤和热液溶蚀等成岩作用改造形成次生孔隙,形成了良好的规模储层,可作为油气勘探目的层之一。建立了南羌塘古油藏白云岩成因模式,为羌塘盆地油气成藏演化研究与优质碳酸盐岩储层预测提供了新的理论依据。

巴彦淖尔国家地质公园汉代黄河古河道与临戎古城位置的考证

黄河流域古河道的变迁对文化遗址形成的影响,是黄河文化研究的重要科学问题之一。内蒙古巴彦淖尔国家地质公园位于黄河中上游的河套盆地,公园内汉代临戎古城遗址的位置一直存在争论,确定黄河古河道与其相对位置关系是关键。通过对临戎古城遗址周边10 km范围进行网格化槽型钻取心,利用钻孔数据构建三维粒度属性模型与沉积结构模型,对隐伏的古河道位置进行了较为精准地确定;并通过钻孔岩心沉积相分析与年代学测试,对古河道的沉积结构与年代进行了验证。结果表明,临戎古城遗址西3 km处存在(2.39±0.24) ka~(1.36±0.05) Cal ka BP的黄河古河道,自南向北流经临戎城西。以此确定的黄河与朔方郡各属县治城的相对位置符合史料的记载。本研究从沉积学角度为巴彦淖尔国家地质公园临戎古城遗址位置的考证提供了地质科学依据。

辽宁新元古界桥头组砂岩地球化学特征及其沉积背景

【研究目的】辽宁新元古界桥头组的沉积时代仍未准确厘定,导致关于其沉积背景特别是古气候的讨论充满争议,利用岩石地球化学特征等方法对其沉积背景进行讨论具有重要意义。【研究方法】通过桥头组砂岩的岩石地球化学资料,分析CaO/(CaO+Fe)、Sr/Ba、V/(Ni+V)等元素比值以及CIA、ICV、C_(eanom)等参数,重建古风化气候条件、古盐度及古氧化−还原条件。【研究结果】桥头组砂岩样品的CIA值多数位于温暖潮湿区域,而ICV值则多数位于寒冷干燥区域;样品的CaO/(CaO+Fe)、Sr/Ba值绝大多数落入中咸水区域,少量在微咸水区域;砂岩样品的V/(Ni+V)和C_(eanom)值则处于还原区域,少量在氧化区域。【结论】桥头组并非沉积于南华纪,其沉积期总体为中咸水的缺氧还原环境、气候温暖潮湿。

白垩系古沙漠露头遥感特征及其识别方法——以湘东南地区红层盆地为例

白垩系古沙漠风成砂岩是近年来湖南省新发现的一种沉积类型,该岩石不仅是特色的旅游资源,而且是全球关注的储能、储碳的重要目标储集层,因此对湖南省古沙漠的空间分布规律深入研究意义重大。本文引入遥感技术手段建立古沙漠露头遥感特征的识别及提取方法:以谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)为主要处理平台,以Sentinel-2A(哨兵二号)多光谱影像为主要数据源,从光谱、遥感指数和地形地貌三个方面分析古沙漠露头的遥感特征,采用随机森林算法进行古沙漠露头的遥感识别。区别于传统的陡直型丹霞地貌,古沙漠遥感影像色调均匀、连片分布,植被和山体阴影皆不发育,具有“顶圆,坡缓”的地貌特征。同时,深入分析古沙漠地貌的岩性特征,结合地质条件辅助约束,实现古沙漠露头的精准识别。通过上述方法,本文解译出湖南白垩系丹霞地貌区的多处古沙漠露头,并从识别结果中选择面积较大的衡阳盆地东缘(渡口地区)和茶永盆地东南缘(郴州市飞天山-高椅岭地区)地区的古沙漠风成砂岩进行了实地验证,效果理想。本文为研究古沙漠空间分布规律提供了高效的途径,是遥感技术在古沙漠地质领域的重要应用,旨在为国内地学界同行提供技术参考和借鉴。

Structure and evolution of Middle Permian palaeo- seamounts in Bayan Har and its adjacent area

Middle Permian palaeo-seamounts in the area of Bayan Har are generally com-posed of volcanic basement and carbonate cap. Basaltic lava, volcanic breecia and polymictic breccia can be identified as the main kinds of rock in the basement of palaeo-seamounts. Mas-sive bioclastic limestone and reef framestone formed the carbonate cap of the palaeo-sea- mounts. The contact relationship between carbonate cap and volcanic basement is a kind of conformity or depositional unconformity. Study of the structure and petrology of palaeo-sea- mounts suggests that the evolution history of the palaeo-seamounts in this area can be divided into five stages at least. They are the origin of the first volcanic basement, the formation of the first carbonate cap, the breaking of the first carbonate cap by renewed volcanism, the deposition of red calcareous mudstone and the rebuilding of the second carbonate cap at last. In one of the palaeo-seamounts, volcanic activation took place even after the reconstruction of the second carbonate cap. Lots of fusulinid fossils, such as Neoschwagerina craticulifera Schwager, Schwagerina sp. and Verbeekina sp., were found both in the carbonate cap and volcanic base-ment, showing that the palaeo-seamounts were originated and developed within the Maokou stage of Middle Permian.

FIRST DISCOVERY OF THE PALAEO-FOREST VESTIGE ON THE SEA FLOOR OF SHENHUWAN GULF, SOUTHEAST COAST OF FUJIAN PROVINCE

The palaeo-forest vestige has been found for the first time on the sea floor of Shenhuwan Gulf, Jinjiang County, Fujian Province (N24°38′, E118°39′) during my seismic investigation in July, 1986.

Sr-O Isotopic Composition of Sediments in the Nansha Sea Area and Palaeo-environment

The Nansha sea area is located in the place where the Pacific Ocean plate, In-dian-Australian plate and Eurasian plate meet, and therefore, its formation and evolu-tion are both constrained by those three plates. It is a semi-closed marginal sea area,which is only connected with the Indian and the Pacific Ocean by channels. TheSr-O isotopic composition of sediments in this area was systematically studied for fur-ther understanding of its formation and evolution. The range of our investigation islimited to the area of 105-118°E and 3 - 12°N. The surface sediments from 36 sta-tions, which are distributed in the above area, were analyzed. All of the

济阳坳陷始新统页岩岩相发育主控因素及分布特征

济阳坳陷始新统沙四上—沙三下亚段页岩岩相类型多样、特征明显,近年来针对该套页岩系统取心10100余米,为陆相断陷湖盆页岩岩相发育主控因素及分布研究提供了“天然实验室”。综合利用岩心、薄片、XRD、地球化学等资料,以济阳坳陷为研究区,对沙四上—沙三下亚段的页岩岩相类型、发育主控因素和分布规律进行了系统研究。结果表明,济阳坳陷古近系位于北纬亚洲季风气候带,沙四上—沙三下亚段处于强烈裂陷欠补偿期,为典型的闭流咸化湖盆,发育巨厚层纹层发育的富碳酸盐页岩;受湖盆古水介质(古水深、古盐度和古氧化-还原性)和古物源条件复杂多变控制,发育了多类型页岩,包括碳酸盐页岩、混合页岩、黏土页岩和长英页岩4类,进一步综合岩石组分、沉积构造和有机质丰度细分为富有机质纹层状碳酸盐页岩相、富有机质层状碳酸盐页岩相、富有机质纹层状灰质混合页岩相、富有机质纹层状黏土质混合页岩相、富有机质层状长英质混合页岩相、富有机质纹层状黏土页岩相、富有机质层状黏土页岩相、富有机质纹层状长英质页岩相和含有机质层状长英质页岩相9种;古气候、古物源和古水介质协同演化,与古地貌共同控制了岩相类型与展布,其中,古气候与盆地构造演化控制了页岩发育的规模,古水介质与古物源控制了页岩岩相类型,古地貌与古物源控制了岩相分区分带差异化展布。建立了济阳坳陷沙四上—沙三下亚段页岩分区分带差异化分布模式,可为陆相断陷盆地页岩油气勘探和相似地质背景下页岩成因研究提供借鉴和参考。

塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶洞穴充填物时代鉴别特征及其储集意义

洞穴充填物的充填时代分析能够帮助认识洞穴的形成过程、充填结构序列和储集空间发育规律。塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴受到物理充填作用的显著影响,其充填物的时代鉴别特征及其对储集空间发育的影响缺乏系统的分析。基于塔河油田奥陶系地质背景、岩心、测井、测年及产能资料的分析,认为:(1)灰绿色层理构造钙质砂岩和泥质粉砂岩为搬运充填成因,与裂缝共生的灰绿色泥质粉砂岩为渗流充填成因,它们的充填时代为海西早期,杂色砾岩的砾石成分复杂,磨圆分选较好,颗粒支撑,也为搬运充填成因,但充填时代为加里东晚期;(2)角砾岩的角砾成分一致,磨圆分选差且被灰绿色渗流泥充填,为海西早期洞穴掩埋时垮塌充填的结果,无渗流泥充填的角砾岩,裂纹化且多含方解石或沥青,多发育在洞穴顶部,为深埋藏阶段垮塌作用的结果;(3)岩溶洞穴缝洞储集体控制因素十分复杂,洞穴掩埋期的搬运、渗流与垮塌作用多产生泥质充填,储集性差;深埋藏期垮塌作用,产生次级裂缝且无泥质充填,储集性好,洞穴顶部及上部为有利储层发育位置。本研究为岩溶洞穴形成过程和油气藏高效开发提供有价值的参考。

川中地区下寒武统沧浪铺组下段碳氧同位素特征及其地质意义

探讨川中地区早寒武世沧浪铺早期古海洋环境特征。对川中地区沧浪铺组钻井资料、镜下薄片以及65个碳酸盐岩样品的碳、氧同位素进行了测试分析。剔除无效数据后,结果表明,沧浪铺早期δ13 C V-PBD值为-3.4‰~-0.4‰,平均值为-1.4‰;δ18 O V-PBD值为-10.0‰~-5.9‰,平均值为-8.2‰。纵向上,碳同位素值整体呈负漂移,具有先升高后降低的趋势,且底部及中上部变化幅度较小,顶部波动范围大。古海洋环境分析结果显示川中地区沧浪铺组下段古海水平均盐度为33.6‰,古海水盐度在沧浪铺早期较低,晚期较高,与海平面波动明显有关,盐度指数和盐度低值可能由陆相淡水混入导致。古海水温度为11.6~29.6℃,平均为21.3℃。沧浪铺组下段沉积早期温度相对较高,晚期温度波动频繁,且有明显降低的趋势。

塔里木盆地古城墟隆起顺南1井古油藏热裂解过程的分子碳同位素地球化学记录

塔里木盆地古城墟隆起顺南1井高成熟度轻质原油被认为是典型的热裂解残余油。研究揭示顺南1井原油中高丰度的苯系物和丰富的稠环芳烃,是其在地质历史上经历强烈热裂解的次生产物之一;苯系物应为热裂解、环化、芳构化过程的中间产物,而稠环芳烃可能指示了缩聚过程。烃类分子裂解—缩聚过程诱发的碳同位素分馏,不仅使顺南1井原油正构烷烃分子碳同位素较下古生界含油气系统中正常原油的重8‰~10‰,而且烷基萘系物分子碳同位素也比下古生界含油气系统中的正常原油重6‰~8‰。研究结果进一步实证了与裂解成因相关的芳烃分子及其稳定碳同位素组成是判识深层—超深层油藏是否经历热蚀变的有效手段,其对于准确评估深层—超深层油气相态与资源格局具有重要意义。

湖相碳酸盐岩礁滩体系沉积特征、主控因素及成因模式:以东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段为例

湖相碳酸盐岩广泛存在于陆相湖盆之中,大型礁滩沉积体系的发育模式对湖相碳酸盐岩成因机理的研究具有重要意义。基于钻井岩心、薄片、测录井、地震以及地球化学测试等资料,分析了东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩沉积特征。结果表明:研究区常见7种岩石类型及4种岩性组合,可识别出藻礁、浅滩、灰泥坪及风暴沉积4种沉积微相。藻礁和浅滩共同构成湖相礁滩复合沉积体系,主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地顶部,相带主体呈NE-SW向展布;灰泥坪主要发育于台地内部及剥蚀区附近;风暴沉积在台地东南斜坡区上部较为发育。从高位域早期至晚期,礁滩体系由垂向加积为主演化为逐步发生侧向迁移,平面展布规模逐渐扩大至斜坡区上部。推测区域和全球相对温暖气候背景、古东亚季风气候条件下盛行的东南风、盆地构造及古地貌、湖平面升降、碳酸盐岩母岩风化及海侵作用等共同控制了该湖相礁滩体系的形成及演化。在此基础上,提出湖相碳酸盐岩“气候—物源—盆地”系统成因模式,丰富了对湖盆大规模礁滩沉积体系形成机理的认识。

苏北盆地溱潼凹陷阜三段浅水三角洲沉积古地貌、古环境恢复

古地貌、古环境条件是影响沉积的主要外部因素,苏北盆地溱潼凹陷阜三段浅水缓坡三角洲由于水体变化频繁、地形复杂、地震识别追踪难度高,对其古地貌与古环境恢复研究仍较为欠缺,影响对研究区整体勘探评价。为明确溱潼凹陷阜三段沉积时期的古地貌及古环境条件,通过对地层岩心、测井资料、岩石物性资料进行综合分析,结合古地质图、印模法、残余厚度法等对阜三段沉积时期古地貌进行半定量恢复并优选2口井33个岩石样品的热解实验数据、TOC(总有机碳含量)及微量元素含量数据进行古环境恢复分析。据此绘制溱潼凹陷阜三段古地貌恢复图及古环境变化曲线,证明研究区阜三段是南低北高、东西收敛的箕状凹陷,沉积时期气候温暖潮湿,水体活动频繁往复,湖水盐度低,多物源多期次间歇供给,物源输入持续增多,沉积速率较快。明确了研究区地层物性参数与古地貌,地球化学参数与古环境的对应关系,从而为进一步勘探开发提供参考。