Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Papilio maackii and P.syfanius(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)

The taxonomic status of Papilio maackii and P.syfanius has long been disputed.We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study to evaluate the taxonomic status of P.maackii and P.syfanius.A total of twenty-four P.maackii individuals from six localities and sixteen P.syfanius individuals from two localities were analyzed.We sequenced the partial region of the CO-I gene（about 579 bp） and partial CO-II gene sequence（about 655bp） of the two species.The Kimura-2-Parameter distances among P.maackii and P.syfanius ranged from 0 to 0.6%.Fifteen haplotypes were obtained based on the combined data set.The results strongly supported that all P.maackii individuals and all P.syfanius individuals formed a large clade,and could not be divided into separated clades.This research indicated that the two species have only very recently undergone speciation.

Comparison of Protein Content among Non-diapause Pupae,Diapause Pupae and Eclosion-adult from Diapause Pupae of Papilio memnon

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to explore the diapause mechanism of Papilio memnon L. further. [ Method] The colorimetry method was used to detect protein content of non-diapause pupae, diapause pupae and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae at different developmental stages. [Result] It was showed that the protein content of non-diapause pupae was from 111.768 to 115.030 7 mg/g and the change of protein content during whole pupal stage, while diapause pupae were from 81.218 to 131.623 7 mg/g and the change of protein content was not big from last ten-day period of October to last ten-day pariod of November, however, the content increased from the last ten-day period of November. The protein content of emerging adult was 296.969 3 mg/g. [Conclusion] The change of protein content was related to Papilio memnon at different development stage.

Comparison of Nucleic Acid Content among Non-diapause Pupae, Diapause Pupae and Eclosion-adult from Diapause Pupae of Papilio memnon

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide basis for deeply understanding the diapause mechanism of Papilio memnon L. [Method] RNA and DNA content of non-diapause pupae, diapause pupae and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae at different development stages were detected by the colorimetry. [Result] RNA content of non-diapause pupae was 4.614 0-7.946 3 μg/mg, while diapause pupae was 4.326 0-5.885 3 μg/mg and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae was 20.779 3 μg/mg at initial stage. DNA content of non-diapause pupae was 0.448 7-0.535 0 μg/mg, while diapause pupae was 0.452 0-0.828 3 μg/mg and eclosion-adult from diapause pupae was 1.727 0 μg/mg at initial stage. [Conclusion] The nucleic acid content and change is related to the development stage.

巴黎翠凤蝶PAPILIO PARIS LINNAEUS生物学与养殖

巴黎翠凤蝶是1种限于东洋区分布的蝴蝶,以后翅中室的大色斑非常艳丽,在阳光的照射下,闪闪发亮,而成为1种观赏性很强的昆虫,却几乎没有其生物学和养殖技术方面的报道.1998至2004年三峡库区和重庆市的调查[1]表明,巴黎翠凤蝶主要分布在石柱、城口、巫溪、武隆等地海拔500～1 000 m的范围内;在此区域,它是1个常见种;其主要栖息环境是山坡灌丛和阔叶林,主要寄主植物是飞龙掌血Toddalia asiatica Lam..从4月到9月三峡库区都有巴黎翠凤蝶出现,在5月形成1个小高峰,在7月和8月形成2个较大高峰,据此估计,三峡库区巴黎翠凤蝶1 a 3代的可能性最大.巴黎翠凤蝶的卵单独产于寄主植物的老熟叶片上,卵期约4～5 d;幼虫龄期25～30 d,分为5龄,独栖性,均栖于叶表;缢蛹,一般附着于寄主枝、叶下侧,蛹期12～15 d.

A glimpse into the biodiversity of insects in Yunnan: An updated and annotated checklist of butterflies(Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

DEAR EDITOR, We provide an annotated checklist of the butterflies of Yunnan, which includes 356 genera and 1 300 species in six families. The number of butterfly genera and species in Yunnan accounts for 79.8% and 58.6% of China’s total records, respectively. Thus, our study reveals that Yunnan has the highest butterfly diversity in China. This updated checklist also reports two genera and 18 species newly recorded from China as well as 36 species first recorded from Yunnan.

Segregation of F-2 interspecific hybrid growth performance and wing color patterns relative to parental species in the Papilio machaon species group （Lepidoptera： Papilionidae）

A strange Papilio female specimen with a prominent yellow wing band type very much like P. brevicauda （and also seen in P. machaon, and P. zelicaon） was captured in the forested mountains of southwest Vermont, USA. Despite its brevicauda-like appearance, it had mt-DNA of P. polyxenes. In eastern North America the P. brevicauda （Maritime Provinces of Canada） is currently believed to reflect previous （ancient） hybridization between ancestral P. machaon and P. polyxenes. It is uncertain whether the brevicauda-like wing trait features in the odd Vermont female may be a result of some introgression of P. machaon or P. brevicauda with P. polyxenes in eastern North America as seen also in the Ozark Mountains with P. joanae. Nonetheless, the significance of wing trait analyses in relation to hybrid zones with P. polyxenes remains relevant. The segregation of wing color patterns and hostplant use abilities （efficiencies and growth rates） were examined for laboratory hand-paired F-2 hybrids of P. zelicaon ~ Papilio polyxenes relative to the parental species and primary hybrids. The black adult color pattern characterizing P. polyxenes is presumed to be inherited as a simple autosomal dominant. These hybrids were examined to determine： （i） how F-1 primary hybrid offspring perform relative to the parental types in survival, growth rates, and growth efficiencies; and （ii） whether these larval traits and the adult color patterns might be linked with wing morphology in the F-2 hybrids. While the F-1 hybrids grew as well as the P. polyxenes parent （P. zelicaon was significantly less efficient and slower in growth than either of these）, we could not convincingly determine whether the growth performances of the F-2 segregants were linked with the parental wing patterns.

Salicaceae detoxification abilities in Florida tiger swallowtail butterflies （Papilio glaucus maynardi Gauthier）＂ Novel ability or Pleistocene holdover？

Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., have unique morphological features and ecological adaptations that have contributed to their subspecies status （P. g. rnaynardi Gauthier）. We describe geographically unique abilities for detoxification of Carolina willow, Salix caroliniana Michx. （Salicaceae）, for several Florida populations of P. g. maynardi. Of all the approximately 570 worldwide species of the Papilionidae, such Salicaceae detoxification abilities exist only in the allopatric North American western and northernmost species （P. rutulus Lucas, R eurymedon Lucas and P. canadensis Rothschild ＆ Jordan）. Females of P. glaucus collected from populations in southeastern USA were examined for oviposition preference in 5-choice assays, and displayed a low preference for Salicaceae （〈5%）, but larvae from Florida populations exhibited a high survival （〉 60%） on these plants. Detoxification abilities have previously shown to be autosomally inherited, and can be transferred via natural or hand-paired interspecific hybrid introgression. However, these Florida populations are at least 700-1 500 km from the nearest hybrids or the hybrid species, 17. appalachiensis Pavulaan ＆ Wright, which possess these detoxification abilities. In any case, the Z （ = X）-linked oviposition preferences for Salicaceae are lacking in these Florida populations, illustrating genetic independence ofoviposition preference determination and larval survival/performance abilities. The origins of detoxification abilities are unlikely to be due to recent climate-driven introgression, and may represent ancestral trait carry-overs from interglacial refugium populations of the Pleistocene epoch.

Experimental investigation on color variation mechanisms of structural light in Papilio maackii ménétriès butterfly wings

The body color in animals results from billions of years of their natural evolution in order to evade natural enemies, catch quarries or display themselves beauty, in-vestigation on mechanisms of structural light is an important aspect of bionics. Based on the phenomenon of Papilio maackii ménétriès’ blue scales changing into green ones immediately after dropping some alcohol aqua on the underwing sur-face and soon returning back to the original color, the relationship between micro-structure, optics characteristic of scales and changing color effect were studied using the Olympus Stereomicroscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Ultraviolet (UV)-Visible Spectropho-tometer. The color variation mechanisms of blue scales of Papilio maackii mé-nétriès in Chinese Northeast were revealed in this paper. When visible lights trav-eled through the concaver structure with multilayer reflector and the filled medium with different refractive indices, the reflected lights in definite wavelengths pro-duced interference and color at that wavelength came into being. It has important academic reference value to biomimetics design of video stealth materials.

Proteome changes in the plasma of Papilio xuthus (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae):effect of parasitization by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)

Although the biochemical dissection of parasitoid-host interactions is becoming well characterized, the molecular knowledge concerning them is minimal. In order to understand the molecular bases of the host immune response to parasitoid attack, we explored the response of Papilio xuthus parasitized by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum using proteomic approach. By examining the differential expression of plasma proteins in the parasitized and unparasitized host pupae by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, 16 proteins were found to vary in relation to parasitization compared with unparasitized control samples. All of them were submitted to identification by mass spectrometry coupled with a database search. The modulated proteins were found to fall into the following functional groups: humoral or cellular immunity, detoxification, energy metabolism, and others. This study contributes insights into the molecular mechanism of the relationships between parasitoids and their host insects.

Oviposition preference of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes （Lepidoptera Papilionidae） on four Rutaceae （Sapindales） host plant species

Oviposition preference and egg deposition site selection by the butterfly, Papilio polytes L. （Lepidoptera： Papilionidae） on four rutaceous host plants, Citrus aurantofolia （Christm.） Swing., Citrus hystrix DC., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Murraya koenigii （L.） Sprengel, were assessed in field cages measuring 2 × 2 ×2 m. Simultaneous two-choice and four-choice oviposition tests of whole host plants were conducted. The mean total number of eggs laid per plant on C. reticulata in the two-choice test was significantly higher （P 〈 0.01） than those on C. aurantifolia, C. hystrix, andM. koenigii. Among the three other host plants, C. aurantifolia was preferred over C. hystrix, and M. koenigii （P 〈 0.01） and C. hystrix was preferred over M. koenigii （P 〈 0.01）. In the four-choice test, C. reticulata was highly preferred and significantly different from C. hystrix and M. koenigii. However, no oviposition preference was detected with C. aurantifolia. Among the various plant parts in the two- and four-choice tests, eggs on leaves of each plant were the highest, followed by numbers on stems, and negligible numbers on pots. These numbers on leaves of C. reticulata and C. aurantifolia were not significantly different （P 〉 0.05）, but differed significantly （P 〈 0.01） from those on leaves of C. hystrix and M. koenigii. The quantitative trend of egg-laying on stems was very similar to that observed for the leaves. Papilio polytes showed strong preference to lay eggs on the underside of leaves of all host plants than on the upper side or on the petiole. More eggs were laid on the upper side of each host plant than on its petiole. The four host plants in descending order of preference were C. reticulata 〉 C. aurantifolia 〉 C. hystrix 〉 M. koenigii. Although M. koenigii was the least preferred, it has the potential to serve as an alternative host plant for P. polytes which can be manipulated when necessary, to alleviate the infestation of this pest to the citrus industry.

Photonic structure in the wings of Papilio Bianor Ganesa

We conducted structural characterizations, reflection measurements, and theoretical simulations on the iridescent green of the wings of Papilio bianor ganesa. We found that the green iridescence origi- nated from a stack of about 9 periodic structure composed of chitin layers and air-spacer layers. This periodic structure gave rise to a high-reflection band in yellowish-green part of the visible spectrum under normal incidence. With increasing incident angle, all reflection peaks showed a blue shift in wavelength. Based on the structural characterizations, the theoretical simulations accurately predicted the shifts in spectral reflectivity which might be observed experimentally.

Experimental investigation on the flow structure over a simplified Papilio Ulysses model

The aerodynamic characteristics of butterflies, especially those which can migrate overseas, have received a great deal of attention because they have larger-scale wingspans and lower flapping frequencies than other insects such as drosophilae and bees. The objective of this work is to investi-gate the flow structures over a simplified model of Papilio Ulysses, one kind of migratory butterflies, through hydrogen bubble visualizations, and leading-edge vortices, wing-tip vortices, separation bub-bles and horseshoe vortex wake are observed. Moreover, the variations of these structures with the angle of attack are discussed in detail. A new type of leading-edge vortices which resembles the inversed Chinese character "八" is observed in the experiment.

不同花椒品种对柑橘凤蝶幼虫的生长发育及生理酶活性的影响

为评估柑橘凤蝶幼虫对川渝地区引进花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum的风险,研究了不同花椒品种对柑橘凤蝶幼虫生长发育、取食量、解毒酶和消化酶活性的影响。以本地花椒品种‘遵红’和引进品种‘汉源’‘九叶青’‘藤椒’为寄主植物在饲养条件为(25±1)℃、相对湿度(70±10)%、L∶D=16∶8室内饲养柑橘凤蝶,比较不同寄主对其不同龄期幼虫的体长、头壳宽、发育历期的影响,并测定柑橘凤蝶5龄幼虫的取食量、消化酶(胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶)和解毒酶(谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、细胞色素P450酶、羧酸酯酶)活性。结果表明:取食不同花椒品种的柑橘凤蝶均能完成幼虫阶段的发育,取食‘九叶青’的柑橘凤蝶幼虫体长(24.79 mm)、头壳宽均最高(4.85 mm),且发育历期短(15.63 d)。取食‘九叶青’的柑橘凤蝶5龄第2天幼虫的取食量达1.74 g,且消化酶活性显著高于取食其他3个花椒品种的幼虫;但取食不同花椒品种的柑橘凤蝶5龄幼虫体解毒酶活性无显著变化。柑橘凤蝶对‘九叶青’具较好的适应性,在柑橘凤蝶进入老熟幼虫阶段需辅以其他防治手段。

玉带凤蝶成虫对柑橘枝叶挥发物的嗅觉和行为反应

【目的】玉带凤蝶Papilio polytes是柑橘类的重要害虫,其幼虫取食为害柑橘叶片。本研究旨在鉴定对玉带凤蝶成虫触角有电生理活性的柑橘枝叶挥发性成分,研究这些挥发性化合物对玉带凤蝶行为选择的影响,可以为进一步揭示玉带凤蝶的产卵选择机制及其防控与利用提供依据。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法收集柑橘枝叶挥发物,气质联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)及气相色谱-触角电位联用系统(coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection,GC-EAD)鉴定柑橘枝叶挥发物中对玉带凤蝶成虫触角有电生理活性的化学成分;进一步采用触角电位(electroantennogram,EAG)仪研究玉带凤蝶成虫对柑橘枝叶12种挥发性化合物(芳樟醇、柠檬醛、愈创木酚、叶醇、糠醇、壬醛、(+)-柠檬烯、(-)-柠檬烯、丁酸丁酯、1-壬醇、L-香芹酮和R-香芹酮)的EAG反应;通过T型嗅觉仪测定其中EAG反应值较高的5种挥发性化合物对玉带凤蝶成虫的嗅觉行为反应,并通过产卵选择实验测试其中具引诱作用的4种挥发性化合物对玉带凤蝶雌成虫产卵选择的影响。【结果】玉带凤蝶雌、雄成虫对所测试的芳樟醇等寄主植物挥发性化合物能产生浓度依赖的EAG反应。其中,1日龄和5日龄雌成虫对叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬醛和壬醛的EAG反应值分别显著高于1日龄和5日龄雄成虫,1日龄雌、雄成虫对叶醇、芳樟醇、壬醛、愈创木酚、1-壬醇、L-香芹酮和R-香芹酮的EAG反应值高于5日龄雌、雄成虫。嗅觉行为测试结果表明,在测试剂量为100μg时,芳樟醇对玉带凤蝶雌、雄成虫均有显著引诱作用;柠檬醛显著引诱雄成虫而对雌成虫引诱效果不显著;愈创木酚则显著引诱雄成虫而显著驱避雌成虫。产卵选择实验发现,芳樟醇、柠檬醛、壬醛和叶醇对玉带凤蝶的产卵行为均有一定引诱作用,其中叶醇和芳樟醇的产卵引诱效果显著。【结论】寄主柑橘枝叶的不同挥发性化合物对玉带凤蝶成虫的嗅觉行为和产卵偏好均有明显影响,其中芳樟醇对玉带凤蝶成虫的引诱作用和产卵引诱效果最强,说明其在玉带凤蝶成虫的定位和寄主选择中起重要作用。

光周期和温度对美凤蝶滞育诱导的影响

对光周期和温度对美凤蝶峨眉种群滞育诱导的影响进行了研究,结果表明:光周期对美凤蝶滞育的诱导作用与温度有关,在20℃的恒温条件下,光照在12～13 h范围内,随着光照时间的缩短,滞育个体增加,在光照时间短于12.5 h后达到100%;在25℃时,光照时间在11～13.5 h范围内,随光照时间的缩短,滞育率增加,但没有出现全部个体滞育的情况,最高滞育率为94.5%;在30℃时,在实验光周期范围内没有出现滞育个体。温度对滞育的影响受光周期的影响,在相同光照条件下,在一定温度范围内,随着温度的上升,滞育率下降,当温度上升幅度达到30℃,无论长短光照条件下均不出现滞育个体。只有在短光照条件下,低温才有利于滞育,而长光照和高温则有利于个体的发育而抑制滞育产生。短光照对滞育的诱导作用具有累积效应。在20℃恒温条件下,美凤蝶的临界光周期为LD 13 h 11 min∶10 h 49 min;而在25℃恒温条件下,美凤蝶的临界光周期为LD 12 h 49 min∶11 h 11 min。随着温度的升高,临界光照长度缩短。美凤蝶对光周期的敏感期为5龄幼虫。

光周期和温度对美凤蝶幼虫发育历期的影响

观察了人工气候箱中不同光周期和温度条件下美凤蝶幼虫生长发育。结果表明：光周期和温度对美凤蝶幼虫发育历期影响明显;在相同温度下,不同光周期下幼虫历期差异明显;在20℃12~14 h、25℃11~15 h、30℃11~15h光照下,历期分别为39.3~48.5、25.4~36、19.6~29 d,最长和最短历期分别相差9.2、10.6、9.6 d。随着温度升高,在相同光照下,幼虫发育历期缩短;在12.0、12.5、13.0、13.5、14.0 h光照下,幼虫发育起点温度分别为13.6、13.3、9.2、12.2、7.5℃,有效积温分别为332.7、340.5、372.1、350.9、475.4日度;光周期对幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温有一定影响。

柑橘凤蝶滞育期间糖类物质和脂肪含量变化

为系统了解柑橘凤蝶(Papilioxuthus L.)滞育特性,利用蒽酮比色法和重量法,测定了滞育蛹在滞育期间不同时期海藻糖、糖原和脂肪含量。结果表明,整个滞育期间,海藻糖含量在11.9033～41.8243mg/g,糖原含量在17.6807～36.652mg/g,脂肪含量在18.257～32.1995mg/g,变化幅度较大,分析表明,不同时期海藻糖、糖原和脂肪含量差异显著。海藻糖和糖原代谢与气温和滞育发育阶段有关。海藻糖、糖原和脂肪含量变化表明,三者一方面作为能量物质参与滞育期间能量代谢,另一方面则作为贮备物质参与滞育解除后各项生命活动。滞育初期存在海藻糖、糖原和脂肪积累。滞育期间海藻糖与糖原之间可能存在相互转化。柑橘凤蝶可能为除糖原积累型和海藻糖积累型外的另一种糖醇积累型,但不排除主要是通过能量的大量消耗来提高抗寒性,或两者兼而有之。

达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的营养成分分析

为了探寻达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的主要营养成分,评价它们的营养价值水平,为它们的食用开发提供理论基础。通过运用国家标准检测方法测定达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的水分、脂肪、蛋白质、矿质元素、氨基酸的含量,分析达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数,并将它们的蛋白质、脂肪、矿质元素含量与常见食物的含量进行比较分析。结果表明,达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的蛋白质含量分别为60.1%、78.3%和78.5%,脂肪含量分别为5.9%、6.8%和3.1%,碳水化合物含量分别为24.1%、9.8%和12.8%,灰分含量分别为9.9%、5.1%和5.6%,它们的矿质元素含量也非常丰富;达摩凤蝶凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的总氨基酸含量分别为519.9,648.7,406.5 mg/g,必需氨基酸总含量分别为177.9,197.6,119.4 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为34.2%、30.5%和29.4%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.52、0.44和0.42,达摩凤蝶幼虫和蛹的必需氨基酸指数分别为0.794、0.853和0.546。达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫具有高蛋白、低脂肪、矿质元素含量丰富等特点,但蛋白质质量一般,第一限制性氨基酸含量非常低,影响了其氨基酸结构的平衡。因此,达摩凤蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫具有一定的营养价值。

美凤蝶滞育期间糖类物质与脂肪含量变化研究

[目的]为系统了解关凤蝶的滞育特性。[方法]利用蒽酮比色法和重量法，测定滞育期间不同时期海藻糖、糖原和脂肪含量。[结果]整个滞育期间，海藻糖含量为7．7650-19．0993mg/g，糖原含量为3．6020—9．6347mg／g，脂肪含量为14．159～19．217mg/g，变化幅度较大。不同时期海藻糖、糖原含量差异显著，但脂肪含量变化不显著。[结论]海藻糖和糖原代谢与气温和滞育发育阶段有关。海藻糖、糖原和脂肪含量变化表明，三者一方面作为能量物质参与滞育期间能量代谢，另一方面则作为贮备物质参与滞育解除后各项生命活动。滞育初期存在糖原和脂肪积累。滞育期间海藻糖与糖原之间存在相互转化。美凤蝶为糖原积累型。

美凤蝶和玉斑凤蝶幼期形态记述及生物学初步观察

记述了美凤蝶和玉斑凤蝶的幼期形态特征、成虫和幼虫的主要习性。在四川峨眉,美凤蝶实验种群1年主要发生3代,以滞育蛹越冬;成虫访花,卵散产;幼虫5龄,分散栖息,以芸香科柑橘属植物为寄主。在西双版纳国家级自然保护区关坪管理站,玉斑凤蝶实验种群1年发生5代,以滞育蛹越冬;成虫访花,卵散产;幼虫5龄,分散栖息,以芸香科柑橘属和花椒属植物为寄主。建议在规模化养殖中,以柚和甜橙作为美凤蝶的寄主植物,以温州蜜柑和甜橙作为玉斑凤蝶的寄主植物。