Vibration properties of Paulownia wood for Ruan sound quality using machine learning methods

As an important material for manufacturing resonant components of musical instruments,Paulownia has an important influence on the sound quality of Ruan.In this paper,a model for evaluating the sound quality of Ruan based on the vibration characteristics of wood is developed using machine learning methods.Generally,the selection of materials for Ruan manufacturing relies primarily on manually weighing,observing,striking,and listening by the instrument technician.Deficiencies in scientific theory have hindered the quality of the finished Ruan.In this study,nine Ruans were manufactured,and a prediction model of Ruan sound quality was proposed based on the raw material information of Ruans.Out of a total of 180 data sets,145 and 45 sets were chosen for training and validation,respec-tively.In this paper,typical correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between two single indicators in two adjacent pairwise combinations of the measured objects in each stage of the production process in Ruan.The vibra-tion characteristics of the wood were tested,and a model for predicting the evaluation of Ruan’s acoustic qualities was developed by measuring the vibration characteristics of the resonating plate material.The acoustic quality of the Ruan sound board wood was evaluated and predicted using machine learning model generalized regression neural net-work.The results show that the prediction of Ruan sound quality can be achieved using Matlab simulation based on the vibration characteristics of the soundboard wood.When the model-predicted values were compared with the tradi-tional predicted results,it was found that the generalized regression neural network had good performance,achieving an accuracy of 93.8%which was highly consistent with the experimental results.It was concluded that the model can accurately predict the acoustic quality of the Ruan based on the vibration performance of the soundboards.

Identification of the SERK Gene Family in Paulownia fortunei and Its Involvement in the Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases(SERKs)are receptor-like proteins that contain leucine-rich repeats and are involved in various signaling pathways.This study identified SERK family members in the Paulownia fortunei genome and analyzed their characteristics and expression profiles using bioinformatics methods.We identified 12 SERK genes with relatively conserved gene structures and motifs that were distributed unevenly on eight Paulownia chromosomes.The gene promoters contained various cis-acting elements that regulated the expression of the PfSERK genes in response to hormones and abiotic stresses.Synteny analysis indicated that 10 segmental duplication events had occurred during evolution of the PfSERK family.The expression profile of PfSERKs in various tissues of Paulownia fortunei was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Many PfSERK genes can respond to drought and salt stress.Combined with RNA-seq and protein interaction network,it is speculated that PfSERK3/11 may participate in the occurrence of Paulownia witches’broom(PaWB)by regulating the plant height of Paulownia.

The effect of ensiled paulownia leaves in a high-forage diet on ruminal fermentation,methane production,fatty acid composition,and milk production performance of dairy cows

Background:The use of industrial by-products rich in bioactive compounds as animal feeds can reduce greenhouse gas production.Paulownia leaves silage(PLS)was supplemented to dairy cows'diet and evaluated in vitro(Exp.1;Rusitec)and in vivo(Exp.2,cannulated lactating dairy cows and Exp.3,non-cannulated lactating dairy cows).The study investigated the PLS effect on ruminal fermentation,microbial populations,methane production and concentration,dry matter intake(DMI),and fatty acid(FA)proportions in ruminal fluid and milk.Results:Several variables of the ruminal fluid were changed in response to the inclusion of PLS.In Exp.1,the p H increased linearly and quadratically,whereas ammonia and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations increased linearly and cubically.A linear,quadratic,and cubical decrease in methane concentration was observed with increasing dose of the PLS.Exp.2 revealed an increase in ruminal p H and ammonia concentrations,but no changes in total VFA concentration.Inclusion of PLS increased ruminal propionate(at 3 h and 6 h after feeding),isovalerate,and valerate concentrations.Addition of PLS also affected several populations of the analyzed microorganisms.The abundances of protozoa and bacteria were increased,whereas the abundance of archaea were decreased by PLS.Methane production decreased by 11%and 14%in PLS-fed cows compared to the control in Exp.2 and 3,respectively.Exp.3 revealed a reduction in the milk protein and lactose yield in the PLS-fed cows,but no effect on DMI and energy corrected milk yield.Also,the PLS diet affected the ruminal biohydrogenation process with an increased proportions of C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15,conjugated linoleic acid,C18:1 trans-11 FA,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),and reduced n6/n3 ratio and saturated fatty acids(SFA)proportion in milk.The relative transcript abundances of the 5 of 6 analyzed genes regulating FA metabolism increased.Conclusions:The dietary PLS replacing the alfalfa silage at 60 g/kg diet can reduce the methane emission and improve milk quality with greater proportions of PUFA,including conjugated linoleic acid,and C18:1 trans-11 along with reduction of SFA.

Callus induction from leaves of different paulownia species and its plantlet regeneration

The experiment was carried out on five different species of Paulownia for callus induction from leaves. MS medium was adopted as basic medium, and from different combinations of NAA and BA the suitable media were determined for callus induction, bud differentiation, and root differentiation of five different species. MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+2BA, MS+0.5NAA+4BA, MS+0.3NAA+6BA, and MS+0.3NAA+8BA were suitable media of callus inductions of leaves, respectively, for Paulownia tomentosa, Paulownia australis, Paulownia fortunei, Paulownia elongata and P. tmentosa x P. fortunei, and MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.3NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, MS+0.5NAA+12BA, and MS+0.7NAA+12BA were suitable media for bud differentiation from leaf callus respectively for above five species. The rooting media was determined as 2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS+0.1NAA, 1/2MS, 1/2MS+0.3NAA, and 1/2MS+0.5NAA. These results provide reference data for breeding new fine va-rieties with different kinds of Paulownia protoplasts fusions.

Protein diversity of Paulownia plant leaves and clusters

Paulownia tomentosa, P. fargesii, P. lamprorhylla, P. albiphloea, P. australis, P. fortunei, P. elongata, P. elongata f.alba and P. albiphloea var c henggtuensis were classified into three groups: P. fortunei group (P. fortunei a nd P. elongata f. alba); P. australis group (P. australis and P. albiphloea var chenggtuensis) and P. tomentasa group (P. tomentasa, P. fargesii, P. albiprhlaca , P. lamproprhylia and P. elongata ) accordance to the results of the single and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of protein in the Paulownia tree leaves. The result co uld lay a foundation for classifying the Genus Paulownia plants.

Identification and Control of Paulownia fortunei Witches Broom Disease

Pathogen and characteristics,occurrence law,damage symptom of Paulownia fortunei witches broom disease were simply described,and the control method of the disease was summarized.

速生材制生物机械浆的研究(Ⅰ)——泡桐(Paulownia elongate)真菌预处理机械浆

研究了泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔｅ）木片用三种真菌（ＰｈａｎｅｒｏｃｈａｅｔｅｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍＭＥ４４６及其变异株ＬＩＰ１４和商品菌Ｏｐｈｉｓｔｏｍａｐｉｌｉｆｅｒｕｍ）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成、磨浆能耗、纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）ＬＩＰ１４及ＭＥ４４６预处理后，木片失重４３１％～５４２％，其中１９６％～２１６％为木质素损失；Ｏ．Ｐ．菌预处理后，木片热水抽出物降低了３３１％，苯醇抽出物减少１２１％；（２）磨浆度５５°ＳＲ，三种菌可节省能耗１３２％～２２４％，裂断长提高７９％～３０％，耐破度提高１５２％～８８％，撕裂度提高３８％～１２％，白度下降３％～４％ＩＳＯ，光散射系数下降１００％～１４６％，不透明度变化不大。综合能耗节省与强度性质的提高，ＬＩＰ１４优于Ｏ．Ｐ．菌，Ｏ．Ｐ．菌优于ＭＥ４４６。

Spatial pattern of paulownia witches' broom and its effects on the growth of Paulownia elongata in Shaanxi Province,China

The spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom was investigated using an Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model in Shaanxi Province, China. Iwao＇s （m^＊-m） model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches＇ broom exhibited a uniform distribution in sample plots. In this model, characteristics of contagiousness coefficient （a） justified the probability of infection by virus-transmission vectors. For tree age less than six, susceptible individuals were aggregated as clusters in the plots and then mutually repelled over age. A preliminary survey of stand volume show that from age five to six, stand volumes of disease grade II showed excessive vegetative growth and returned to normal level between ages ten and 11. Loss rate of volume increment with disease grade II decreased, and then returned to raising trend both at grades III and IV. This phenomenon is possibly caused by an over-compensation effect and by environmental factors. The redundancy of growth hormones in branches, shoots, leaves, buds and roots increased the stem volume of entire trees.

Factors of affecting the spring back of compressed Paulownia wood

in order to increase its hardness and gravity as well as dimension stability, the technology of hotcompressing on P8ulownla wood was studied. The main factors of affecting the spring back of the compressedPaulownis samples were discussed. It was discovered that every factor in the experiment had obvious effects onwood hardness and dimension stability of compressed wood. When the MC (Moisture Content) of experimentalspecimens was 13.89%, it was useful to spray water on the surface of samples before hot pressing. The best reSult was the recovery of compression set could decrease from 90.69O/O of untreated wood to 45.51 % of soakingspecimens into PF (Phenol Formaldehyde) water solution. The hot pressing time was 8 min at 190℃.

Relationship between Witches' Broom Protein and Dynamic of Some Amino Acids in Paulownia Tree Leaves

This paper dealt with the SDS polyacrymide gel electrophoresis of proteins ahd analysis of the amino acids in the diseasedand healthy leaves with the same strain respectively, which were at the same side and height, of Paulownia catalpifolia, P. elongata, P. albiphloea and P. kauakamii respectively. The results indicated that the leaves of 4 species of Paulownia trees with witches' broom had one protein band, of which molecular weight was 12 kD, which did not appear in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas. Moreover, the protein quantity in the affected leaves was more than that in the healthy leaves free of phytoplasmas, At the same time, there was significant difference on the amino acids between the healthy and diseased leaves of P. catalpifolia and P. kawakamii. The amount of cystine in the affected leaves was higher than that in the healthy leaves, but the change of amount of phenylalanine in the affected and healthy leaves was contrary.These changes of proteins and amino acids in the leaves might be related to the witches' broom of the Parlounia trees.

Paulownia Tree Planting in Sardinia （Italy） and Its Evaluation for Agroforestry Systems and Sustainable Land Use

The work reports about the establishment and the development after two years of a Paulownia tree plantation in a large and homogeneous agricultural area, representative as a test site for climate, soil and land use characters of the countryside of Oristano, central Sardinia, Italy. The first results showed that the role assigned to Paulownia trees can be a beneficial system leading to a low carbon and high biomass productive agriculture in short time.

Anti-inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of Total Flavonoids from the Phloem of Paulownia elongate S.Y. Hu in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages

The juice leaked from broken phloem of Paulownia elongate S.Y.Hu has been used to cure acute inflammation resulted from stung injury by poisonous insects for a long time in China,but its potential mechanism remains unclear.The present study was designed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of total flavonoids from the phloem of P.elongate S.Y.Hu in RAW264.7 cells.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO)was measured by Griess and mRNA of pro-inflammatory mediators was analyzed by q-PCR.Cell viability was measured using cell counting kit(CCK)-8 assay.The protein level was analyzed by Western blot.The results showed that the total flavonoids of P.elongate significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO,interleukin(IL)-1β and interleukin(IL)-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Total flavonoids of P.elongate exerted potential anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of several signaling pathways.Total flavonoids of P.elongate inhibited JAK/STAT by blocking JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation levels.This is the first report on anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from the phloem of P.elongate,which suggests that the total flavonoids of P.elongate may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drug to treat inflammatory disorders.

速生材制生物机械浆研究 Ⅱ、泡桐(Paulowniaelongata)酶液预处理机械浆

研究了兰考泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）木片用４种酶液（纤维素酶液ＥＳ２８、半纤维素酶ＥＡｎ７６、木质素酶Ｅ０２５及Ｅ０１４）预处理制生物机械浆。测定了预处理对木片主要化学组成、磨浆能耗、纸浆强度的影响。结果表明：（１）Ｅ０１４、Ｅ０２５、ＥＳ２８、ＥＡｎ７６预处理后，木片失重３．１８％～３．７２％，其中３．９％～１８．６％为木质素损失，纤维素损失则高达３８．２％～４６．２％；（２）磨浆度为５５ＳＲ时，４种酶液可节省能耗２．０％～７．０％，裂断长变化为－１８．１％～７．９％，耐破度变化为－１３％～７．３％，撕裂度为－１２．９％～８．４％，光学性质（如白度、光散射系数）变化不大，不透明度几乎不变。综合能耗节省与强度性质的提高，Ｅ０１４及ＥＡｎ７６效果较好，ＥＳ２８则由于纤维素酶对纤维的损伤效果不佳，Ｅ０２５效果则一般。

Laws of annual nutrient uptake in a Paulownia plantation

Characteristics of annual nutrient uptake of a 8-yr.-old Paulownia(Paulownia tomenlosa Steed×Paulownia fortunei Hemsl) plantation (spacing 6m×10m) at Fengqiu Paulownia Experimental Station in the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River plains were studied within 2 years.Annual total uptakes of 5 macronutrients (N,P,K,Ca and Mg)in 1989 and 1990 were 287.3238 and 242.4234 kg/(hm￣2.a),respectively. The study came to the following laws:(1)the nutrient uptakes of the Paulownia organs followed the order:leaves>branches>flowers>stems> roots;(2) the uptakes for different nutrient elements followed the sequence: N>Ca>K>P>Mg;(3)different organs of the Paulownia showed selective uptake and retention for the essential nutrients;(4) Paulownia's uptake of nutrient elements was mainly conducted during the period between the beginning of growth and the end of July.

Survivorship, attained diameter, height and volume of three Paulownia species after 9 years in the southern Appalachians, USA

Little is known of the tree and stand dynamics of varied species of planted Paulownia left unmanaged until harvest in the southeastern United States.We sought to remedy this lack of information needed by land managers to make informed decisions by investigating diff erences in survivorship,attained diameter breast height(DBH),diameter at ground level,total height,tree volume and standlevel volume yields of planted P.elongata,P.fortunei,and P.tomentosa in the cool-moist environment of the southern Appalachian Mountains.After 9 years,combined-species survivorship was only 27.3%.Low survivorship was likely related to several inclement weather events.P.fortunei was signifi cantly smaller in DBH and total height.Three combined-species stem(bole)volume models were developed as functions of(1)DBH squared,(2)the product DBH squared and total height,and(3)the product diameter ground line squared and total height.Mean total volume production of unmanaged stands was greatest for P.elongata and P.fortunei 4 years after planting;by the 9th year,total volume of P.elongata was greater than the other two species.Results of our study provide managers information on productivity of three species of Paulownia that can be used for estimating plantation yields.

Study on the Germination of Paulownia Tomentosa Seeds in Different Provenances and Its Cluster

This paper dealt with the studying the germination percentage. germination potential and analyzing thegermination of the seeds wtith different treatments by systematic statistics method Seeds were collected from 14 prove-nances in September 1994. The results indicated that the germination percentage and germinalion potential of the seeds invarious provenances were different. Both indexes in Nanchang area was much lower than those in the rest provcnances.The germination percentage and germination potenlial of the seeds in different provenance deelined after the seeds weretreated with aging for one year. The light treatment might promotes the germination percentage more effectively than thegermination potential. In addition. fuzzy cluster may refleet the relationship among germination in different protenances.

Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Vegetative and Generative Organs of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., 1841

High concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, As, Cd) were found in the vegetative and generative organs of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., 1841) in industrial production zones and along transport routes in Samarkand, Samarkand region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The obtained results confirm the potential of using this plant for phytoremediation purposes.

A Green GIS Solution against Air Pollution in the Province of Bergamo: The Paulownia Tree

The paper describes a GIS approach to identify the most suitable areas for growing the Paulownia tree in the Province of Bergamo;this work will become the subject of a dissertation thesis at the School of Engineering of the University of Bergamo. Paulownia is quite an ancient tree, well known especially in the far east countries, for its wonderful flowers and the quality of the wood which is a source of certain profit. The paper is focused on the employment of the Paulownia tree against air pollution, since its big leaves absorb high amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and can capture the small particles of pollutants in the air ten times more than any other tree species. First, the analysis identifies the most favourable areas for its growth in the Province of Bergamo. Secondly, among the latter, the analysis detects the strategic areas for its growth near the most polluted zones. Finally, a quantitative evaluation is carried out about the trees contribution against pollutants in the atmosphere.

Teratogenic Effect of Paulownia Flower Extract on Rats

In this study, Paulownia flower extract of different concentrations was administered to pregnant rats by gavage to investigate its teratogenic effect. It was found that Paulownia has neither teratogenic effect nor growth inhibitory effect on rats, and it can be used in animal production as new feed additive.

Kinetic Dependences of Two-Stage Dilute Acid and Enzyme Hydrolysis of Paulownia tomentosa

The sugars potential ofPaulownia tomentosa is estimated by dilute acid pretreatment and cellulase hydrolysis. The kinetics of dilute （1%） sulfuric acid hydrolysis is studied at temperatures of 100 ℃, 120 ℃ and 130 ℃, while the kinetics of the subsequent enzyme hydrolysis is examined at a temperature of 50 ℃ and reaction time varied from 60 to 300 min using cellulase complex NS 50013 and β-glucosidase N S 50010. The reducing sugars formation is modeled as a pseudo-homogeneous first order reaction in view of the kinetics of dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The results obtained indicate that the reaction proceeds in an energetically homogeneous system （E = const） providing identical accessibility of the reagent to the hydrolyzing sites （A = const）. The enzyme hydrolysis kinetics follows heterogeneous catalytic mechanism. The process is described by an exponential kinetic equation, which is well recognised in case of processes on uniformly inhomogeneous surfaces. The current rate decreases significantly probably because of exhaustion of the available active sites on the surface and steric hindrances due to the presence of lignin. This investigation provides information of importance for the fermentation step of the bio-ethanol production process.