Chemical surface tuning of zinc metal anode toward stable,dendrite-less aqueous zinc-ion batteries

The commercialization of Zn batteries is confronted with urgent challenges in the metal anode,such as dendrite formation,capacity loss,and cracking or dissolution.Here,surface interfacial engineering of the Zn anode is introduced for achieving safety and dendritic-free cycling for high-performance aqueous Zn batteries through a simple but highly effective chemical etching-substitution method.The chemical modification induces a rough peak-valley surface with a thin fluorine-rich interfacial layer on the Zn anode surface,which regulates the growth orientation via guiding uniform Zn plating/stripping,significantly enhances accessibility to aqueous electrolytes and improves wettability by reducing surface energy.As a result,such a synergetic surface effect enables uniform Zn plating/stripping with low polarization of 29 m V at a current density of 0.5 m A cm^(-2) with stable cyclic performance up to 1000 h.Further,a full cell composed of a fluorine-substituted Zn anode coupled with aβ-MnO_(2)or Ba-V_(6)O_(13)cathode demonstrates improved capacity retention to 1000 cycles compared to the pristine-Zn cells.The proposed valley deposition model provides the practical direction of surface-modified interfacial chemistries for improving the electrochemical properties of multivalent metal anodes via surface tuning.

Local Geometric Proof of Riemann Conjecture

Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying ζ and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function , , by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v=0 if β=0, and basic expression . We show that |u| is single peak in each root-interval of u for fixed β ∈(0,1/2]. Using the slope ut, we prove that v has opposite signs at two end-points of Ij. There surely exists an inner point such that , so {|u|,|v|/β} form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound in Ij. Because each t must lie in some Ij, then ||ξ|| > 0 is valid for any t (i.e. RH is true). Using the positivity of Lagarias (1999), we show the strict monotone for β > β0 ≥ 0 , and the peak-valley structure is equiva-lent to RH, which may be the geometric model expected by Bombieri (2000). This research follows Liuhui’s methodology: “Computing can detect the un-known and method”.

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.

Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of 2-（Imidazo[1,2-α]pyri-din-2-yl）- 2-oxoacetic Acid and Its Perchlorate

We herein report two crystals based on 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）-2-oxoacetic acid rad- ical and its perchlorate, and investigate the relationship between magnetic properties and crystal stacking structures or supramolecular interactions. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical in two crystals mainly exist as diamagnetic dimer formed via short atomic contacts or supramolecular interactions （hydrogen bonds, anion-Tr or lone- pair-~r interactions）, leading to low magnetic susceptibilities. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical crystal exhibits quasi-one-dimensional columnar stacking chain and weak antiferromagnetism. However, its perchlorate crystal possesses one-dimensional double- stranded chain structure assembled through double hydrogen bonds and anion-To interactions, and reveals weak ferromagnetism.

Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

Geometric Proof of Riemann Conjecture

This paper proves Riemann conjecture (RH), i.e., that all the zeros in critical region of Riemann ξ -function lie on symmetric line σ =1/2 . Its proof is based on two important properties: the symmetry and alternative oscillation for ξ = u + iv . Denote . Riemann proved that u is real and v ≡ 0 for β =0 (the symmetry). We prove that the zeros of u and v for β > 0 are alternative, so u (t,0) is the single peak. A geometric model was proposed. is called the root-interval of u (t,β) , if |u| > 0 is inside Ij and u = 0 is at its two ends. If |u (t,β)| has only one peak on each Ij, which is called the single peak, else called multiple peaks (it will be proved that the multiple peaks do not exist). The important expressions of u and v for β > 0 were derived. By , the peak u (t,β) will develop toward its convex direction. Besides, ut (t,β) has opposite signs at two ends t = tj , tj+1 of Ij , also does, then there exists some inner point t′ such that v (t′,β) = 0. Therefore {|u|,|v|/β} in Ij form a peak-valley structure such that has positive lower bound independent of t ∈ Ij (i.e. RH holds in Ij ). As u (t,β) does not have the finite condensation point (unless u = const.), any finite t surely falls in some Ij , then holds for any t (RH is proved). Our previous paper “Local geometric proof of Riemann conjecture” (APM, V.10:8, 2020) has two defects, this paper has amended these defects and given a complete proof of RH.

Improved strength and ductility of high alloy containing Al–12Zn–3Mg–2.5Cu alloy by combining non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling

Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of a-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room tem- perature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects （e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains）. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.

Design, Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photophysical Properties of New Oxadiazole Extended Viologen Fluorophore

Viologens (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxidation catalysts in alkaline fuel. In this article, we investigated the design, synthesis and photophysical properties of N,N'-dimethyl-2,5-Bis(pyridinium)oxadiazole 4 and its precursor 2,5- Bis(pyridine)oxadiazole 2. The crystal structure and photophysical properties of viologen 4 and precursor 2 have been determined. The viologen molecule 4 crystallized in monoclinic form, space group P21/n with four molecules in unit cell. Precursor molecule 2 also crystalized in monoclinic form, space group C2/c with four molecules in unit cell. From X-rd data, we found three cations in the molecular structure of viologen molecule 4, which is unusual in viologens. In the three-dimensional molecular packing diagram of molecule 4, the three cations and iodate anions are stabilized by C···C, C···I, N···I, N···H, H···I, N—H···I and C—H···I. The dihedral angle between planes having oxadiazole and two benzene rings are 5°and 8°, suggesting the molecule 4 is a slightly strained one. The molecular structure of precursor molecule 2 stabilized by C···C and N···H short contacts between the molecules. The molecule 4 displayed strong absorbance at 315 nm and emissions between 390 - 410 nm.

Spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of one-dimensional nanostructures

In recent years,one-dimensional(1D)nanomaterials have raised researcher's interest because of their unique structur-al characteristic to generate and confine the optical signal and their promising prospects in photonic applications.In this re-view,we summarized the recent research advances on the spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of 1D nanostructures.First,the condensation and propagation of exciton-polaritons in nanowires(NWs)are introduced.Second,we discussed the properties of 1D photonic crystal(PC)and applications in photonic-plasmonic structures.Third,the observation of topological edge states in 1D topological structures is introduced.Finally,the perspective on the potential opportunities and remaining chal-lenges of 1D nanomaterials is proposed.

A Review of Studies of Polymeric Membranes by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

A review is presented of studies of polymeric membranes by applying positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS）. PALS has been used to study subnanometer-sized holes, to determine their size distribution and free-volume fractions, and to probe molecular-sized vacancies in glassy polymers. At present, PALS is believed to be a highly effective physical method for the examination of polymeric membranes.

Design and Fabrication of Novel Dual-Base Negative-Differential-Resistance Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor

Based on planar Si dual-base transistor conception, a novel mesa dual-base heterojunc- tion bipolar transistor ( HBT) is designed and fabricated. Molecule beam extension. selective wet chemical etching, common contact photolithography and metal lift-off technique are adopted in the process. The device has particular and distinct voltage-controlled negative differential resistance (NDR) and photo-controlled NDR. The highest peak-to-vally current rate of the voltage-controlled NDR is larger than 148 and the peak current varies with the increase of collector voltage. The device features high speed and high frequency characteristics derived from HBT and intrinsic bistability and self-latching characteristics due to NDR. A single dual-base HBT can be seen as an integration of NDR device, HBT and photoconductive device. Compared with common HBT.the groove is the key factor producing NDR.

The Symmetry of Riemann <i>ξ</i>-Function

To prove RH, studying ζ and using pure analysis method likely are two kinds of the incorrect guide. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v = 0 if β = 0, and Assume that |u| is single peak in each root-interval of u for any fixed β ∈ (0,1/2], using the slope ut of the single peak, we prove that v has opposite signs at two end-points of Ij, there surely is an inner point so that v = 0, so {|u|,|v|/β}form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound in Ij. Because each t must lie in some Ij , then ||ξ|| > 0 is valid for any t. In this way, the summation process of ξ is avoided. We have proved the main theorem: Assume that u (t, β) is single peak, then RH is valid for any . If using the equivalence of Lagarias (1999), the assumption of single peak can be canceled. Therefore our new thinking is that we have found the local peak-valley structure of ξ, which may be the geometry structure expected by Bombieri (2000), and proposed a basic framework of proving RH by geometric analysis.

Evaluating the Competitive Position of Port of Douala in Central Africa Regional Ports Market Conduct Using the SSA

This paper aims to analyze the competitive position of Port of Douala in Central African ports market structure. In other words, it consists of measuring port market level and competitiveness through an assessment of their growth rate and market share. The purpose of the paper is to provide us with information on periodical changing status of ports competing with each other. It also provides us with an effective managerial tool to port operators in the assessment of ports market share and position. For doing so, the measurement technique as Shift-Share Analysis was applied in the study by using a panel dataset of the 7 selected ports of Central Africa sub-region from 2008 to 2018. The paper used the recent dynamics and characteristics of port market in terms of port throughputs to compare the yearly trend and market share. By conducting the study of the market growth rate model, the findings showed that the Port of Douala was the top leader of the market in 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2018. The findings also revealed the competitive positions of these ports under study have changed over the period of study due to the significant change of their market share with average growth rates. The final results showed that several determinant factors have affected the present hierarchy of competitiveness level in the selected ports market especially with small and medium size ports that are strengthening their positions vis-a-vis larger ones. However, the results could be used for analyzing the relative efficiency and overall performance of the Central African Sub-regional seaports including the Cameroonian ports.

The MuItilayer Fabric Structures for Conveyer Belts

The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.

Formation of Hybrid Ring Structure of Cyanurate/Isocyanurate in the Reaction be-tween 2,4,6-Tris(4-Phenyl-Phenoxy)-1, 3,5-Triazine and Phenyl Glycidyl Ether

Reaction products of 2,4,6-tris(4-phenyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine derived from 4-phenylphenol cyanate ester and phenyl glycidyl ether were analyzed. In addition to an isocyanurate compound and an oxazolidone compound which were well known as reaction products of cyanate esters and epoxy resins, compounds with hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate were determined. Gibbs free energies of the compound having hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate with two isocyanurate moiety were found to be lower than that of the compound with cyanurate ring structure through calculations. Calculation data supported the existence of hybrid ring structure of cy-anurate/isocyanurate. It was revealed that isomerization from cyanurate to isocyanurate occurs via hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate in the reaction of aryl cyanurate and epoxy.

Large-scale data-driven and physics-based models offer insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes

The organized three-dimensional chromosome architecture in the cell nucleus provides scaffolding for precise regulation of gene expression.When the cell changes its identity in the cell-fate decision-making process,extensive rearrangements of chromo-some structures occur accompanied by large-scale adaptations of gene expression,underscoring the importance of chromosome dynamics in shaping genome function.Over the last two decades,rapid development of experimental methods has provided unprecedented data to characterize the hierarchical structures and dynamic properties of chromosomes.In parallel,these enormous data offer valuable opportunities for developing quantitative computational models.Here,we review a variety of large-scale polymer models developed to investigate the structures and dynamics of chromosomes.Different from the underlying modeling strategies,these approaches can be classified into data-driven(‘top-down’)and physics-based(‘bottom-up’)categories.We discuss their contributions to offering valuable insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes and propose the perspective of developing data integration approaches from different experimental technologies and multidisciplinary theoretical/simulation methods combined with different modeling strategies.

An optimization strategy of controlled electric vehicle charging considering demand side response and regional wind and photovoltaic

Renewable energy,such as wind and photovoltaic(PV),produces intermittent and variable power output.When superimposed on the load curve,it transforms the load curve into a‘load belt’,i.e.a range.Furthermore,the large scale development of electric vehicle(EV)will also have a significant impact on power grid in general and load characteristics in particular.This paper aims to develop a controlled EV charging strategy to optimize the peak-valley difference of the grid when considering the regional wind and PV power outputs.The probabilistic model of wind and PV power outputs is developed.Based on the probabilistic model,the method of assessing the peak-valley difference of the stochastic load curve is put forward,and a two-stage peak-valley price model is built for controlled EV charging.On this basis,an optimization model is built,in which genetic algorithms are used to determine the start and end time of the valley price,as well as the peak-valley price.Finally,the effectiveness and rationality of the method are proved by the calculation result of the example.

Crystal structure of the ubiquitin-like domain of human TBK1

TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)is an important enzyme in the regulation of cellular antiviral effects.TBK1 regulates the activity of the interferon regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7,thereby playing a key role in type I interferon(IFN)signaling pathways.The structure of TBK1 consists of an N-terminal kinase domain,a middle ubiquitin-like domain(ULD),and a C-terminal elongated helical domain.It has been reported that the ULD of TBK1 regulates kinase activity,playing an important role in signaling and mediating interactions with other molecules in the IFN pathway.In this study,we present the crystal structure of the ULD of human TBK1 and identify several con-served residues by multiple sequence alignment.We found that a hydrophobic patch in TBK1,containing residues Leu316,Ile353,and Val382,corresponding to the“Ile44 hydrophobic patch”observed in ubiquitin,was conserved in TBK1,IκB kinase epsilon(IKKε/IKKi),IκB kinase alpha(IKKα),and IκB kinase beta(IKKβ).In com-parison with the structure of the IKKβULD domain of Xenopus laevis,we speculate that the Ile44 hydrophobic patch of TBK1 is present in an intramolecular binding surface between ULD and the C-terminal elongated heli-ces.The varying surface charge distributions in the ULD domains of IKK and IKK-related kinases may be relevant to their specificity for specific partners.

Depletion of phosphatidyl-glycerol head-group induces changes in oxygen evolution and protein secondary structures of photosystem Ⅱ

The techniques of oxygen electrode polarogra-phy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to explore the roles of polar head-group of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecules in the functional and structural aspects of photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) through enzymatic approach. It was shown that the depletion of PG by treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) on PS Ⅱ particles caused the inhibition of oxygen evolving activity in PS Ⅱ. This effect also gave rise to changes in the protein secondary structures of PS Ⅱ, that is, an increase in a-helical conformation which is compensated by the loss of p-strand structures. It revealed that the head-group of PG molecules plays an important structural role in the maintenance of normal structure of PS Ⅱ proteins, which is required to maintain the appropriate physiological activity of the PS Ⅱ complex such as the oxygen evolving activity. It is suggested that there most probably exist hydrogen-bonding interactions between PG molecules and PS Ⅱ proteins.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Thermal Behavior of GZTO·H2O

Guanidimium-4,4-azo-l-hydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one （GZTO·H2O） was synthesized from 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol- 5-one as a starting material by two-step including oxidation coupling using acid KMnO4 and reaction with （NH2）2C=NHoHNO3 （GN） in KOH solution. The single crystal of the title compound was obtained by slow evapo- ration method at room temperature, and its structure was firstly determined with X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. It is a orthorhombic crystal, space group Pbca with cell dimensions of a = 1.0459（2） nm, b =- 1.3584（3） nm, c= 1.6103（3） nm, a= 90.00（10）°, β=90.00（11）°,γ=90.00（11）°, V=2.2878（8） nm3, Z=8, De= 1.587 gocm-3, F（000） = 1136,/l = 0.132 mm- 1, R1 = 0.0455, wR2 = 0. 1397. The thermal behavior of GZTO·H2O was studied under a non-isothermal condition by DSC-TGA method, and its thermal decomposition process can be divided into three stages, and the first stage is an intense exothermic decomposition process. The second stage and the third stage are slow exothermic decomposition processes. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 237.74℃.