Assessment of Dependent Performance Shaping Factors in SPAR-H Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient

With the improvement of equipment reliability,human factors have become the most uncertain part in the system.The standardized Plant Analysis of Risk-Human Reliability Analysis(SPAR-H)method is a reliable method in the field of human reliability analysis(HRA)to evaluate human reliability and assess risk in large complex systems.However,the classical SPAR-H method does not consider the dependencies among performance shaping factors(PSFs),whichmay cause overestimation or underestimation of the risk of the actual situation.To address this issue,this paper proposes a new method to deal with the dependencies among PSFs in SPAR-H based on the Pearson correlation coefficient.First,the dependence between every two PSFs is measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient.Second,the weights of the PSFs are obtained by considering the total dependence degree.Finally,PSFs’multipliers are modified based on the weights of corresponding PSFs,and then used in the calculating of human error probability(HEP).A case study is used to illustrate the procedure and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Monitoring and evaluation of the water quality of the Lower Neches River, Texas, USA

Increasing bacteria levels in the Lower Neches River caused by Hurricane Harvey has been of a serious concern.This study is to analyze the historical water sampling measurements and real-time water quality data collected with wireless sensors to monitor and evaluate water quality under different hydrological and hydraulic conditions.The statistical and Pearson correlation analysis on historical water samples determines that alkalinity,chloride,hardness,conductivity,and pH are highly correlated,and they decrease with increasing flow rate due to dilution.The flow rate has positive correlations with Escherichia coli,total suspended solids,and turbidity,which demonstrates that runoff is one of the causes of the elevated bacteria and sediment loadings in the river.The correlation between E.coli and turbidity indicates that turbidity greater than 45 nephelometric turbidity units in the Neches River can serve as a proxy for E.coli to indicate the bacterial outbreak.A series of statistical tools and an innovative two-layer data smoothing filter are developed to detect outliers,fill missing values,and filter spikes of the sensor measurements.The correlation analysis on the sensor data illustrates that the elevated sediment/bacteria/algae in the river is either caused by the first flush rain and heavy rain events in December to March or practices of land use and land cover.Therefore,utilizing sensor measurements along with rainfall and discharge data is recommended to monitor and evaluate water quality,then in turn to provide early alerts on water resources management decisions.

Spatio-temporal Variation Characteristics of Extreme Climate Events and Their Teleconnections to Large-scale Ocean-atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Huaihe River Basin,China During 1959–2019

Huaihe River Basin(HRB) is located in China’s north-south climatic transition zone,which is very sensitive to global climate change.Based on the daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,and precipitation data of 40 meteorological stations and nine monthly large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices data during 1959–2019,we present an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations of extreme temperature and precipitation events in the HRB using nine extreme climate indices,and analyze the teleconnection relationship between extreme climate indices and large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices.The results show that warm extreme indices show a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend,while cold extreme indices(except for cold spell duration) and diurnal temperature range(DTR) show a significant decreasing trend.Furthermore,all extreme temperature indices show significant mutations during 1959-2019.Spatially,a stronger warming trend occurs in eastern HRB than western HRB,while maximum 5-d precipitation(Rx5day) and rainstorm days(R25) show an increasing trend in the southern,central,and northwestern regions of HRB.Arctic oscillation(AO),Atlantic multidecadal oscillation(AMO),and East Atlantic/Western Russia(EA/WR) have a stronger correlation with extreme climate indices compared to other circulation indices.AO and AMO(EA/WR) exhibit a significant(P < 0.05) negative(positive)correlation with frost days and diurnal temperature range.Extreme warm events are strongly correlated with the variability of AMO and EA/WR in most parts of HRB,while extreme cold events are closely related to the variability of AO and AMO in eastern HRB.In contrast,AMO,AO,and EA/WR show limited impacts on extreme precipitation events in most parts of HRB.

Crustal vertical deformation of Amazon Basin derived from GPS and GRACE/GFO data over past two decades

In this study,the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite observations,combining 71 continuous Global Positioning System(CGPS)data,are used to detect surface vertical loading deformation of the Amazon Basin during 2002-2020.The results show that the maximal annual amplitude of the surface mass changes derived by GRACE is more than 80 cm in terms of the equivalent water height(EWH)in the Amazon Basin.Most part of Amazon experiences mass gain,especially the Amazon River,while there is little mass loss in the northern and eastern parts.Through the Pearson correlation analysis,the monthly de-trended time series of GPS-observed vertical deformation and GRACE-derived mass loading are in good agreement with an average correlation coefficient of about 0.75 throughout the Amazon region.The common seasonal signals of GPS vertical displacements and GRACE/GFO loading deformations are extracted using the stack averaging.The two kinds of common seasonal signals show a good consistency,and together indicate approximate 20 mm peak-to-peak seasonal amplitude.Strong annual variations are identified both in the monthly GPS and GRACE/GFO data by the wavelet analysis.However,the time-frequency spectrum of GPS has more signal details and more significant semi-annual variations than that of GRACE/GFO.These results may contribute to the understanding of secular crustal vertical deformation in the Amazon Basin.

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Parameters as Veritable Indicators of Faecal Escherichia coli Contamination of Surface Waters

There is need for alternate quick-search of pathogens’distribution in community water sources,instead of the cumbersome“Escherichia coli detection.”Physical and chemical(physico-chemical)parameters were evaluated as veritable indicators of faecal Escherichia coli contamination of surface waters,using Adada River in Nigeria as case-study.Thirty-two(32)physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in the river(at specified geographical coordinates)for their quality and quantity and connected(using Pearson’s Correlation Analysis)with the distribution of the river’s isolated Escherichia coli.The 32 physico-chemical parameters consist of 11 cations,6 anions,7 physical properties,3 properties relating to oxygen and 5 properties relating to anions/cations.Physico-chemical indices from the analysis,revealed very significant positive correlation relationship of Escherichia coli with the presence of Mg(Magnesium)and K(Potassium)in the dry and rainy season,respectively.E.coli affinity tests(Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion)for these metals were also positive.Mg and K also showed significant positive Pearson’s possible paired correlation relationship.From this evaluation,potential index analysis indicated that Mg and K could serve as markers for the faecal bacteria indicators,and possible index for future monitoring of the potability of such surface water.The method is straight forward,cost effective,less cumbersome than other currently existing approaches.

Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Indexes and Their Response to Land Use Patterns in the Gaotan River Basin

The relationship between water quality and land use is of significance for the protection of the water environment. Here we take the Gaotan River Basin in Liangping District as the research object, and comprehensively use the spatial analysis with geographical information system(GIS), Pearson correlation analysis, and redundancy analysis(RDA) to study the ecological response of four water quality indexes of chemical oxygen demand(COD), biochemical oxygen demand in the 5 th day(BOD5), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N), and total phosphorus(TP) on land use patterns on a sub-basin scale. The results show that land use patterns of the Gaotan River Basin have an important impact on water quality: wooded land can improve the water environment of the river; dry land, land for urban and rural housing and public facilities, and land for mining and industrial use are the main sources of COD, BOD5, and NH3-N; garden plot, land for building communications, and water areas have a weak impact on pollutants, indicating that agricultural non-point source pollution and domestics pollution in rural areas are the major cause of the deterioration of the water quality of the Gaotan River. The research results are of guiding significance to the treatment of water environment of the Gaotan River Basin.

A Study on Economic Impact in the Context of American Election Based on AHP

To assess the economic impact of the different policies of the Trump and Biden candidates,we formulate metrics on five aspects:Covid-19 prevention and control measures,environmental protection policies,taxation,health care reform,foreign trade.Moreover,each metric is subdivided into several secondary metrics,making a three-tier hierarchical structure.Take environmental protection policy as an example:Without direct data under Biden’s policies,we collected data on U.S.CO2 emissions and U.S.oil consumption during Obama’s presidency as Biden’s legacy.First,use the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)to select indicators that can reflect the U.S.economy and determine the weight of each indicator.For the U.S.economy,Biden scored 2.6498,Trump 2.3502,suggesting that the election of Biden might make things better for the economy.For China’s economy,Biden scored 0.6810 and Trump 0.3245,meaning Biden could give the Chinese economy more room to grow.To reduce the influence of AHP subjectivity on the results,the Pearson correlation coefficient is introduced to establish the P-AHP model.Take the impact on China’s economy.Biden scored 0.5846 and Trump 0.4154.

Evolution and health risk of indicator microorganisms in landscape water replenished by reclaimed water

As an important means to solve water shortage,reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply.However,with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS,avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years,people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water,especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it.In this study,the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace,a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source,were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring.And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment(QMRA).It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus(ENT),Escherichia coli(EC)and Fecal coliform(FC)generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow.The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring.And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD.Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks,which were more than 30%higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention.In addition,(water)surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks.

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Changes in Winter Wheat Cold Damage with Meteorological Elements in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2011 to 2020

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is one of the typical agri-ecosystems in China,which suffers from cold damage frequently resulting in substantial economic losses.In order to monitor the changes in the occurrence of cold damage in an effective and large-scale manner,and to determine their meteorological causes,this paper collected low temperature data from the agricultural meteorological stations and remote sensing data of MODIS from 2005 to 2015,and constructed a monitoring model of cold damage to winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain based on the Logistic regression model.This model was used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of cold damage of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2011 to 2020,and correlation analysis was performed with the spatio-temporal changes of meteorological factors to ascertain how they affect cold damage.The results show that the harm from cold damage in winter wheat has been gradually decreasing from 2011 to 2020,and the cold damage areas with high probability and high frequency are moving from north to south.The meteorological elements with the greatest impacts on the degree of cold damage from stronger to weaker are heat,precipitation and sunshine duration,whose influence has spatial variability.

Acute toxicity assessment of drinking water source with luminescent bacteria: Impact of environmental conditions and a case study in Luoma Lake, East China

Protecting the quality of lake watersheds by preventing and reducing their contamination is an effective approach to ensure the sustainability of the drinking water supply.In this study,acute toxicity assessment was conducted on the basis of acute bioluminescence inhibition assay using the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri as the test organism and Luoma Lake drinking water source in East China as the research target.The suitable ranges of environmental factors,including pH value,organic matter,turbidity,hardness,and dissolved oxygen of water samples were evaluated for the toxicity testing of bioluminescent bacteria.The physicochemical characteristics of water samples at the selected 43 sites of Luoma Lake watershed were measured.Results showed that the variations in pH value(7.31-8.41),hardness(5-20°d)and dissolved oxygen(4.44-11.03 mg/L)of Luoma Lake and its main inflow and outflow rivers had negligible impacts on the acute toxicity testing of V.fischeri.The luminescence inhibition rates ranged from-11.21%to 10.80%at the 43 sites.Pearson's correlation analysis in the experiment revealed that temperature,pH value,hardness,and turbidity had no correlation with luminescence inhibition rate,whereas dissolved oxygen showed a weak statistically positive correlation with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.455(p<0.05).

Impact of environmental factors on water quality at multiple spatial scales and its spatial variation in Huai River Basin, China

Quantitative assessment of water quality and its spatial variation identification, as well as the discernment of primary factors affecting water quality are in its urgent in water environment management. In this study, four key water quality indicators,namely, ammonia nitrogen(NH_4^+-N), permanganate index(COD_(Mn)), total phosphorus(TP) and total nitrogen(TN) at 71 sampling sites were selected to evaluate water quality and its spatial variation identification. More concerns were emphasized on the anthropogenic factors(land use pattern) and natural factors(river density, elevation and precipitation) to quantify the overall water quality variations at different spatial scales. Results showed that the Yi-Shu-Si River sub-basin had a better water quality status than the Huai River sub-basin. The moderate polluted area nearly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Shaying River and Guo River. The high cluster centers which were surrounded with COD_(Mn), NH_4^+-N, TN and TP mainly also distributed in the upper and middle reaches of the Shaying River and Guo River. Redundancy analysis showed that the 200 m buffer area acted as the most sensitive area, which was easily subjected to pollution. The precipitation was identified as the most important variables among all the studied hydrological units, followed by farmland, urban land or elevation. The point source pollution was still existed although the non-point source pollution was also identified. The urban surface runoff pollution was severer than farmland fertilizer loss at the sub-basin scale in flood season, while the farmland showed "small-scale" effects for explaining overall water quality variations. This research is helpful for identifying the overall water quality variations from the scale-process interactions and providing a scientific basis for pollution control and decision making for the Huai River Basin.