Perfluorocarbon gas is widely used in the semiconductor industry.However,perfluorocarbon has a negative effect on the global environment owing to its high global warming potential(GWP) value.An alternative solution is...Perfluorocarbon gas is widely used in the semiconductor industry.However,perfluorocarbon has a negative effect on the global environment owing to its high global warming potential(GWP) value.An alternative solution is essential.Therefore,we evaluated the possibility of replacing conventional perfluorocarbon etching gases such as CHF_3 with C_6F_(12)O,which has a low GWP and is in a liquid state at room temperature.In this study,silicon oxynitride(SiON) films were plasma-etched using inductively coupled CF4+C_6F_(12)O+O_2 mixed plasmas.Subsequently,the etching characteristics of the film,such as etching rate,etching profile,selectivity over Si,and photoresist,were investigated.A double Langmuir probe was used and optical emission spectroscopy was performed for plasma diagnostics.In addition,a contact angle goniometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscope were used to confirm the change in the surface properties of the etched SiON film surface.Consequently,the etching characteristics of the C_6F_(12)O mixed plasma exhibited a lower etching rate,higher SiON/Si selectivity,lower plasma damage,and more vertical etched profiles than the conventional CHF_3 mixed plasma.In addition,the C_6F_(12)O gas can be recovered in the liquid state,thereby decreasing global warming.These results confirmed that the C_6F_(12)O precursor can sufficiently replace the conventional etching gas.展开更多
In view of the unclear cause of perfluorocarbons(PFCs)emission in the anode effect stage of aluminum electrolysis,the microscopic formation mechanism of PFCs was studied by density functional theory calculation and X-...In view of the unclear cause of perfluorocarbons(PFCs)emission in the anode effect stage of aluminum electrolysis,the microscopic formation mechanism of PFCs was studied by density functional theory calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It is found that the discharge of fluorine containing anions([F]−)on carbon anode first causes the substitution of C—H by C—F and further results in the saturation of aromatic C—C bonds,leading to the appearance of—CF_(3)or—C_(2)F_(5)group through six-carbon-ring opening.Elimination of—CF_(3)and—C_(2)F_(5) with F atom could be a likely mechanism of CF_(4) and C_(2)F_(6) formation.XPS results confirm that different types of—CF_(x) group can be formed on anode surface during electrolysis,and the possibility that[F]−discharges continuously at the C edge and finally forms different C—F bonds in quantum mechanical calculation was verified.展开更多
The research roots of 19fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) date back over 35 years. Over that time span, 1H imaging flourished and was adopted worldwide with an endless array of applications and imagi...The research roots of 19fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) date back over 35 years. Over that time span, 1H imaging flourished and was adopted worldwide with an endless array of applications and imaging approaches, making magnetic resonance an indispensable pillar of biomedical diagnostic imaging. For many years during this timeframe, 19F imaging research continued at a slow pace as the various attributes of the technique were explored. However, over the last decade and particularly the last several years, the pace and clinical relevance of 19F imaging has exploded. In part, this is due to advances in MRI instrumentation, ~gF/1H coil designs, and ultrafast pulse sequence development for both preclinical and clinical scanners. These achievements, coupled with interest in the molecular imaging of anatomy and physiology, and combined with a cadre of innovative agents, have brought the concept of ~gF into early clinical evaluation. In this review, we attempt to provide a slice of this rich history of research and development, with a particular focus on liquid perfluorocarbon compound-based agents.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of sticky silicone oil(SSO)removal using a 22-gauge vein detained needle and inner limiting membrane(ILM)wrap-and-peel technique.METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case s...AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of sticky silicone oil(SSO)removal using a 22-gauge vein detained needle and inner limiting membrane(ILM)wrap-and-peel technique.METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case series reviewed the records of patients with a history of retinal detachment who had received silicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)as intraocular tamponades.Patients were included in the analysis if they exhibited SSO remnants during silicone oil removal.The aspiration of most of the SSO remnants was performed by a 22-gauge vein detained needle.The small amounts of droplets adhered to the macula and epi-macular membrane were subsequently removed by the ILM warp-and-peel technique.The anatomical and functional outcomes,and postoperative complications were recorded.In vitro experiments were performed to simulate the formation of SSO remnants in four groups.RESULTS:Of 711 patients who underwent silicone oil removal during the study period,9 patients exhibited SSO remnants and underwent follow-up for at least 3mo.Seven eyes(78%)underwent the ILM wrap-and-peel technique to completely remove small droplets of SSO that were glued to the macula and epi-macular membrane.No obvious complications occurred.Postoperative optical coherence tomography revealed normal retinal structure in all patients.In vitro analyses showed that balanced salt solution and prolonged vibration(for 1wk)had the strongest effects on silicone oil and PFCL compound opacities.CONCLUSION:SSO remnants could be removed in an intact manner and without complications,using a vein detained needle-assisted and ILM wrap-and-peel technique.The findings suggest that PFCL and infusion fluid should be completely removed before silicone oil injection to prevent SSO formation.展开更多
Dear Sir,I am Dr.Daniel Ting,from the Department of Ophthalmology,Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore.I write to present a case of a surprising significant visual improvement following a prolonged 5-month retained...Dear Sir,I am Dr.Daniel Ting,from the Department of Ophthalmology,Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore.I write to present a case of a surprising significant visual improvement following a prolonged 5-month retained subfoveal perfluorocarbon liquid.Retained perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)has been shown to cause decreased visual acuity,retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)toxicity,retinal degeneration and gravity deformation ,展开更多
We now have an additional tool to help in managing complicated retinal detachments. We look forward to the day when we can leave the liquid without having to remove it because of the possibility of ocular complications.
Lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets(lp-NDs)hold great promise in bio-medicine as vehicles for drug delivery,molecular imaging and vaccine agents.However,their clinical utility is restricted by limited targeted a...Lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets(lp-NDs)hold great promise in bio-medicine as vehicles for drug delivery,molecular imaging and vaccine agents.However,their clinical utility is restricted by limited targeted accumulation,attributed to the innate immune system(IIS),which acts as the initial defense mechanism in humans.This study aimed to optimize lp-ND formulations to mini-mize non-specific clearance by the IIS.Ginsenosides(Gs),the principal components of Panax ginseng,possessing complement inhibition ability,structural similarity to cholesterol,and comparable fat solubi-lity to phospholipids,were used as promising candidate IIS inhibitors.Two different types of ginsenoside-based Ip-NDs(Gs Ip-NDs)were created,and their efficacy in reducing IS recognition was examined.The Gs p-NDs were observed to inhibit the adsorption of C3 in the protein corona(PC)and the generation of SC5b-9.Adding Gs to Ip-NDs reduced complement adsorption and phagocytosis,resulting in a longer blood circulation time in vivo compared to lp-NDs that did not contain Gs.These results suggest that Gs can act as anti-complement and anti-phagocytosis adjuvants,potentially reducing non-specific clear-ance by the IS and improving lifespan.展开更多
Background Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) is integrally involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling and has a requisite role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The exact mechanisms that lend perf...Background Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) is integrally involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling and has a requisite role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The exact mechanisms that lend perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids a cytoprotective effect have yet to be elucidated. Therefore we examined in an in vitro model the cytoprotective effect of PFC on LPS-stimulated alveolar epithelial cellls (AECs). Methods AECs (A549 cells, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) were divided into four groups: control, PFC, LPS and LPS + PFC (coculture group) groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by ELISA, tumor necrosis factor-g (TNF-a) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by radioimmunological methods. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein was detected by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activation of NF-κB was detected by Western blotting (proteins of I-κBa and NF-κB p65). Results ICAM-1, TNF-a and IL-8 were significantly increased in LPS-stimulated AECs groups. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein in LPS-stimulated groups was markedly increased. Meanwhile, NF-κB was activated as indicated by the significant degradation of IKB-a and the significant release of NF-κB P65 and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. There were no significant effects of PFC alone on any of the factors studied while the coculture group showed significant downregulation of the secretion of ICAM-1, TNF-a and IL-8, the expression of TLR-4 rn^NA and the activity of NF-κB. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that LPS can induce AEC-related inflammatory injury via the activation of TLR-4 and subsequent activation of NF-κB. PFC is able to protect AECs from LPS-induced inflammatory injury by blocking the initiation of the LPS signaling pathway, which is indicated by the significant decrease of TLR-4 expression and NF-κB activation.展开更多
4-Anilinoquinazoline analogues stand out among many kinds of small molecules that inhibit the tyrosine kinase activities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thus serving as significant molecular targets for ...4-Anilinoquinazoline analogues stand out among many kinds of small molecules that inhibit the tyrosine kinase activities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thus serving as significant molecular targets for anticancer drug design. Herein, a series of novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) modulated 4-anilinoquinazolines were designed and prepared straightforwardly by nucleophilic substitution reaction of various anilinoquinazolines and PFC-derived methanesulfonate. In the presence of base, the reaction proceeded smoothly to afford a wide range of 4-anilino- quinazolines with different substituents on aniline moiety in good to high yields. Furthermore, the PFC-modified analogues of gefitinib and erlotinib were also obtained in 93% and 90% respectively, which may have potential for developing new inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and fluorinated contrast agents (CA) for 19F MRI.展开更多
This communication demonstrates the feasibility of the gel-clot method for the analysis of bacterial endotoxins in water extracts of perfluorocarbon which is a water insoluble liquid medical device. Perfluorocarbon (...This communication demonstrates the feasibility of the gel-clot method for the analysis of bacterial endotoxins in water extracts of perfluorocarbon which is a water insoluble liquid medical device. Perfluorocarbon (10 mL) was shaken with 10 mL water for 15 min at 2000 r/min and the endotoxin present was extracted to the aqueous phase without interference inhibition/enhancement of the product and the recovery of endotoxin added to perfluorocarbon was determined, A validation study confirmed that endotoxins presented in perfluorocarbon pass over into the aqueous phase at concentrations of 20, 10 and 5EU/mL with recoveries from 86.8% to 96.8%. Therefore, the gel-clot test is suitable for detecting bacterial endotoxins in perfluorocarbon which is a water insoluble medical device.展开更多
Laser-activated perfluorocarb on n anodroplets are an emerging class of phase-cha nge, dual-c ontrast age nts that can be utilized in ultraso und and photoacoustic imaging. Through the ability to differe ntiate subpop...Laser-activated perfluorocarb on n anodroplets are an emerging class of phase-cha nge, dual-c ontrast age nts that can be utilized in ultraso und and photoacoustic imaging. Through the ability to differe ntiate subpopulations of nano droplets via laser activatio n at differe nt wavelengths of n ear-infrared light, optically-triggered color-coded perfluorocarb on nano droplets prese nt themselves as an attractive tool for multiplexed ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. In particular, laser-activated droplets can be used to provide quantitative spatiotemporal information regarding distinct biological targets, allowing for their potential use in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In the work prese nted, laser-activated color-coded perfluorocarb on nan odroplets are syn thesized to selectively resp ond to laser irradiati on at corresp on ding wavele ngths. The dyn amic ultraso und and photoacoustic signals produced by laser-activated perfluorocarbon nano droplets are evaluated in situ prior to implementation in a murine model. In vivo, these particles are used to distinguish unique particle trafficking mechanisms and are show n to provide ultraso und and photoacoustic contrast for up to 72 hours within lymphatics. Overall, the con ducted studies show that laser-activated color-coded perfluorocarbo n nano droplets are a promising agent for multiplexed ultraso und and photoacoustic imaging.展开更多
全氟化碳(PFCs)是目前被认为增温潜势非常强的温室气体,铝电解生产过程中产生的全氟化碳包括CF_(4)和C_(2)F_(6)。我国电解铝产量连续十多年位居世界首位,降低铝电解生产过程中PFCs排放是铝工业温室气体减排的路径之一。本文分析了铝电...全氟化碳(PFCs)是目前被认为增温潜势非常强的温室气体,铝电解生产过程中产生的全氟化碳包括CF_(4)和C_(2)F_(6)。我国电解铝产量连续十多年位居世界首位,降低铝电解生产过程中PFCs排放是铝工业温室气体减排的路径之一。本文分析了铝电解PFCs的产生机理和排放情况,并以某企业300 kA系列电解槽为例,测量计算其PFCs的CO_(2)当量排放,并与按照指南缺省值核算的PFCs排放数据进行对比。对比结果表明,按缺省值计算的PFCs排放量为0.2523 t CO_(2)e/t-Al,远小于测量值0.8839 t CO_(2)e/t-Al,无法体现企业的真正PFCs排放情况。根据铝电解析出碳氟化合物的反应机理,降低铝电解生产PFCs排放的直接途径是减少阳极效应次数和缩短效应时间。因此,为了减少PFCs排放,从电解槽优化设计、槽控系统升级、工艺技术优化、大宗原料把控、设备运行维护等建方面提出了建议。展开更多
Anodic electrochemical behavior was studied on graphite anode at 1000 ℃ in cryolite-alumina molten salt by means of cyclic voltammetry. The high current peak in a typical cyclic voltammogram was discussed. It is cons...Anodic electrochemical behavior was studied on graphite anode at 1000 ℃ in cryolite-alumina molten salt by means of cyclic voltammetry. The high current peak in a typical cyclic voltammogram was discussed. It is considered that a type of oxyfluoroaliminate complex anions reacts with carbon to form a high-resistance CF film on the anode surface at a high potential. The passivation potential is 3.28 V in 0.5% alumina-containing electrolyte, and the passivation potential increases with alumina content increasing which indicates that the alumina content determines the anodic process in the cryolite-alumina molten salt system.展开更多
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20172010105910)。
文摘Perfluorocarbon gas is widely used in the semiconductor industry.However,perfluorocarbon has a negative effect on the global environment owing to its high global warming potential(GWP) value.An alternative solution is essential.Therefore,we evaluated the possibility of replacing conventional perfluorocarbon etching gases such as CHF_3 with C_6F_(12)O,which has a low GWP and is in a liquid state at room temperature.In this study,silicon oxynitride(SiON) films were plasma-etched using inductively coupled CF4+C_6F_(12)O+O_2 mixed plasmas.Subsequently,the etching characteristics of the film,such as etching rate,etching profile,selectivity over Si,and photoresist,were investigated.A double Langmuir probe was used and optical emission spectroscopy was performed for plasma diagnostics.In addition,a contact angle goniometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscope were used to confirm the change in the surface properties of the etched SiON film surface.Consequently,the etching characteristics of the C_6F_(12)O mixed plasma exhibited a lower etching rate,higher SiON/Si selectivity,lower plasma damage,and more vertical etched profiles than the conventional CHF_3 mixed plasma.In addition,the C_6F_(12)O gas can be recovered in the liquid state,thereby decreasing global warming.These results confirmed that the C_6F_(12)O precursor can sufficiently replace the conventional etching gas.
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974373,51874365,62133016)the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Shandong Province,China(No.2019JZZY020123)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University,China(No.2019zzts242)。
文摘In view of the unclear cause of perfluorocarbons(PFCs)emission in the anode effect stage of aluminum electrolysis,the microscopic formation mechanism of PFCs was studied by density functional theory calculation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).It is found that the discharge of fluorine containing anions([F]−)on carbon anode first causes the substitution of C—H by C—F and further results in the saturation of aromatic C—C bonds,leading to the appearance of—CF_(3)or—C_(2)F_(5)group through six-carbon-ring opening.Elimination of—CF_(3)and—C_(2)F_(5) with F atom could be a likely mechanism of CF_(4) and C_(2)F_(6) formation.XPS results confirm that different types of—CF_(x) group can be formed on anode surface during electrolysis,and the possibility that[F]−discharges continuously at the C edge and finally forms different C—F bonds in quantum mechanical calculation was verified.
基金supported in whole or part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA154737, CA199092, HL122471, HL112518, HL113392, and HHSN26820140042C for Gregory M.Lanza AR067491, DK102691, and HL073646 for Samuel A.Wickline)We appreciate the further support provided the Barnes-Jewish Research Foundation
文摘The research roots of 19fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) date back over 35 years. Over that time span, 1H imaging flourished and was adopted worldwide with an endless array of applications and imaging approaches, making magnetic resonance an indispensable pillar of biomedical diagnostic imaging. For many years during this timeframe, 19F imaging research continued at a slow pace as the various attributes of the technique were explored. However, over the last decade and particularly the last several years, the pace and clinical relevance of 19F imaging has exploded. In part, this is due to advances in MRI instrumentation, ~gF/1H coil designs, and ultrafast pulse sequence development for both preclinical and clinical scanners. These achievements, coupled with interest in the molecular imaging of anatomy and physiology, and combined with a cadre of innovative agents, have brought the concept of ~gF into early clinical evaluation. In this review, we attempt to provide a slice of this rich history of research and development, with a particular focus on liquid perfluorocarbon compound-based agents.
基金the Wenzhou Basic ScientificResearch Program (No.20211003).
文摘AIM:To investigate the safety and efficacy of sticky silicone oil(SSO)removal using a 22-gauge vein detained needle and inner limiting membrane(ILM)wrap-and-peel technique.METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case series reviewed the records of patients with a history of retinal detachment who had received silicone oil and perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)as intraocular tamponades.Patients were included in the analysis if they exhibited SSO remnants during silicone oil removal.The aspiration of most of the SSO remnants was performed by a 22-gauge vein detained needle.The small amounts of droplets adhered to the macula and epi-macular membrane were subsequently removed by the ILM warp-and-peel technique.The anatomical and functional outcomes,and postoperative complications were recorded.In vitro experiments were performed to simulate the formation of SSO remnants in four groups.RESULTS:Of 711 patients who underwent silicone oil removal during the study period,9 patients exhibited SSO remnants and underwent follow-up for at least 3mo.Seven eyes(78%)underwent the ILM wrap-and-peel technique to completely remove small droplets of SSO that were glued to the macula and epi-macular membrane.No obvious complications occurred.Postoperative optical coherence tomography revealed normal retinal structure in all patients.In vitro analyses showed that balanced salt solution and prolonged vibration(for 1wk)had the strongest effects on silicone oil and PFCL compound opacities.CONCLUSION:SSO remnants could be removed in an intact manner and without complications,using a vein detained needle-assisted and ILM wrap-and-peel technique.The findings suggest that PFCL and infusion fluid should be completely removed before silicone oil injection to prevent SSO formation.
文摘Dear Sir,I am Dr.Daniel Ting,from the Department of Ophthalmology,Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore.I write to present a case of a surprising significant visual improvement following a prolonged 5-month retained subfoveal perfluorocarbon liquid.Retained perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)has been shown to cause decreased visual acuity,retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)toxicity,retinal degeneration and gravity deformation ,
文摘We now have an additional tool to help in managing complicated retinal detachments. We look forward to the day when we can leave the liquid without having to remove it because of the possibility of ocular complications.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China(82302199)the National Science Foundation of China(82371977,82071940)the Medical Research Project of Chengdu Municipal Health Commission(2021017,2022338,China).
文摘Lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets(lp-NDs)hold great promise in bio-medicine as vehicles for drug delivery,molecular imaging and vaccine agents.However,their clinical utility is restricted by limited targeted accumulation,attributed to the innate immune system(IIS),which acts as the initial defense mechanism in humans.This study aimed to optimize lp-ND formulations to mini-mize non-specific clearance by the IIS.Ginsenosides(Gs),the principal components of Panax ginseng,possessing complement inhibition ability,structural similarity to cholesterol,and comparable fat solubi-lity to phospholipids,were used as promising candidate IIS inhibitors.Two different types of ginsenoside-based Ip-NDs(Gs Ip-NDs)were created,and their efficacy in reducing IS recognition was examined.The Gs p-NDs were observed to inhibit the adsorption of C3 in the protein corona(PC)and the generation of SC5b-9.Adding Gs to Ip-NDs reduced complement adsorption and phagocytosis,resulting in a longer blood circulation time in vivo compared to lp-NDs that did not contain Gs.These results suggest that Gs can act as anti-complement and anti-phagocytosis adjuvants,potentially reducing non-specific clear-ance by the IS and improving lifespan.
文摘Background Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) is integrally involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling and has a requisite role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The exact mechanisms that lend perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids a cytoprotective effect have yet to be elucidated. Therefore we examined in an in vitro model the cytoprotective effect of PFC on LPS-stimulated alveolar epithelial cellls (AECs). Methods AECs (A549 cells, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) were divided into four groups: control, PFC, LPS and LPS + PFC (coculture group) groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by ELISA, tumor necrosis factor-g (TNF-a) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by radioimmunological methods. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein was detected by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activation of NF-κB was detected by Western blotting (proteins of I-κBa and NF-κB p65). Results ICAM-1, TNF-a and IL-8 were significantly increased in LPS-stimulated AECs groups. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein in LPS-stimulated groups was markedly increased. Meanwhile, NF-κB was activated as indicated by the significant degradation of IKB-a and the significant release of NF-κB P65 and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. There were no significant effects of PFC alone on any of the factors studied while the coculture group showed significant downregulation of the secretion of ICAM-1, TNF-a and IL-8, the expression of TLR-4 rn^NA and the activity of NF-κB. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that LPS can induce AEC-related inflammatory injury via the activation of TLR-4 and subsequent activation of NF-κB. PFC is able to protect AECs from LPS-induced inflammatory injury by blocking the initiation of the LPS signaling pathway, which is indicated by the significant decrease of TLR-4 expression and NF-κB activation.
文摘4-Anilinoquinazoline analogues stand out among many kinds of small molecules that inhibit the tyrosine kinase activities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thus serving as significant molecular targets for anticancer drug design. Herein, a series of novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) modulated 4-anilinoquinazolines were designed and prepared straightforwardly by nucleophilic substitution reaction of various anilinoquinazolines and PFC-derived methanesulfonate. In the presence of base, the reaction proceeded smoothly to afford a wide range of 4-anilino- quinazolines with different substituents on aniline moiety in good to high yields. Furthermore, the PFC-modified analogues of gefitinib and erlotinib were also obtained in 93% and 90% respectively, which may have potential for developing new inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and fluorinated contrast agents (CA) for 19F MRI.
文摘This communication demonstrates the feasibility of the gel-clot method for the analysis of bacterial endotoxins in water extracts of perfluorocarbon which is a water insoluble liquid medical device. Perfluorocarbon (10 mL) was shaken with 10 mL water for 15 min at 2000 r/min and the endotoxin present was extracted to the aqueous phase without interference inhibition/enhancement of the product and the recovery of endotoxin added to perfluorocarbon was determined, A validation study confirmed that endotoxins presented in perfluorocarbon pass over into the aqueous phase at concentrations of 20, 10 and 5EU/mL with recoveries from 86.8% to 96.8%. Therefore, the gel-clot test is suitable for detecting bacterial endotoxins in perfluorocarbon which is a water insoluble medical device.
基金D. Y. S. acknowledges fellowship funding from the National Institutes of Health (No. T32 EB007507) and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship ProgramK. A. H. acknowledges fellowship funding from the National Institutes of Health (No. T32 EB007507)+1 种基金S. K. Y. acknowledges fellowship funding from the National Institutes of Health (No. F30 CA216939)The work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health under Grants CAI5859& EB008101 and CAI49740 as well as the Breast Cancer Research Foundation Grant (No. BCRF-17-043).
文摘Laser-activated perfluorocarb on n anodroplets are an emerging class of phase-cha nge, dual-c ontrast age nts that can be utilized in ultraso und and photoacoustic imaging. Through the ability to differe ntiate subpopulations of nano droplets via laser activatio n at differe nt wavelengths of n ear-infrared light, optically-triggered color-coded perfluorocarb on nano droplets prese nt themselves as an attractive tool for multiplexed ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. In particular, laser-activated droplets can be used to provide quantitative spatiotemporal information regarding distinct biological targets, allowing for their potential use in a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In the work prese nted, laser-activated color-coded perfluorocarb on nan odroplets are syn thesized to selectively resp ond to laser irradiati on at corresp on ding wavele ngths. The dyn amic ultraso und and photoacoustic signals produced by laser-activated perfluorocarbon nano droplets are evaluated in situ prior to implementation in a murine model. In vivo, these particles are used to distinguish unique particle trafficking mechanisms and are show n to provide ultraso und and photoacoustic contrast for up to 72 hours within lymphatics. Overall, the con ducted studies show that laser-activated color-coded perfluorocarbo n nano droplets are a promising agent for multiplexed ultraso und and photoacoustic imaging.
文摘全氟化碳(PFCs)是目前被认为增温潜势非常强的温室气体,铝电解生产过程中产生的全氟化碳包括CF_(4)和C_(2)F_(6)。我国电解铝产量连续十多年位居世界首位,降低铝电解生产过程中PFCs排放是铝工业温室气体减排的路径之一。本文分析了铝电解PFCs的产生机理和排放情况,并以某企业300 kA系列电解槽为例,测量计算其PFCs的CO_(2)当量排放,并与按照指南缺省值核算的PFCs排放数据进行对比。对比结果表明,按缺省值计算的PFCs排放量为0.2523 t CO_(2)e/t-Al,远小于测量值0.8839 t CO_(2)e/t-Al,无法体现企业的真正PFCs排放情况。根据铝电解析出碳氟化合物的反应机理,降低铝电解生产PFCs排放的直接途径是减少阳极效应次数和缩短效应时间。因此,为了减少PFCs排放,从电解槽优化设计、槽控系统升级、工艺技术优化、大宗原料把控、设备运行维护等建方面提出了建议。
基金Projects (50804010, 51074046) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Anodic electrochemical behavior was studied on graphite anode at 1000 ℃ in cryolite-alumina molten salt by means of cyclic voltammetry. The high current peak in a typical cyclic voltammogram was discussed. It is considered that a type of oxyfluoroaliminate complex anions reacts with carbon to form a high-resistance CF film on the anode surface at a high potential. The passivation potential is 3.28 V in 0.5% alumina-containing electrolyte, and the passivation potential increases with alumina content increasing which indicates that the alumina content determines the anodic process in the cryolite-alumina molten salt system.