The world’s production of cocoa highly has grown since 1960.In West Africa,the production reached about 3,000,000 tons in 2012.More than 50%of the world’s production of cocoa comes nowadays from Côte d’Ivoire ...The world’s production of cocoa highly has grown since 1960.In West Africa,the production reached about 3,000,000 tons in 2012.More than 50%of the world’s production of cocoa comes nowadays from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire is the biggest producer.After harvesting,the empty shells,considered as non-useful wastes,are abandoned in the fields where they become a source of pollution.That yields millions of tons of biomass that can be converted into charcoal,instead of being sources of pollution.In the present work,the drying kinetics of the empty wet shells were studied.Then,charcoal production by pyrolysis of those empty shells of cocoa pods was performed,using a carbonisation stove fitted with a chimney.The study showed that the empty shells have a high moisture content.The different phases of the drying were observed.The study compared the drying rates and the diffusion coefficients of a small sample and a big sample.Two experiences of carbonisation of the empty shells were successfully carried out.For the first experiment,the pyrolysis temperatures were recorded and the charcoal mass efficiency calculated.For the second experiment,the temperatures were higher and the result was colored charcoals.The colorations disappeared after some hours.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ABA on photosynthetic characteristics of pods and yield of Brassica napus and analyze the relationships between ABA concentration and yiel...[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ABA on photosynthetic characteristics of pods and yield of Brassica napus and analyze the relationships between ABA concentration and yield components, to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high-yield rapeseed. [Method] At the end of flowering stage, the rape plants were separately sprayed with 1, 2, 100 and 200μmol/L of ABA; photosynthetic parameters, water use efficiency （WUE）, yield and yield components of the rape plants were investigated 0, 5, 10 and 15 d later, respectively. [Result] ABA treatment with different concentrations significantly changed pod photosynthetic parameters and yield components of rapeseed. Low concentra- tions of ABA could improve pod＇s net photosynthetic rate and yield components while high concentrations had the contrary effect. [Conclusion] Whether ABA func- tioned in inhibiting or promoting role might depend on the interaction between endogenous hormone levels and exogenous ABA concentration. Improvement of WUE would be the main reason for yield increasing.展开更多
Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Sa...Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Samples of bark and empty pod extracts were analyzed for bioactives（phenolics,flavonoids and proanthocyanidins） and subjected to free radical scavenging activity on DPPH<sup>*</sup>,ABTS<sup>?</sup>,OH<sup>?</sup>,O<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>,and NO along with the determination of reducing power, iron chelating activity and peroxidation inhibition.Defensive action of extracts on biomolecules and cell membranes were evaluated by DNA nicking assay and haemolysis inhibition assay respectively,α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory potentials were also determined. Results:All the bioactives analyzed were higher in bark（B） than empty pods（EP）[TPC:B （574.51±16.11）;EP（96.80±3.45） mg GAE/g.TFC:B（94.71±7.65）;EP（24（?）87±20.45） mg RE/g. Proanthocyanidins:B（2.81±0.31）;EP（1.25±0.01） mg LE/100 g DM]except flavonoids.Both the extracts showed higher quenching capacity on DPPH and ABTS（DPPH:B（0.21±0.01）;EP（1.51±0.17） g extract/g DPPH.ABTS:B（111 519.14±79 340.91）;EP（80 232.55±32 894.12） mmol TE/g） with the FRAP of B（84 515.63±3 350.69） and EP（47 940.79±1 257.60） mmol Fe（（?））/g.Iron chelation was not observed.In addition,they showed lower quenching activity on OH<sup>?</sup>（B（48.95±1.72）;EP（34.94±1.62）%） and equivalent quenching on O<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>（B（53.47±3.92）;EP（24.41±2.61）%）,NO（B（49.04±5.04）; EP（51.00±5.13）%）,peroxidation inhibition（B（67.50±5.50）;EP（55.l±2.3）%） and antihaemolytic potential（B（87.60±6.84）%） towards authentic antioxidant standards.Interestingly,Empty pod extracts are devoid of antihaemolytic activity.Both the extracts showed dose dependent DNA protection.Besides this,bark and empty pod extracts exhibited dual inhibiting potential againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes.Conclusions:On summarization,it insinuated that both bark and empty pods can be used for the preparation of antioxidant/nutraceutical supplements and in anti-diabetic formulations.展开更多
Tropoje-Has ophiolitic massif of eastern Mirdita(Albania)ophiolitic belt,is a major source for metallurgical chromite ore in Albania.Massif consists of a thick mantle section of SSZ type,8-10 km thick and
Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod are quantitative,multigenic traits and important components of yield in soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.].Pods are distributed unevenly in the upper,middle,and lower se...Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod are quantitative,multigenic traits and important components of yield in soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.].Pods are distributed unevenly in the upper,middle,and lower segments of the plant and this distribution is affected by sowing date(SD).A population of four-way recombinant inbred lines(FW-RIL),containing 160 F2:8 individuals,was generated from the cross(Kenfeng 14×Kenfeng 15)×(Heinong 48×Kenfeng 19).A linkage map consisting of 275 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with the production of one,two,three,and four seeds per pod in the upper,middle,and lower segments of plants at two SDs,totaling 12 measurements per SD.A wide range of variation in the twelve characteristics was observed among the four parental lines and the FW-RIL population at the two SDs.The effect of SD2(May 17,2016)on pod number was stronger than that of SD1(May 7,2016)because the heritability of each trait in the SD1 experiment was generally greater than that of SD2.The study identified 76 QTL controlling pod number,with the phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranging from 1.86%to 13.71%.The numbers of QTL controlling one,two,three,and four seeds per pod were 28,23,23,and 23,respectively.There were 30,28,and 28 QTL controlling the pod number in the upper,middle,and lower segments of the plant,respectively.Forty-five QTL were identified at SD1 and 38 QTL were identified at SD2.Seventeen QTL were associated with pod-number traits.The QTL qPNA1–3 was associated with the number of pods containing one seed in the middle segment of the plant at both SDs.Sixty-three QTL were published QTL(common areas existed when integrating on a map GmComposite2003 of Wm82 based on left and right markers).and 13 QTL related to pod number were newly discovered.These results provide a reference for breeders to improve soybean yield by combining advantageous alleles for these QTL.Future studies may reveal candidate genes for these QTL and identify causal alleles for markerassisted selection.展开更多
飞机结构损伤导波在线监测技术作为一种新颖的无损检测手段,为了真正实现该技术在结构运营维护过程中的视情维护,必须明确其结构损伤检出概率(probability of detection,POD),以指导结构检查维修方案的制定。提出了一种基于信号响应分...飞机结构损伤导波在线监测技术作为一种新颖的无损检测手段,为了真正实现该技术在结构运营维护过程中的视情维护,必须明确其结构损伤检出概率(probability of detection,POD),以指导结构检查维修方案的制定。提出了一种基于信号响应分析模型的结构损伤导波POD计算方法,该方法通过构建在线导波监测信号的损伤指数与裂纹长度间的对应关系,得到结构损伤POD的统计计算模型,并分析了拟合参数的不确定性对计算模型的影响,构建了不同置信度下的导波POD计算模型。通过开展金属开孔和搭接结构疲劳裂纹导波监测试验,验证了该方法的有效性。试验结果表明,损伤指数类型、对应关系拟合函数和传感器监测方案均对结构损伤导波POD具有影响,且在95%置信度90%POD下金属开孔和搭接结构的可检裂纹长度分别约为2.6 mm和9.5 mm。展开更多
The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced ...The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.展开更多
CO_(2)is one of the most important greenhouse gases(GHGs)in the earth’s atmosphere.Since the industrial era,anthropogenic activities have emitted excessive quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere,resulting in climate ...CO_(2)is one of the most important greenhouse gases(GHGs)in the earth’s atmosphere.Since the industrial era,anthropogenic activities have emitted excessive quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere,resulting in climate warming since the 1950s and leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather and climate events.In 2020,China committed to striving for carbon neutrality by 2060.This commitment and China’s consequent actions will result in significant changes in global and regional anthropogenic carbon emissions and therefore require timely,comprehensive,and objective monitoring and verification support(MVS)systems.The MVS approach relies on the top-down assimilation and inversion of atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Inventory Guidelines in 2019.However,the regional high-resolution assimilation and inversion method is still in its initial stage of development.Here,we have constructed an inverse system for carbon sources and sinks at the kilometer level by coupling proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)with four-dimensional variational(4DVar)data assimilation based on the weather research and forecasting-greenhouse gas(WRF-GHG)model.Our China Carbon Monito ring and Verification Support at the Regional level(CCMVS-R)system can continuously assimilate information on atmospheric CO_(2)and other related information and realize the inversion of regional and local anthropogenic carbon emissions and natural terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange.Atmospheric CO_(2)data were collected from six ground-based monito ring sites in Shanxi Province,China to verify the inversion effect of regio nal anthropogenic carbon emissions by setting ideal and real experiments using a two-layer nesting method(at 27 and 9 km).The uncertainty of the simulated atmospheric CO_(2)decreased significantly,with a root-mean-square error of CO_(2)concentration values between the ideal value and the simulated after assimilation was close to 0.The total anthropogenic carbon emissions in Shanxi Province in 2019 from the assimilated inversions were approximately 28.6%(17%-38%)higher than the mean of five emission inventories using the bottomup method,showing that the top-down CCMVS-R system can obtain more comprehensive information on anthropogenic carbon emissions.展开更多
基金ASCAD(l’Académie des Sciences,des Cultures,des Arts d’Afrique et de ses Diasporas)for its support to his renewable energy program。
文摘The world’s production of cocoa highly has grown since 1960.In West Africa,the production reached about 3,000,000 tons in 2012.More than 50%of the world’s production of cocoa comes nowadays from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire is the biggest producer.After harvesting,the empty shells,considered as non-useful wastes,are abandoned in the fields where they become a source of pollution.That yields millions of tons of biomass that can be converted into charcoal,instead of being sources of pollution.In the present work,the drying kinetics of the empty wet shells were studied.Then,charcoal production by pyrolysis of those empty shells of cocoa pods was performed,using a carbonisation stove fitted with a chimney.The study showed that the empty shells have a high moisture content.The different phases of the drying were observed.The study compared the drying rates and the diffusion coefficients of a small sample and a big sample.Two experiences of carbonisation of the empty shells were successfully carried out.For the first experiment,the pyrolysis temperatures were recorded and the charcoal mass efficiency calculated.For the second experiment,the temperatures were higher and the result was colored charcoals.The colorations disappeared after some hours.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101124)National Modern Rapeseed Industry Technology System~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ABA on photosynthetic characteristics of pods and yield of Brassica napus and analyze the relationships between ABA concentration and yield components, to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high-yield rapeseed. [Method] At the end of flowering stage, the rape plants were separately sprayed with 1, 2, 100 and 200μmol/L of ABA; photosynthetic parameters, water use efficiency （WUE）, yield and yield components of the rape plants were investigated 0, 5, 10 and 15 d later, respectively. [Result] ABA treatment with different concentrations significantly changed pod photosynthetic parameters and yield components of rapeseed. Low concentra- tions of ABA could improve pod＇s net photosynthetic rate and yield components while high concentrations had the contrary effect. [Conclusion] Whether ABA func- tioned in inhibiting or promoting role might depend on the interaction between endogenous hormone levels and exogenous ABA concentration. Improvement of WUE would be the main reason for yield increasing.
基金University Grants Commission (UGC),New Delhi,India(F.No.34-259\2008)for the financial assistance
文摘Objective:To search for an efficient and inexpensive source of phytoconstituents with antioxidant potential and health promoting traits from bark and empty pods of Acacia auriculiformis （A.auriculiformis）.Methods:Samples of bark and empty pod extracts were analyzed for bioactives（phenolics,flavonoids and proanthocyanidins） and subjected to free radical scavenging activity on DPPH<sup>*</sup>,ABTS<sup>?</sup>,OH<sup>?</sup>,O<sub>2</sub><sup>*</sup>,and NO along with the determination of reducing power, iron chelating activity and peroxidation inhibition.Defensive action of extracts on biomolecules and cell membranes were evaluated by DNA nicking assay and haemolysis inhibition assay respectively,α-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory potentials were also determined. Results:All the bioactives analyzed were higher in bark（B） than empty pods（EP）[TPC:B （574.51±16.11）;EP（96.80±3.45） mg GAE/g.TFC:B（94.71±7.65）;EP（24（?）87±20.45） mg RE/g. Proanthocyanidins:B（2.81±0.31）;EP（1.25±0.01） mg LE/100 g DM]except flavonoids.Both the extracts showed higher quenching capacity on DPPH and ABTS（DPPH:B（0.21±0.01）;EP（1.51±0.17） g extract/g DPPH.ABTS:B（111 519.14±79 340.91）;EP（80 232.55±32 894.12） mmol TE/g） with the FRAP of B（84 515.63±3 350.69） and EP（47 940.79±1 257.60） mmol Fe（（?））/g.Iron chelation was not observed.In addition,they showed lower quenching activity on OH<sup>?</sup>（B（48.95±1.72）;EP（34.94±1.62）%） and equivalent quenching on O<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>（B（53.47±3.92）;EP（24.41±2.61）%）,NO（B（49.04±5.04）; EP（51.00±5.13）%）,peroxidation inhibition（B（67.50±5.50）;EP（55.l±2.3）%） and antihaemolytic potential（B（87.60±6.84）%） towards authentic antioxidant standards.Interestingly,Empty pod extracts are devoid of antihaemolytic activity.Both the extracts showed dose dependent DNA protection.Besides this,bark and empty pod extracts exhibited dual inhibiting potential againstα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzymes.Conclusions:On summarization,it insinuated that both bark and empty pods can be used for the preparation of antioxidant/nutraceutical supplements and in anti-diabetic formulations.
文摘Tropoje-Has ophiolitic massif of eastern Mirdita(Albania)ophiolitic belt,is a major source for metallurgical chromite ore in Albania.Massif consists of a thick mantle section of SSZ type,8-10 km thick and
基金the financial support for this study provided by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China (LC201610) to Hailong Ning
文摘Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod are quantitative,multigenic traits and important components of yield in soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.].Pods are distributed unevenly in the upper,middle,and lower segments of the plant and this distribution is affected by sowing date(SD).A population of four-way recombinant inbred lines(FW-RIL),containing 160 F2:8 individuals,was generated from the cross(Kenfeng 14×Kenfeng 15)×(Heinong 48×Kenfeng 19).A linkage map consisting of 275 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with the production of one,two,three,and four seeds per pod in the upper,middle,and lower segments of plants at two SDs,totaling 12 measurements per SD.A wide range of variation in the twelve characteristics was observed among the four parental lines and the FW-RIL population at the two SDs.The effect of SD2(May 17,2016)on pod number was stronger than that of SD1(May 7,2016)because the heritability of each trait in the SD1 experiment was generally greater than that of SD2.The study identified 76 QTL controlling pod number,with the phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranging from 1.86%to 13.71%.The numbers of QTL controlling one,two,three,and four seeds per pod were 28,23,23,and 23,respectively.There were 30,28,and 28 QTL controlling the pod number in the upper,middle,and lower segments of the plant,respectively.Forty-five QTL were identified at SD1 and 38 QTL were identified at SD2.Seventeen QTL were associated with pod-number traits.The QTL qPNA1–3 was associated with the number of pods containing one seed in the middle segment of the plant at both SDs.Sixty-three QTL were published QTL(common areas existed when integrating on a map GmComposite2003 of Wm82 based on left and right markers).and 13 QTL related to pod number were newly discovered.These results provide a reference for breeders to improve soybean yield by combining advantageous alleles for these QTL.Future studies may reveal candidate genes for these QTL and identify causal alleles for markerassisted selection.
文摘飞机结构损伤导波在线监测技术作为一种新颖的无损检测手段,为了真正实现该技术在结构运营维护过程中的视情维护,必须明确其结构损伤检出概率(probability of detection,POD),以指导结构检查维修方案的制定。提出了一种基于信号响应分析模型的结构损伤导波POD计算方法,该方法通过构建在线导波监测信号的损伤指数与裂纹长度间的对应关系,得到结构损伤POD的统计计算模型,并分析了拟合参数的不确定性对计算模型的影响,构建了不同置信度下的导波POD计算模型。通过开展金属开孔和搭接结构疲劳裂纹导波监测试验,验证了该方法的有效性。试验结果表明,损伤指数类型、对应关系拟合函数和传感器监测方案均对结构损伤导波POD具有影响,且在95%置信度90%POD下金属开孔和搭接结构的可检裂纹长度分别约为2.6 mm和9.5 mm。
文摘The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.
基金supported by the General Project of Top-Design of Multi-Scale Nature-Social ModelsData Support and Decision Support System for NSFC Carbon Neutrality Major Project(42341202)the Basic Scientific Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021Z014)。
文摘CO_(2)is one of the most important greenhouse gases(GHGs)in the earth’s atmosphere.Since the industrial era,anthropogenic activities have emitted excessive quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere,resulting in climate warming since the 1950s and leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather and climate events.In 2020,China committed to striving for carbon neutrality by 2060.This commitment and China’s consequent actions will result in significant changes in global and regional anthropogenic carbon emissions and therefore require timely,comprehensive,and objective monitoring and verification support(MVS)systems.The MVS approach relies on the top-down assimilation and inversion of atmospheric CO_(2)concentrations,as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)Inventory Guidelines in 2019.However,the regional high-resolution assimilation and inversion method is still in its initial stage of development.Here,we have constructed an inverse system for carbon sources and sinks at the kilometer level by coupling proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)with four-dimensional variational(4DVar)data assimilation based on the weather research and forecasting-greenhouse gas(WRF-GHG)model.Our China Carbon Monito ring and Verification Support at the Regional level(CCMVS-R)system can continuously assimilate information on atmospheric CO_(2)and other related information and realize the inversion of regional and local anthropogenic carbon emissions and natural terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange.Atmospheric CO_(2)data were collected from six ground-based monito ring sites in Shanxi Province,China to verify the inversion effect of regio nal anthropogenic carbon emissions by setting ideal and real experiments using a two-layer nesting method(at 27 and 9 km).The uncertainty of the simulated atmospheric CO_(2)decreased significantly,with a root-mean-square error of CO_(2)concentration values between the ideal value and the simulated after assimilation was close to 0.The total anthropogenic carbon emissions in Shanxi Province in 2019 from the assimilated inversions were approximately 28.6%(17%-38%)higher than the mean of five emission inventories using the bottomup method,showing that the top-down CCMVS-R system can obtain more comprehensive information on anthropogenic carbon emissions.
文摘声发射(acoustic emission,AE)检测就是利用采集和分析声发射现象所产生的信号从而实现对材料进行无损评价的技术,该技术具有实时监测并定位破坏源的能力但是由于检测过程中声发射源信号未知,因此评价检测可靠性的检测概率(probability of detection,POD)研究仍然是空白。进一步来说,在利用声发射监测损伤过程时,声发射波源直接决定其检测结果的可靠性,因此波源的检测概率可以成为量化声发射检测有效性的一个重要指标。为了确定声发射波源的检测概率,利用声子晶体(phononic crystals,PCs)的特性,通过部署声子晶体形成物理带隙,滤除噪声信号,从而获得铝合金试件在紧凑拉伸试验下由于疲劳裂缝活动而引起的声发射信号,最终确定声发射源的检测概率及其影响因素。结果表明,检测概率会随着疲劳裂缝扩展而提高,但裂缝长度达到一定值后开始下降,最终趋于一个平稳值,另外通过设置阈值和选择适当的滤波器,能有效提高检测概率,保证声发射评价结构损伤的有效性。该研究对声发射源识别和检测可靠性评价具有重要意义。
