土壤温度和湿度对外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus产茧和幼蚓孵化的影响

通过采用主处理为土壤温度,副处理为土壤湿度的裂区区组实验设计,在室内微生态条件下控制土壤温度和湿度培养蚯蚓,探讨了3种土壤温、湿度对热带外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus成蚓产茧和蚓茧孵化的影响。研究结果表明,P.corethrurus成蚓在20—30℃土壤温度范围、25%—35%土壤湿度环境中均可持续产茧和孵化幼蚓,培养时间、土壤温湿度对蚯蚓的产茧和孵化呈现显著影响。20%土壤湿度下成蚓休眠或死亡。35%土壤湿度下呈现最大蚓茧产量和幼蚓孵化量。在较好(35%)土壤湿度下产茧数表现为高温好于低温,反之亦然;在适宜(25%—35%)土壤湿度下幼蚓孵化率随温度升高而增加,但呈现高、低温的限制作用,即25℃土壤温度和35%土壤湿度时出现最高幼蚓孵化率。在适宜的土壤温湿度范围内,湿度较温度对蚯蚓繁殖具有更显著的控制作用,温度的影响在一定程度上可通过土壤湿度加以调节。

西双版纳热带次生林和橡胶林蚯蚓数量分布及其与环境因子的关系

2006年1月,通过样地调查法比较了西双版纳次生林和橡胶林2种不同土地利用方式的蚯蚓数量分布状况及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:自然林转变为橡胶林后,土壤养分及植物有机碳输入均明显减少,同时蚯蚓群落发生较大的变化:在橡胶林,热带外来种蚯蚓无围海蚓的密度(52.27ind.m-2)显著高于林地内本地种蚯蚓远环蚓的密度(0.53ind.m-2),但在次生林,2种蚯蚓的密度和生物量无显著差异;橡胶林本地种蚯蚓远环蚓的密度(0.53ind.m-2)和生物量(0.32g.m-2)与次生林(6.93ind.m-2、7.76g.m-2)相比呈下降趋势。无围海蚓的幼蚓在其种群中占有较大比例,类似增长型种群年龄结构,而远环蚓则主要以成蚓为主。相关分析表明,橡胶林的细根生物量与无围海蚓的密度呈显著正相关。由此预示蚯蚓群落结构的这种变化可能与橡胶林土地利用引起的植被变化、土壤养分下降等因素密切相关,同时外来种蚯蚓与本地种蚯蚓本身的生态适应对策也不可忽视。

Heavy Metal Levels and Potential Ecological Risks Assessed at an Agroecosystem Site in Tropical Region

The concentrations and distribution of thirteen metals and metalloids were investigated in soils, sediments, and two biological matrices (the fish Clarias gariepisnis and the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus) from the CECOMAF agroecosystem, in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities. The results revealed high concentrations of heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg all above values recommended by sediment quality guidelines and their probable effect levels on biota. According to the calculated Enrichment Factor, soil and sediments ranked from moderately to heavily polluted by Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg. The Contamination Degree and other ecological risk indices indicated very high contamination and very high ecological risks posed by Cd and Hg, respectively. The Geoaccumulation Index indicated that current metal concentrations in the agroecosystem originated from anthropogenic activities, while the Spearman correlation matrix values indicated that Hg could originate from different sources and pathways than the other metals. It was concluded that metals from unchecked anthropogenic activities have negatively impacted agricultural activities and fish production at the CECOMAF agroecosystem. Action to reduce the contamination level and the ecological risks by remediating and preventing metal pollution in the CECOMAF agroecosystem site is recommended.