Volumetric lattice Boltzmann method for pore-scale mass diffusionadvection process in geopolymer porous structures

Porous materials present significant advantages for absorbing radioactive isotopes in nuclear waste streams.To improve absorption efficiency in nuclear waste treatment,a thorough understanding of the diffusion-advection process within porous structures is essential for material design.In this study,we present advancements in the volumetric lattice Boltzmann method(VLBM)for modeling and simulating pore-scale diffusion-advection of radioactive isotopes within geopolymer porous structures.These structures are created using the phase field method(PFM)to precisely control pore architectures.In our VLBM approach,we introduce a concentration field of an isotope seamlessly coupled with the velocity field and solve it by the time evolution of its particle population function.To address the computational intensity inherent in the coupled lattice Boltzmann equations for velocity and concentration fields,we implement graphics processing unit(GPU)parallelization.Validation of the developed model involves examining the flow and diffusion fields in porous structures.Remarkably,good agreement is observed for both the velocity field from VLBM and multiphysics object-oriented simulation environment(MOOSE),and the concentration field from VLBM and the finite difference method(FDM).Furthermore,we investigate the effects of background flow,species diffusivity,and porosity on the diffusion-advection behavior by varying the background flow velocity,diffusion coefficient,and pore volume fraction,respectively.Notably,all three parameters exert an influence on the diffusion-advection process.Increased background flow and diffusivity markedly accelerate the process due to increased advection intensity and enhanced diffusion capability,respectively.Conversely,increasing the porosity has a less significant effect,causing a slight slowdown of the diffusion-advection process due to the expanded pore volume.This comprehensive parametric study provides valuable insights into the kinetics of isotope uptake in porous structures,facilitating the development of porous materials for nuclear waste treatment applications.

Investigation of pore geometry influence on fluid flow in heterogeneous porous media:A pore-scale study

Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs are renowned for their intricate pore networks and vuggy nature,posing significant challenges in modeling and simulating fluid flow within these carbonate reservoirs.Despite possessing excellent petrophysical properties,such as high porosity and permeability,these reservoirs typically exhibit a notably low recovery factor,sometimes falling below 10%.Previous research has indicated that various enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods,such as water alternating gas(WAG),can substantially augment the recovery factor in pre-salt reservoirs,resulting in improvements of up to 20%.Nevertheless,the fluid flow mechanism within Brazilian carbonate reservoirs,characterized by complex pore geometry,remains unclear.Our study examines the behavior of fluid flow in a similar heterogeneous porous material,utilizing a plug sample obtained from a vugular segment of a Brazilian stromatolite outcrop,known to share analogies with certain pre-salt reservoirs.We conducted single-phase and multi-phase core flooding experiments,complemented by medical-CT scanning,to generate flow streamlines and evaluate the efficiency of water flooding.Subsequently,micro-CT scanning of the core sample was performed,and two cross-sections from horizontal and vertical plates were constructed.These cross-sections were then employed as geometries in a numerical simulator,enabling us to investigate the impact of pore geometry on fluid flow.Analysis of the pore-scale modeling and experimental data unveiled that the presence of dead-end pores and vugs results in a significant portion of the fluid remaining stagnant within these regions.Consequently,the injected fluid exhibits channeling-like behavior,leading to rapid breakthrough and low areal swept efficiency.Additionally,the numerical simulation results demonstrated that,irrespective of the size of the dead-end regions,the pressure variation within the dead-end vugs and pores is negligible.Despite the stromatolite's favorable petrophysical properties,including relatively high porosity and permeability,as well as the presence of interconnected large vugs,the recovery factor during water flooding remained low due to early breakthrough.These findings align with field data obtained from pre-salt reservoirs,providing an explanation for the observed low recovery factor during water flooding in such reservoirs.

Numerical simulation of displacement characteristics of CO_2 injected in pore-scale porous media

Pore structure of porous media, including pore size and topology, is rather complex. In immiscible twophase displacement process, the capillary force affected by pore size dominates the two-phase flow in the porous media, affecting displacement results. Direct observation of the flow patterns in the porous media is difficult, and therefore knowledge about the two-phase displacement flow is insufficient. In this paper, a two-dimensional(2D) pore structure was extracted from a sandstone sample, and the flow process that CO_2 displaces resident brine in the extracted pore structure was simulated using the Navier eStokes equation combined with the conservative level set method. The simulation results reveal that the pore throat is a crucial factor for determining CO_2 displacement process in the porous media. The two-phase meniscuses in each pore throat were in a self-adjusting process. In the displacement process,CO_2 preferentially broke through the maximum pore throat. Before breaking through the maximum pore throat, the pressure of CO_2 continually increased, and the curvature and position of two-phase interfaces in the other pore throats adjusted accordingly. Once the maximum pore throat was broken through by the CO_2, the capillary force in the other pore throats released accordingly; subsequently, the interfaces withdrew under the effect of capillary fore, preparing for breaking through the next pore throat.Therefore, the two-phase displacement in CO_2 injection is accompanied by the breaking through and adjusting of the two-phase interfaces.

Numerical simulation of pore-scale flow in chemical flooding process

Chemical flooding is one of the effective technologies to increase oil recovery of petroleum reservoirs after water flooding.Above the scale of representative elementary volume(REV), phenomenological modeling and numerical simulations of chemical flooding have been reported in literatures,but the studies alike are rarely conducted at the pore-scale,at which the effects of physicochemical hydrodynamics are hardly resolved either by experimental observations or by traditional continuum-based simulations.In this paper,dissipative particle dynamics(DPD),one of mesoscopic fluid particle methods,is introduced to simulate the pore-scale flow in chemical flooding processes.The theoretical background,mathematical formulation and numerical approach of DPD are presented.The plane Poiseuille flow is used to illustrate the accuracy of the DPD simulation,and then the processes of polymer flooding through an oil-wet throat and a water-wet throat are studies, respectively.The selected parameters of those simulations are given in details.These preliminary results show the potential of this novel method for modeling the physicochemical hydrodynamics at the pore scale in the area of chemical enhanced oil recovery.

Pore-scale simulation of gas-water flow in low permeability gas reservoirs

A novel method was developed to establish a realistic three dimensional(3D) network model representing pore space in low permeability sandstone.Digital core of rock sample was established by the combination of micro-CT scanning and image processing,then 3D pore-throat network model was extracted from the digital core through analyzing pore space topology,calculating pore-throat parameters and simplifying the shapes of pores and throats.The good agreements between predicted and measured porosity and absolute permeability verified the validity of this new network model.Gas-water flow mechanism was studied by using pore-scale simulations,and the influence of pore structure parameters,including coordination number,aspect ratio and shape factor,on gas-water flow,was investigated.The present simulation results show that with the increment of coordination number,gas flow ability in network improves and the effect of invading water on blocking gas flow weakens.The smaller the aspect ratio is,the stronger the anisotropy of the network is,resulting in the increase of seepage resistance.It is found that the shape factor mainly affects the end points in relative permeability curves,and for a highly irregular pore or throat with a small shape factor,the irreducible water saturation(Swi) and residual gas saturation(Sgr) are relatively high.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Pore-Scale Water Flooding Phenomena in Water-Wet and Oil-Wet Porous Media

The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestructive manner. To eliminate the possibility of false images being produced because of X-ray broadening effects, we developed a visualization method by arranging the brightness distribution of all phases involved. Water flooding experiments were conducted using oil-wet and water-wet porous media. The water phase was injected upward into packed glass beads containing an oil phase, and the process was scanned every minute until steady state was reached. Using this scheme, real-time, the water invasion pattern and oil trapping process in clusters of pores and individual pores can be observed clearly. By eliminating false images, the boundary of each phase could be identified with high precision, even in a single pore. Porelevel phenomena, including snap off (which has never before been captured in a real 3D porous medium), piston-like displacement, and the curvature of the interface, were also observed. Direct measurement of the pore throat radius and the contact angle between the wetting and nonwetting phases gave an approximation of the capillary pressure during the piston-like displacement and snap-off processes.

Pore-scale study based on lattice Boltzmann method of density driven natural convection during CO_2 injection project

Saline aquifers are chosen for geological storage of greenhouse gas CO_2 because of their storage potential.In almost all cases of practical interest,CO_2 is present on top of the liquid and CO_2 dissolution leads to a small increase in the density of the aqueous phase.This situation results in the creation of negative buoyancy force for downward density-driven natural convection and consequently enhances CO_2 sequestration.In order to study CO_2 injection at pore-level,an isothermal Lattice Boltzmann Model(LBM) with two distribution functions is adopted to simulate density-driven natural convection in porous media with irregular geometry obtained by image treatment.The present analysis showed that after the onset of natural convection instability,the brine with a high CO_2 concentration infringed into the underlying unaffected brine,in favor of the migration of CO_2 into the pore structure.With low Rayleigh numbers,the instantaneous mass flux and total dissolved CO_2 mass are very close to that derived from penetration theory(diffusion only),but the fluxes are significantly enhanced with high Ra number.The simulated results show that as the time increases,some chaotic and recirculation zones in the flow appear obviously,which promotes the renewal of interfacial liquid,and hence enhances dissolution of CO_2 into brine.This study is focused on the scale of a few pores,but shows implications in enhanced oil/gas recovery with CO_2 sequestration in aquifers.

Influence mechanism of pore-scale anisotropy and pore distribution heterogeneity on permeability of porous media

Based on micro-CT scanning experiments, three-dimensional digital cores of tight sandstones were established to quantitatively evaluate pore-scale anisotropy and pore-distribution heterogeneity. The quartet structure generation set method was used to generate three-dimensional anisotropic, heterogeneous porous media models. A multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model was applied to analyze relationships of permeability with pore-scale anisotropy and pore distribution heterogeneity, and the microscopic influence mechanism was also investigated. The tight sandstones are of complex pore morphology, strong anisotropy and pore distribution heterogeneity, while anisotropy factor has obvious directivity. The obvious anisotropy influences the orientation of long axis of pores and fluid flow path, making tortuosity smaller and flowing energy loss less in the direction with the greater anisotropy factor. The strong correlation of tortuosity and anisotropy is the inherent reason of anisotropy acting on permeability. The influence of pore distribution heterogeneity on permeability is the combined effects of specific surface area and tortuosity, while the product of specific surface area and tortuosity shows significantly negative correlation with heterogeneity. The stronger the pore distribution heterogeneity, the smaller the product and the greater the permeability. In addition, the permeability and tortuosity of complex porous media satisfy a power relation with a high fitting precision, which can be applied for approximate estimation of core permeability.

Comparison of Direct Pore-Scale and Volume-Averaging Methods for the Performance Evaluation of Porous Volumetric Solar Receiver

Direct pore-scale and volume-averaging numerical simulations are two methods for investigating the performance of porous volumetric solar receivers.To clarify the difference in the prediction of heat transfer processes,a direct comparison between these two methods was conducted at both steady state and transient state.The numerical models were established based on X-ray computed tomography scans and a local thermal non-equilibrium model,respectively.The empirical parameters,which are indispensable to the volume-averaging simulation,were determined by Monte Carlo ray tracing and direct pore-scale numerical simulations.The predicted outlet air temperature of the receiver by the volume-averaging simulation method corresponded satisfactorily to that in the direct pore-scale simulation.The largest discrepancies were observed when the receiver's working temperature was elevated,with differences of 5.5%and 3.68%for the steady state and transient state simulations,respectively.However,the volume-averaging method is incapable of capturing the local temperature information of the air and porous skeleton.It underestimates the inlet temperature of the receiver,leading to an overestimation of the receiver's thermal efficiency,with the largest difference being 6.51%.The comparison results show that the volume-averaging model is a good approximation to the pore-scale model when the empirical parameters are carefully selected.

页岩储层应力敏感性的时间效应

有效应力及其作用时间是控制岩石孔隙和裂缝变形的重要外部因素。页岩储层的多尺度孔隙结构特征及孔缝配置关系使得其应力敏感时间效应具有特殊性,然而,以往研究尚未考虑有效应力加载及卸载时间对页岩应力敏感行为的影响。以川南威荣气田龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,钻取不同孔缝发育程度的页岩样品,设计并测试了变有效应力状态下变加载及卸载持续稳定时间对岩样渗透率的影响实验。结果表明:1)有效应力从5 MPa升至35 MPa时,微裂缝岩样和基块岩样渗透率分别降低了66.82%和27.19%,卸载过程中渗透率恢复率为74.73%和79.82%。页岩渗透率越低,有效应力滞后效应越显著;2)恒定有效应力加载持续稳定时间从2.5 h延长至10.0 h,应力敏感系数增加3.76%∼80.17%,且当有效应力较小时的时间效应更显著。研究认为,页岩组分及多尺度孔缝结构是导致其孔缝变形行为差异性的主因。基于实验研究结果,推荐页岩样品老化处理为6.0 h,提出了优化页岩储层敏感性评价实验方案和优化气井工作制度的建议。

非均质多孔介质超临界CO_(2)非混相驱替特征及机理研究

为深入理解超临界CO_(2)在非均质储层中的非混相驱替过程,探索其流动特性及对多孔介质流体动力学的影响,为CO_(2)增强油气采收率和地质碳储存技术提供科学依据,采用基于Navier-Stokes方程与Cahn-Hilliard方程耦合的微观两相流模型,结合Voronoi多边形构造技术建立了具有真实孔隙结构特征的非均质多孔介质模型。通过模拟计算,详细描述了不同条件下CO_(2)驱替过程中的流体动力学行为和界面特征,研究了流体界面形态的演变和驱替效率的影响因素。结果表明:超临界CO_(2)注入后,不同模型内均出现了指进特征和复杂的非混相界面;孔道结构特征决定了毛细力大小,影响CO_(2)驱替前缘的稳定性,大孔道易形成指进现象,而狭窄孔道受毛细阻力与黏滞力影响,促使CO_(2)渗流路径转向或分叉,并导致孔隙压力不均匀分布;孔道内的黏滞力阻碍CO_(2)推进,适度调节CO_(2)的黏度和密度有助于提高驱替效率;高毛管数条件下,驱替压力导致流体相界面变得不稳定,CO_(2)优势渗流通道数量增多,指进渗流通道宽度拓宽,在黏滞力作用下出现了非连续的卡断现象;长时间的驱替过程显著提高CO_(2)饱和度,但伴随高能耗损失,驱替效率在CO_(2)突破后期逐渐下降。因此,调控超临界CO_(2)的物理性质、优化控制注入速率,能有效改善CO_(2)在地层中的分布和驱替路径,是提高CO_(2)驱替效率和优化地层开发的重要手段。

深部煤层孔隙结构与流体差异赋存特征研究

【目的】鄂尔多斯盆地东缘已打破深部煤层气勘探禁区,多个区块呈现“单点突破、区域差异开发”特征,深部煤储层孔裂隙结构作为流体赋存与产出的物质空间,对于深部煤层气区块差异开发至关重要。【方法】系统采集鄂尔多斯盆地东缘神府区块深部煤样品,基于常规孔渗物性测试、CO_(2)吸附、低温N2吸附、压汞和核磁共振等测试,以神府区块8+9号煤为例,系统总结深煤层孔隙结构及流体赋存模式。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)深部煤孔隙结构差异较大,神府煤介孔−宏孔均发育,多为墨水瓶型和开放型孔。综合认为中阶煤孔隙结构的跨尺度效应稍有减弱,相对有利扩散、渗流。(2)中阶煤吸附能力降低,等温吸附曲线高压段曲线平缓,初期解吸效率低;含水饱和度增高,其介孔−宏孔的束缚水含量较高导致可动水孔隙率减小,降低了游离气的储集空间。(3)研究区存在“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型、“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气−束缚水赋存”型两类气水赋存模式,导致煤层气排采差异明显,其中“宏孔−微裂缝主控的游离气−自由水赋存”型是深部煤层气快速高产模式,该模式具有“见气时间短、中高产气、低产水”的生产特征,且由于应力对中大孔−微裂缝的伤害较强,建议该模式下的气井排采需适当控制排采速度以减小储层伤害,防止产量陡降;“微孔−介孔−宏孔主控的吸附气束缚水赋存”型模式具有“短期排水、缓慢见气”生产特征,排采仍需遵循“缓慢、连续”原则保证气井稳产;此外,由于孔隙以微孔、介孔为主,束缚水含量高,气井短期难获高产,需进一步探索加大压裂改造规模提高该类气藏产量。

致密砂岩气藏注CO_(2)提高天然气采收率微观机理

中国致密砂岩气藏资源储量丰富,复杂的气水渗流关系和气水同产特征制约了单井产能的发挥和天然气采收率提高,注CO_(2)是提高气藏采收率(EGR)和实现碳埋存的双赢途径。为明确致密砂岩气藏CO_(2)驱替微观渗流和提高天然气采收率机理,指导致密砂岩气藏CO_(2)-EGR方案设计,基于格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)建立了孔隙尺度多相多组分流动模型,揭示了致密砂岩气藏储层微观气水分布特征和CO_(2)-EGR的微观渗流机理,并明确了CO_(2)-EGR的主控因素。研究结果表明:①驱动压差显著影响了致密砂岩气藏的气水微观分布和水锁程度,使得气水流动能力和气水相对渗透率特征不同;②CO_(2)-EGR微观渗流过程包括气水两相的非混相驱替和CO_(2)-CH_(4)的混相驱替,对应EGR机理为分别受生产压差和地层压力控制的黏性驱替和混相扩散;③注入的CO_(2)可有效缓解水锁现象和贾敏效应,与CH_(4)良好的混相能力能促进沟通分散气泡,微观驱气效率可达42%~94%;④含水饱和度、孔隙结构和驱动压差显著影响微观驱气的作用机制和驱气效率的改善幅度。结论认为,在进行致密砂岩气CO_(2)-EGR的方案设计时,可优先考虑中—低含水饱和度的区块作为试验靶区,并根据靶区储层孔隙结构特征,优化不同注气阶段的注采参数,可充分发挥CO_(2)对CH_(4)的黏性驱替和混相扩散作用。

致密砂岩孔隙尺度下气-水界面动态演化可视化实验研究

水相圈闭是非常规天然气开发面临的主要储层损害问题之一,采用岩心驱替实验无法直观揭示孔隙内部气水两相分布和流动演化过程,因此,对水相圈闭损害微观作用机理的认识有待提高.根据致密砂岩铸体薄片,设计出一维通道和二维孔隙网络两种玻璃芯片模型,可视化研究了孔隙尺度下渗吸和返排过程中气-水界面演化和两相流动行为;结合岩心驱替实验,探讨了孔隙尺度气-水界面演化与致密砂岩宏观气体流动的关联机制.结果表明:(1)孔隙尺度下气-水界面随含水饱和度的增加由水膜水气-水界面向毛管水气-水界面演化,并主要通过卡断和绕流两种形式破坏气体流动连续性;(2)优势通道既是孔隙尺度下水相返排的快速走廊,也是气泡运移和贾敏效应发生的主要通道,是造成储层产水但不产气的一个重要原因;(3)孔隙尺度下气-水界面演化引起的水封气现象是水相圈闭损害的具体微观作用形式,宏观表现为岩心尺度上水相难以彻底返排和气体渗透能力不能完全恢复.实验结果可为储层岩石孔隙尺度下水相圈闭作用机理和气水可动性分析提供理论依据.

致密油藏混合润湿对孔隙尺度渗吸的影响

以毛细管压力为基础的渗吸作用可有效动用致密储层中的原油并补充能量。为了研究混合润湿程度与渗吸采出程度之间的关系,以及典型混合润湿孔喉通道渗吸规律,基于相场理论和Navier-Stokes方程,建立静态孔隙尺度渗吸数值模型,对孔隙尺度渗吸过程进行数值模拟,分析不同混合润湿程度对渗吸采油效果的影响。结果表明:混合润湿占比为10%的混合润湿岩石孔隙渗吸采出程度比纯水湿的采出程度高。当混合润湿占比低时,混合润湿通道为渗吸的主力通道,渗吸效果与纯水湿的类似;当混合润湿占比超过40%时,渗吸采出程度低于10%,渗吸效果差;当混合润湿占比高时,连通性好且成片存在的水湿孔喉成为混合润湿体系渗吸排驱采油的主要优势通道,连续的油湿孔喉抑制水相流动,导致渗吸作用停止。该结果为阐明混合润湿程度和混合润湿分布的渗吸规律和流动潜力、提高致密油藏的采收率提供指导。

济阳页岩油渗流机理及开发规律研究

济阳页岩油资源潜力巨大,但受复杂地质条件影响,对压裂后多尺度空间渗流机理及开发规律缺乏系统认识,规模效益开发难度大。为厘清济阳页岩油开发规律的内在机制,针对济阳页岩油多尺度裂缝发育特征,综合物理实验与数值模拟等多种手段,研究压裂后复合缝网的形成机制及组合模式,开展多尺度裂缝应力敏感、多级孔缝内流体非线性渗流、孔缝系统渗吸置换等多重介质空间渗流机理研究。依据压裂改造后多尺度缝网的分布及其渗流规律的差异性,建立了页岩油“易流-缓流-滞流”三区渗流模式,明确了济阳页岩油不同流动阶段的渗流特征与开发规律。研究结果表明:层理缝发育可改善储层物性条件,提高渗吸置换效率,降低启动压力梯度;弹性开发阶段随地层压力下降,渗流通道减小,缝网导流能力降低,具有明显的应力敏感性。济阳页岩油开发过程中,开发初期流态以易流区供液的裂缝线性流和裂缝椭圆流为主;开发中期缓流区向易流区供能,流态转变为地层椭圆流;开发后期滞流区内的页岩油逐渐动用,流态转变为边界控制流。受地质条件和生产制度影响,不同水平井能量变化、含水率下降和产量变化规律具有较大差异。合理优化闷井时间和生产制度,能够保证渗吸置换效果,高效利用地层能量,提高页岩油产能。

不同胶结度的多孔介质中溶质横向弥散的孔隙尺度模拟研究

深入理解、精确刻画溶质孔隙尺度横向弥散行为是揭示溶质运移现象内在机制、提高溶质运移模拟精度的关键。基于孔隙尺度模拟方法研究了不同胶结度的多孔介质中溶质横向弥散特征。结果表明:当胶结度增大时,溶质横向弥散程度有所增强,但与纵向弥散相比增强幅度较小,且在模拟的胶结度范围内横向弥散未展现显著的尺度效应。研究还发现多孔介质中横向弥散系数D_(T)与纵向弥散系数D_(L)间的差异程度不是固定不变的,而是随着溶质运移距离逐渐增大最终达到稳态的过程,并且D_(L)/D_(T)的渐进值及达到渐进值所需时间均受胶结度的影响。因此,将D_(T)视为比D_(L)小一个数量级的值与溶质实际弥散行为存在较大偏差。同时,通过对比不同介质中流体流速横向、纵向分量概率密度及溶质对流速率概率密度的差异,揭示了以上溶质横向弥散特征变化及其与纵向弥散特征变化不同的内在机制。

基于孔隙尺度多孔介质的圆柱绕流控制数值分析

为深入理解多孔介质参数对圆柱绕流的影响机制及其效果,本文基于微观孔隙尺度,对覆盖有多孔介质的圆柱在雷诺数为150条件下的绕流流动进行了数值模拟。主要对不同孔隙率与结构下圆柱绕流的流动特性进行了分析,结果表明,多孔介质的覆盖改变了圆柱原有的流体动力学特征:改变多孔介质结构后,尾流稳定性特征均呈现为先增大后减小的趋势;随着多孔介质结构复杂化,圆柱尾部脱落涡的延迟程度有所降低,但涡的边缘化程度保持相对稳定,且流出多孔介质的流体会再次进入多孔介质,导致涡附着于多孔介质表面。在相同结构条件下,当孔隙率达到0.992时,多孔介质尾部涡的周期性脱落延迟与边缘化程度均达到最大值。以上现象归因于多孔介质内部的小尺度流动,流体在穿越小圆柱时经历多次分离与剪切,特别是在多孔介质尾部流出量较大时,形成的剪切层加厚,从而延长了圆柱尾部涡的脱落过程。此外,随着结构复杂化,流体更倾向于在多孔介质尾部附近流出,这进一步增加了多孔介质上下表面剪切层的厚度。本研究揭示了多孔介质孔隙尺度内流体的流动行为对圆柱绕流的影响规律,可为多孔介质在流动及噪声控制领域的工程应用提供参考。

不同胶结度的饱和土壤孔隙尺度结构对地下水渗流特性的影响

饱和土壤中地下水渗流过程的研究在诸多领域具有重要意义,土壤孔隙尺度结构差异对地下水渗流特性有显著影响。土壤颗粒胶结度是土壤的基本属性之一,但是目前针对不同胶结度的土壤孔隙尺度结构差异对地下水渗流影响的研究尚少。采用整体重排算法构建不同胶结度的土壤介质孔隙尺度结构,基于此运用有限元软件模拟介质中地下水渗流过程开展相关研究。结果表明:土壤颗粒胶结度对饱和土壤中地下水渗流具有显著影响。随着胶结土壤颗粒百分数Pc从0增至60.20%,流场的变异函数增大了70.15%(从1.233到2.098),即随着胶结度增大,流速空间非均质性显著增强。此外,沿地下水主要流动方向和垂直于主要流动方向上的流速概率密度分布函数均越来越发散。流速接近平均流速的区域减少,不流动区、优势流区同时显著增大。当Pc从0增至60.20%时,地下水中不流动区比例增大了23倍(从2.06%到48.31%),而优势流区比例增大了将近9倍(从0.27%到2.41%)。当平均流速不同时,渗流特征的以上变化趋势保持不变。此外,本研究发现不同胶结度介质间的孔隙尺度结构差异正是引起地下水渗流特性发生上述变化的内在原因。

粉煤灰基陶瓷膜支撑体的制备与尺寸放大试验

选取固体废物粉煤灰作为支撑体骨料,TiO_(2)为烧结助剂,羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为黏结剂,木炭粉为造孔剂,采用固态粒子烧结法制得初始陶瓷膜支撑体样品,并对其进行等比尺寸(直径)放大制备。探究支撑体尺寸放大制备中烧结温度、造孔剂添加量、尺寸(直径)放大倍数等因素对支撑体性能的影响,对物质组成、微观形貌、抗折强度、纯水通量、酸碱腐蚀率及孔径分布等性能进行表征。结果表明:最高烧结温度为1 050℃,造孔剂木炭粉添加量为15%(质量分数),放大到原尺寸(直径)的2倍时,所制得支撑体性能最佳,其内部孔隙均匀,颈型结构明显,纯水通量为4 728.26 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa),抗折强度为25.15 MPa,中值孔径为3.06μm,孔隙率为38.56%,酸、碱质量损失率分别为0.33%、0.25%。