Primary hemifacial spasm(HFS) is a disorder that causes frequent involuntary contractions in the muscles on one side of the face, due to a blood vessel compressing the nerve at its root exit zone(REZ) from the brainst...Primary hemifacial spasm(HFS) is a disorder that causes frequent involuntary contractions in the muscles on one side of the face, due to a blood vessel compressing the nerve at its root exit zone(REZ) from the brainstem. Numerous prospective and retrospective case series have confirmed the efficacy of microvascular decompression(MVD) of the facial nerve in patients with HFS. However, while MVD is effective, there are still significant postoperative complications. In this paper, recent technological advances related to MVD(such as lateral spread response,brainstem auditory evokes potential, three dimensional time of flight magnetic resonance angiography, intraoperative neuroendoscopy) are reviewed for the purposes of improving MVD treatment efficacy and reducing postoperative complications.展开更多
Objective.To introduce the properties of Chinese type A botulinum toxin(CBTXA,made by Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products),and its long?term effect for focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.Method.The purity and re...Objective.To introduce the properties of Chinese type A botulinum toxin(CBTXA,made by Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products),and its long?term effect for focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.Method.The purity and recovery of crude and crystalline toxin were tested.Long?term data from305patients with hemifacial spasm(HFS),blepharospasm(BS)and cervical dystonia(CD)were evalu-ated and subgroups of patients received CBTXA injections between1994and2000in at least six sepa-rate treatment sessions,with follow up for2～8years.The therapeutic results of the last session CBTXA injections were analyzed in comparison with the first session.Result.CBTXA purity was high[(2.55～2.60)×10 7 LD50/mgPr ,A260/A280≤0.55,high molecular substance accounted for99.2%of total proteins].Long term treatment with CBTXA in patients with focal dystonia and HFS was not associated with any decline in benefit,and efficacy may improve slightly with repeat treatments.CBTXA is an excellent long-term treatment of HFS,BS and CD.Conclusion.We conclude that Chinese type A botulinum toxin is of botulinum toxin therapy quality standard according to results obtained from the basic study and long?term clinical applications.The re?injection of CBTXA significantly improves the quality of life of most patients and is a safe,effective and comparatively economical treatment for patients with focal dystonia and HFS.展开更多
Objective To study the immunoreactivity of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the facial nerve when Hemifacial Spasm is occurring. Methods The electrophysiological technique was used to explore abnormal muscle ...Objective To study the immunoreactivity of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the facial nerve when Hemifacial Spasm is occurring. Methods The electrophysiological technique was used to explore abnormal muscle response (AMR) which was characteristic of Hemifacial Spasm.The animal models of Hemifacial Spasm in New Zealand white rabbits were established by compressing the main trunk of artificial demyelinated facial nerve with the temporal superficial artery. At 6 weeks after surgery, the facial nerves were taken from the experimental group and control one, the immunohistochemistry for CGRP using polyclonal antibody with ABC kit was performed in the facial nerves; at the same time, the observation for the facial nerves of light and transmission electron microscope was performed. Results The facial nerve demyelinated and the axons retrogressively changed, CGRP immunoreactive positive fibers were significantly detected in experimental groups; whereas this phenomenon was not found in control group. Conclusion CGRP can nutrien the injured facial nerve and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Hemifacial Spasm.展开更多
Purpose:To observe the efficacy of the combined treatment of carbamazepine and botulinum toxin A for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Methods:Fifty-eight patients with either blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm were ...Purpose:To observe the efficacy of the combined treatment of carbamazepine and botulinum toxin A for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Methods:Fifty-eight patients with either blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, 30 patients were administered with local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A and oral carbamazepine 100 mg/time,3 times/day for 60 days. Twenty-eight subjects in the control group under-went local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A only. Results:After combined treatment, the complete remission rate was 90%, which was significantly higher than that of the of the control group (67.9% , P<0.05,χ2 =4.733). However, no statistical significance was noted regarding the duration of therapeutic effects between the treatment group (range 14～40 weeks; 19.2 weeks on average) and control group (range 12～36 weeks; 18 weeks on average). Conclusion:The combined therapy of carbamazepine and topical injections of botulinum toxin A had increased efficacy in the treatment of blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, but had no significant effect in terms of the duration of the therapeutic effect.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Microvascular decompression has become a well-accepted, safe method in the treatment of hemifacial spasms. However, postoperative complications exist and influence the prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE...BACKGROUND： Microvascular decompression has become a well-accepted, safe method in the treatment of hemifacial spasms. However, postoperative complications exist and influence the prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE： This study aimed to analyze, by case review, the characteristics and regularity of microvascular decompression complications in the treatment of hemifacial spasm. DESIGN： Retrospective analysis. SETTING： Beijing General Group Hospital of the Chinese People＇s Armed Police Forces. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 156 patients with hemifacial spasm were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing General Group Hospital of the Chinese People＇s Armed Police Forces from June 2004 to June 2006 and recruited for this study. The patients, 57 males and 99 females, averaged 46 years of age （range 17-68-years old）. All suffered from facial innervated muscular paroxysmal and recurrent contraction, which could not be controlled by consciousness. Electromyogram demonstrated waves of fibrillation and fasciculation. Prior to admission, all patients had received other treatments. Written informed consents for treatment were obtained from all patients. This protocol was approved by the Hospital＇s Ethics Committee. METHODS： After anesthesia, a cranial bone pore was drilled below the connection of the lateral sinus and sigmoid sinus. Dura mater was dissected at the ＂⊥＂ shape and held in the air. Under microscopy, the flocculus cerebelli was lifted slightly up for convenient observation of the cerebellopontine angle. The mucous membrane was sharply separated. Corresponding vessels were identified at the root of the facial nerves and subsequently liberated and disassociated from the root exit zone. Suitably sized Teflon cotton was placed between the corresponding vessels and brain stem. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Complications of microvascular decompression. RESULTS： All 156 patients participated in the final analysis. （1） Postoperatively, 66 （42%） patients presented with obvious headache or dizziness, 5 （3%） with severe headache, 43 （28%） with nausea or vomiting for 12 hours to 3 days, and 19 （12%） with aseptic meningitis and a body temperature of 37.5-40 ℃ Patients, who suffered from headache and fever, were cured after 2-5 lumbar punctures. （2） Postoperatively, 19 （8%） patients suffered from short-term dysaudia and tinnitus on the affected side, 9 （6%） from mild hemifacial spasms, and 2 （1%） from ambiopia. All patients were cured after treatment with a neurotrophic drug. （3） Postoperatively, 4 （2%） patients suffered from cerebrospinal fluid incision leakage and 2 （1%） from cerebrospinal rhinorrhea. The cerebrospinal fluid incision was tightly sutured. One case of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea was cured after mastoid process repair, and the other one recovered spontaneously. CONCLUSION： Experimental results have indicated that low intracranial pressure is the main complication of microvascular decompression in patients with hemifacial spasms, and no permanent neuro-functional impairment was found.展开更多
Objective： Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is characterized by involuntary unilateral contractions of the muscles, usually starting around the eyes before progressing inferiorly to the cheek, mouth, and neck. Here we descr...Objective： Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is characterized by involuntary unilateral contractions of the muscles, usually starting around the eyes before progressing inferiorly to the cheek, mouth, and neck. Here we described the use of fire needle combined with filiform needle for a patient with HFS on the left face. Methods： The fire needle was inserted into the points of Du meridian and the first lateral line of bladder meridian, combined with the points of the Ashi points around the left eye, Guanyuan （CV 4）, Qihai （CV 6）, Xiawan （CV 10）, Zhongwan （CV 12）, Tianshu （ST 25）, Guilai （ST 29） and Daheng （SP 15）. The filiform needle was used to acupuncture the points located on the left side of face including Cuanzhu （BL 2）, Tongziliao （GB 1）, Yangbai （GB 14）, Fengchi （GB 20）, Sizhukong （TE 23） and Sibai （ST 2）. Results： The patient received the combined therapy of fire needle and filiform needle for 9 times in 5 weeks. After that, the symptoms of dull sensation in the left facial area and the twitching of the muscles of the left eye were improved remarkably. Conclusions： The fire needle combined with filiform needle therapy has the potential to cure HFS.展开更多
Objective Abnormal muscle response (AMR) to the electrical stimulation of a branch of facial nerve is a specific electrophysiological feature of primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) . Although the correlation between intrao...Objective Abnormal muscle response (AMR) to the electrical stimulation of a branch of facial nerve is a specific electrophysiological feature of primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) . Although the correlation between intraoperative AMR findings and postoperative results in patients with HFS were investigated before,展开更多
Objective To study influence of distal portion compression of facial nerve in hemifacial spasm surgery. Methods 120 hemifacial spasm patients were undergone lateral spread response monitoring during microvascular deco...Objective To study influence of distal portion compression of facial nerve in hemifacial spasm surgery. Methods 120 hemifacial spasm patients were undergone lateral spread response monitoring during microvascular decompression surgery. 39 patients’LSR remained after decompression of the root exit zone of the facial nerve.展开更多
The combined method of acupuncture with pressure on otopoints (the combination group) was used to treat 86 patients with facial spasm; and simple acupuncture and simple pressure on otopoints were respectively applied ...The combined method of acupuncture with pressure on otopoints (the combination group) was used to treat 86 patients with facial spasm; and simple acupuncture and simple pressure on otopoints were respectively applied in the other two groups of patients as controls. The total effective rates of the combination group, the acupuncture group and the pressure on otopoints group were 95.4%, 92.1% and 62.5% respectively; and the cure rates were 38.4%, 15.8% and 5% respectively. The differences in results of the three groups show statistically marked significance, indicating that the therapeutic effectiveness of the combined method of acupuncture with pressure on otopoints is better than the other two therapeutic methods.展开更多
目的 通过荟萃分析探讨原发性面肌痉挛(hemifacial spasm,HFS)患者脑功能和结构的改变特点,进一步了解HFS的病理生理机制。方法收集2023年4月之前发表在相关数据库中关于HFS患者静息态功能磁共振成像(rest-state functional Magnetic re...目的 通过荟萃分析探讨原发性面肌痉挛(hemifacial spasm,HFS)患者脑功能和结构的改变特点,进一步了解HFS的病理生理机制。方法收集2023年4月之前发表在相关数据库中关于HFS患者静息态功能磁共振成像(rest-state functional Magnetic resonance imaging,Rs-fMRI)和基于体素的形态学分析方法(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)的所有文章。根据纳入和排除标准筛选后,采用激活似然估计(activation likelihood estimation,ALE)方法进行meta分析。结果共纳入7篇文献、10项研究(原发性面肌痉挛患者315例,健康受试者315名),对低频振荡幅度(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)、低频振荡分数(Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,fALFF)及局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)等RsfMRI指标进行功能分析。ALE-meta结果显示,相对于健康受试者,HFS患者的自发性脑功能活动在中央前回、后扣带回、脑桥及小脑显著升高,而在额中回及颞上回降低。将所有基于VBM的HFS患者灰质改变的文献进行结构分析,结果显示,相对于健康受试者,HFS患者的海马旁回、丘脑体积显著减小。结论HFS患者存在脑功能和结构的改变,主要表现为中央前回、脑桥、小脑和后扣带回脑区自发性脑功能活动的异常,以及突显网络结构的异常,初步阐明了HFS患者静息态脑功能活动及结构改变的规律及特征。展开更多
Background Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction.Information on Chinese patients with HFS has not been well-characterized.This ...Background Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction.Information on Chinese patients with HFS has not been well-characterized.This study aimed to evaluate the clinical feature and the treatment status of HFS across China.Methods A cross-sectional study including 1003 primary HFS patients had been carried out in 15 movement disorder clinics in China in 2012.The investigated information was acquired from questionnaires and medical records including demographic data,site of onset,aggravating and relieving factors,treatments prior to the investigation,etc.Results In this study,the ratio of male to female was 1.0：1.8,the mean age at onset was （46.6±11.5） years.About 1.0％ patients were bilaterally affected.The most often site of initial onset was the orbicularis oculi muscle.The most often affected sites were orbicularis oculi,zygomatic,and orbicularis oris muscles.Stress/anxiety and relaxation were most often aggravating and relieving factors,respectively; 2.3％ patients had family history,28.4％ cases were combined with hypertension,and 1.4％ patients were with trigeminal neuralgia.Botulinum toxin type A （BTX-A） injection was the most commonly used treatment,followed by acupuncture and oral medication.BTX-A maintained the highest repeat treatment ratio （68.7％）,while 98.4％ patients gave up acupuncture.The mean latency of BTX-A effect was （5.0±4.7） days,the mean total duration of the effect was （19.5±11.7） weeks,and 95.9％ patients developed improvements no worse than moderate in both severity and function.The most common side effect was droopy mouth.Conclusions The onset age of HFS in China is earlier than that in western countries.The most often used two treatments are BTX-A injection and acupuncture,while the latter kept the poor repeat treatment ratio because of dissatisfactory therapeutic effect.展开更多
文摘Primary hemifacial spasm(HFS) is a disorder that causes frequent involuntary contractions in the muscles on one side of the face, due to a blood vessel compressing the nerve at its root exit zone(REZ) from the brainstem. Numerous prospective and retrospective case series have confirmed the efficacy of microvascular decompression(MVD) of the facial nerve in patients with HFS. However, while MVD is effective, there are still significant postoperative complications. In this paper, recent technological advances related to MVD(such as lateral spread response,brainstem auditory evokes potential, three dimensional time of flight magnetic resonance angiography, intraoperative neuroendoscopy) are reviewed for the purposes of improving MVD treatment efficacy and reducing postoperative complications.
文摘Objective.To introduce the properties of Chinese type A botulinum toxin(CBTXA,made by Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products),and its long?term effect for focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.Method.The purity and recovery of crude and crystalline toxin were tested.Long?term data from305patients with hemifacial spasm(HFS),blepharospasm(BS)and cervical dystonia(CD)were evalu-ated and subgroups of patients received CBTXA injections between1994and2000in at least six sepa-rate treatment sessions,with follow up for2～8years.The therapeutic results of the last session CBTXA injections were analyzed in comparison with the first session.Result.CBTXA purity was high[(2.55～2.60)×10 7 LD50/mgPr ,A260/A280≤0.55,high molecular substance accounted for99.2%of total proteins].Long term treatment with CBTXA in patients with focal dystonia and HFS was not associated with any decline in benefit,and efficacy may improve slightly with repeat treatments.CBTXA is an excellent long-term treatment of HFS,BS and CD.Conclusion.We conclude that Chinese type A botulinum toxin is of botulinum toxin therapy quality standard according to results obtained from the basic study and long?term clinical applications.The re?injection of CBTXA significantly improves the quality of life of most patients and is a safe,effective and comparatively economical treatment for patients with focal dystonia and HFS.
文摘Objective To study the immunoreactivity of Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the facial nerve when Hemifacial Spasm is occurring. Methods The electrophysiological technique was used to explore abnormal muscle response (AMR) which was characteristic of Hemifacial Spasm.The animal models of Hemifacial Spasm in New Zealand white rabbits were established by compressing the main trunk of artificial demyelinated facial nerve with the temporal superficial artery. At 6 weeks after surgery, the facial nerves were taken from the experimental group and control one, the immunohistochemistry for CGRP using polyclonal antibody with ABC kit was performed in the facial nerves; at the same time, the observation for the facial nerves of light and transmission electron microscope was performed. Results The facial nerve demyelinated and the axons retrogressively changed, CGRP immunoreactive positive fibers were significantly detected in experimental groups; whereas this phenomenon was not found in control group. Conclusion CGRP can nutrien the injured facial nerve and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Hemifacial Spasm.
基金The Science and Technology Projects of GuangdongProvince,China (2010B060500006)
文摘Purpose:To observe the efficacy of the combined treatment of carbamazepine and botulinum toxin A for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Methods:Fifty-eight patients with either blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, 30 patients were administered with local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A and oral carbamazepine 100 mg/time,3 times/day for 60 days. Twenty-eight subjects in the control group under-went local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A only. Results:After combined treatment, the complete remission rate was 90%, which was significantly higher than that of the of the control group (67.9% , P<0.05,χ2 =4.733). However, no statistical significance was noted regarding the duration of therapeutic effects between the treatment group (range 14～40 weeks; 19.2 weeks on average) and control group (range 12～36 weeks; 18 weeks on average). Conclusion:The combined therapy of carbamazepine and topical injections of botulinum toxin A had increased efficacy in the treatment of blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, but had no significant effect in terms of the duration of the therapeutic effect.
文摘BACKGROUND： Microvascular decompression has become a well-accepted, safe method in the treatment of hemifacial spasms. However, postoperative complications exist and influence the prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE： This study aimed to analyze, by case review, the characteristics and regularity of microvascular decompression complications in the treatment of hemifacial spasm. DESIGN： Retrospective analysis. SETTING： Beijing General Group Hospital of the Chinese People＇s Armed Police Forces. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 156 patients with hemifacial spasm were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing General Group Hospital of the Chinese People＇s Armed Police Forces from June 2004 to June 2006 and recruited for this study. The patients, 57 males and 99 females, averaged 46 years of age （range 17-68-years old）. All suffered from facial innervated muscular paroxysmal and recurrent contraction, which could not be controlled by consciousness. Electromyogram demonstrated waves of fibrillation and fasciculation. Prior to admission, all patients had received other treatments. Written informed consents for treatment were obtained from all patients. This protocol was approved by the Hospital＇s Ethics Committee. METHODS： After anesthesia, a cranial bone pore was drilled below the connection of the lateral sinus and sigmoid sinus. Dura mater was dissected at the ＂⊥＂ shape and held in the air. Under microscopy, the flocculus cerebelli was lifted slightly up for convenient observation of the cerebellopontine angle. The mucous membrane was sharply separated. Corresponding vessels were identified at the root of the facial nerves and subsequently liberated and disassociated from the root exit zone. Suitably sized Teflon cotton was placed between the corresponding vessels and brain stem. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Complications of microvascular decompression. RESULTS： All 156 patients participated in the final analysis. （1） Postoperatively, 66 （42%） patients presented with obvious headache or dizziness, 5 （3%） with severe headache, 43 （28%） with nausea or vomiting for 12 hours to 3 days, and 19 （12%） with aseptic meningitis and a body temperature of 37.5-40 ℃ Patients, who suffered from headache and fever, were cured after 2-5 lumbar punctures. （2） Postoperatively, 19 （8%） patients suffered from short-term dysaudia and tinnitus on the affected side, 9 （6%） from mild hemifacial spasms, and 2 （1%） from ambiopia. All patients were cured after treatment with a neurotrophic drug. （3） Postoperatively, 4 （2%） patients suffered from cerebrospinal fluid incision leakage and 2 （1%） from cerebrospinal rhinorrhea. The cerebrospinal fluid incision was tightly sutured. One case of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea was cured after mastoid process repair, and the other one recovered spontaneously. CONCLUSION： Experimental results have indicated that low intracranial pressure is the main complication of microvascular decompression in patients with hemifacial spasms, and no permanent neuro-functional impairment was found.
文摘Objective： Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is characterized by involuntary unilateral contractions of the muscles, usually starting around the eyes before progressing inferiorly to the cheek, mouth, and neck. Here we described the use of fire needle combined with filiform needle for a patient with HFS on the left face. Methods： The fire needle was inserted into the points of Du meridian and the first lateral line of bladder meridian, combined with the points of the Ashi points around the left eye, Guanyuan （CV 4）, Qihai （CV 6）, Xiawan （CV 10）, Zhongwan （CV 12）, Tianshu （ST 25）, Guilai （ST 29） and Daheng （SP 15）. The filiform needle was used to acupuncture the points located on the left side of face including Cuanzhu （BL 2）, Tongziliao （GB 1）, Yangbai （GB 14）, Fengchi （GB 20）, Sizhukong （TE 23） and Sibai （ST 2）. Results： The patient received the combined therapy of fire needle and filiform needle for 9 times in 5 weeks. After that, the symptoms of dull sensation in the left facial area and the twitching of the muscles of the left eye were improved remarkably. Conclusions： The fire needle combined with filiform needle therapy has the potential to cure HFS.
文摘Objective Abnormal muscle response (AMR) to the electrical stimulation of a branch of facial nerve is a specific electrophysiological feature of primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) . Although the correlation between intraoperative AMR findings and postoperative results in patients with HFS were investigated before,
文摘Objective To study influence of distal portion compression of facial nerve in hemifacial spasm surgery. Methods 120 hemifacial spasm patients were undergone lateral spread response monitoring during microvascular decompression surgery. 39 patients’LSR remained after decompression of the root exit zone of the facial nerve.
文摘The combined method of acupuncture with pressure on otopoints (the combination group) was used to treat 86 patients with facial spasm; and simple acupuncture and simple pressure on otopoints were respectively applied in the other two groups of patients as controls. The total effective rates of the combination group, the acupuncture group and the pressure on otopoints group were 95.4%, 92.1% and 62.5% respectively; and the cure rates were 38.4%, 15.8% and 5% respectively. The differences in results of the three groups show statistically marked significance, indicating that the therapeutic effectiveness of the combined method of acupuncture with pressure on otopoints is better than the other two therapeutic methods.
文摘目的 通过荟萃分析探讨原发性面肌痉挛(hemifacial spasm,HFS)患者脑功能和结构的改变特点,进一步了解HFS的病理生理机制。方法收集2023年4月之前发表在相关数据库中关于HFS患者静息态功能磁共振成像(rest-state functional Magnetic resonance imaging,Rs-fMRI)和基于体素的形态学分析方法(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)的所有文章。根据纳入和排除标准筛选后,采用激活似然估计(activation likelihood estimation,ALE)方法进行meta分析。结果共纳入7篇文献、10项研究(原发性面肌痉挛患者315例,健康受试者315名),对低频振荡幅度(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)、低频振荡分数(Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,fALFF)及局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)等RsfMRI指标进行功能分析。ALE-meta结果显示,相对于健康受试者,HFS患者的自发性脑功能活动在中央前回、后扣带回、脑桥及小脑显著升高,而在额中回及颞上回降低。将所有基于VBM的HFS患者灰质改变的文献进行结构分析,结果显示,相对于健康受试者,HFS患者的海马旁回、丘脑体积显著减小。结论HFS患者存在脑功能和结构的改变,主要表现为中央前回、脑桥、小脑和后扣带回脑区自发性脑功能活动的异常,以及突显网络结构的异常,初步阐明了HFS患者静息态脑功能活动及结构改变的规律及特征。
文摘Background Hemifacial spasm （HFS） is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction.Information on Chinese patients with HFS has not been well-characterized.This study aimed to evaluate the clinical feature and the treatment status of HFS across China.Methods A cross-sectional study including 1003 primary HFS patients had been carried out in 15 movement disorder clinics in China in 2012.The investigated information was acquired from questionnaires and medical records including demographic data,site of onset,aggravating and relieving factors,treatments prior to the investigation,etc.Results In this study,the ratio of male to female was 1.0：1.8,the mean age at onset was （46.6±11.5） years.About 1.0％ patients were bilaterally affected.The most often site of initial onset was the orbicularis oculi muscle.The most often affected sites were orbicularis oculi,zygomatic,and orbicularis oris muscles.Stress/anxiety and relaxation were most often aggravating and relieving factors,respectively; 2.3％ patients had family history,28.4％ cases were combined with hypertension,and 1.4％ patients were with trigeminal neuralgia.Botulinum toxin type A （BTX-A） injection was the most commonly used treatment,followed by acupuncture and oral medication.BTX-A maintained the highest repeat treatment ratio （68.7％）,while 98.4％ patients gave up acupuncture.The mean latency of BTX-A effect was （5.0±4.7） days,the mean total duration of the effect was （19.5±11.7） weeks,and 95.9％ patients developed improvements no worse than moderate in both severity and function.The most common side effect was droopy mouth.Conclusions The onset age of HFS in China is earlier than that in western countries.The most often used two treatments are BTX-A injection and acupuncture,while the latter kept the poor repeat treatment ratio because of dissatisfactory therapeutic effect.
