Numerical analysis on the factors affecting post-peak characteristics of coal under uniaxial compression

The post-peak characteristics of coal serve as a direct reflection of its failure process and are essential parameters for evaluating brittleness and bursting liability.Understanding the significant factors that influence post-peak characteristics can offer valuable insights for the prevention of coal bursts.In this study,the Synthetic Rock Mass method is employed to establish a numerical model,and the factors affecting coal post-peak characteristics are analyzed from four perspectives:coal matrix mechanical parameters,structural weak surface properties,height-to-width ratio,and loading rate.The research identifies four significant influencing factors:deformation modulus,density of discrete fracture networks,height-to-width ratio,and loading rate.The response and sensitivity of post-peak characteristics to single-factor and multi-factor interactions are assessed.The result suggested that feasible prevention and control measures for coal bursts can be formulated through four approaches:weakening the mechanical properties of coal pillars,increasing the number of structural weak surfaces in coal pillars,reducing the width of coal pillars,and optimizing mining and excavation speed.The efficacy of measures aimed at weakening the mechanical properties of coal is successfully demonstrated through a case study on coal burst prevention using large-diameter borehole drilling.

A post-peak dilatancy model for soft rock and its application in deep tunnel excavation

The dilation angle is the most commonly used parameter to study nonlinear post-peak dilatancy(PPD)behavior and simulate surrounding rock deformation;however,simplified or constant dilatancy models are often used in numerical calculations owing to their simple mathematical forms.This study developed a PPD model for rocks(rock masses)based on the Alejanoe-Alonso(A-A)dilatancy model.The developed model comprehensively reflects the influences of confining pressure(σ_(3))and plastic shear strain(γ^(p)),with the advantages of a simple mathematical form,while requiring fewer parameters and demonstrating a clear physical significance.The overall fitting accuracy of the PPD model for 11 different rocks was found to be higher than that of the A-A model,particularly for Witwatersrand quartzite and jointed granite.The applicability and reliability of the PPD model to jointed granites and different scaled Moura coals were also investigated,and the model was found to be more suitable for the soft and large-scale rocks,e.g.deep rock mass.The PPD model was also successfully applied in studying the mechanical response of a circular tunnel excavated in strain-softening rock mass,and the developed semi-analytical solution was compared and verified with existing analytical solutions.The sensitivities of the rock dilatancy to γ^(p) and σ_(3) showed significant spatial variabilities along the radial direction of the surrounding rock,and the dilation angle did not exhibit a monotonical increasing or decreasing law from the elasticeplastic boundary to the tunnel wall,thereby presenting the σ3-or γ^(p)-dominated differential effects of rock dilatancy.Tunnel deformation parabolically or exponentially increased with increasing in situ stress(buried depth).The developed PPD model is promising to conduct refined numerical and analytical analyses for deep tunneling,which produces extensive plastic deformation and exhibits significant nonlinear post-peak behavior.

Mechanical behavior of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading under hydromechanical coupling

This paper investigates mechanical behaviours of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading subjected to hydromechanical coupling effect, confirming the peak and residual strengths reduction laws of sandstone with water pressure, and revealing the influence of water pressure on the upper limit stress and deformation characteristics of sandstone during post-peak cyclic loading and unloading.Regarding the rock strength, the experimental study confirms that the peak strength σ_(p) and residual strength σ_(r) decrease as water pressure P increases. Especially, the normalized strength parameters σ_(p)/σ_(pk) and σ_(r)/σ_(re) was negatively and linearly correlated with the P/σ_(3). Moreover, the Hoek-Brown strength criterion can be applied to describe the relationship between effective peak strength and effective confining stress. During post-peak cyclic loading and unloading, both the upper limit stress σ_(p(i)) and crack damage threshold stress σ_(cd(i)) of each cycle tend to decrease with the increasing cycle number. A hysteresis loop exists among the loading and unloading stress–strain curves, indicating the unloading deformation modulus E_(unload) is larger than the loading deformation modulus E_(load). Based on experimental results,a post-peak strength prediction model related to water pressure and plastic shear strain is established.

Experimental study of post-peak behavior of bimrocks with high rock block proportions

Design and construction of engineering structures in geomaterials with block-in-matrix texture(referred as bimrock) such as conglomerates,breccias and agglomerates are challenging tasks for engineers.When dealing with these materials in important structures such as open pits with high walls and pillars of deep underground mines,understanding the complete stress-strain behavior,including post-peak region,is a formidable yet crucial engineering practice.To study the post-peak behavior of bimrocks,artificial specimens were fabricated with a mixture of rock blocks and a cementing agent.All the experiments were conducted under uniaxial compression using a servo-control testing machine.The results show that the specimens with the highest block proportion(around 90% by mass) showed a small decrease in stress with strain increment in the post-peak region.The specimens with lower block proportions were characterized by an approximately steep fall in stress and following to residual stress.Based on the study,it is inferred that all the artificial specimens undergo post-failure deformation and the type of post behavior depends on rock block proportions.

Load-bearing characteristics and energy evolution of fractured rock masses after granite and sandstone grouting

Experiments on grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features were carried out in this study to examine the effects of grouting reinforcement on the load-bearing characteristics of fractured rock mass.The strength and deformation features of grouting-reinforced rock mass were analyzed under different loading manners;the energy evolution mechanism of grouting-reinforced rock mass specimens with different particle sizes and features was investigated;the energy dissipation ratio and post-peak stress decreasing rate were employed to evaluate the bearing stability of grouting-reinforced rock mass.The results show that the strength and ductility of granite-reinforced rock mass(GRM)under biaxial loading are higher than that of sandstone-reinforced rock mass(SRM)under uniaxial loading.Besides,the energy evolution characteristics of grouting-reinforced rock mass under uniaxial and biaxial loading mainly could be divided into early,middle,and late stages.In the early stage,total,elastic,and dissipation energies were quite small with flatter curves;in the middle stage,elastic energy increased rapidly,whereas dissipation energy increased slowly;in the late stage,dissipation energy increased sharply.The energy dissipation ratio was used to represent the pre-peak plastic deformation.Under uniaxial loading,this ratio increased as the particle size increased and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became larger;under biaxial loading,it dropped as the particle size increased,and the pre-peak plastic deformation of grouting-reinforced rock mass became smaller.The post-peak stress decline rate A_(v) was used to assess the post-peak bearing performance of grouting-reinforced rock mass.Under uniaxial loading,parameter A_(v) exhibited reduction as the particle size kept increasing,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was greater,and the bearing capacity was greater;under biaxial loading,A_(v) increased with the particle size,and the ability of post-peak of grouting-reinforced rock mass to allow deformation development was low and the bearing capacity was reduced.The findings are considered instrumental in improving the stability of the roadway-surrounding rock by granite and sandstone grouting.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

高瓦斯矿井合理封孔长度分析及囊袋带压封孔技术

为确定适合陕西黄陵二号煤矿顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔的合理封孔长度,开展基于钻孔应力状态分布特征的封孔长度分析,并运用巷道弹塑性软化模型定量得到符合黄陵二号煤矿地质条件的瓦斯抽采钻孔峰后应力升高区半径,通过理论计算确定该矿井的最佳封孔长度为12 m。在此基础上应用双囊袋一体化封孔技术替代传统聚氨酯材料实施封孔,预抽钻孔平均瓦斯浓度由14.2%提升至30.2%,取得良好的瓦斯抽采效果。

“中国崛起顶峰论”:特点、危害以及应对建议

近年来,西方政客、媒体与智库正在全球范围内掀起了一场“中国崛起顶峰论”,认定中国崛起已到顶峰,唱衰中国发展前景,打压中国增长预期。这种论调对中国的冲击在部分经济领域正在奏效。本文梳理了新一轮“中国崛起顶峰论”的特点、叙事以及当前造成的危害,认为眼下当务之急是坚持深化改革、全方位对外开放、做大经济蛋糕、提升民众普遍收获感,用事实回击“中国崛起顶峰”的谬论。同时,在领导力、思想及财力等方面做好与美西方舆论对冲的准备,打好反攻心战、反围剿战。

不同围压下峰后循环载荷对砂岩力学及渗流特性的影响研究

开采扰动导致煤层底板一定范围内岩体处于峰后状态,受相邻巷道开挖及煤层开采作用促使峰后岩体经历循环加−卸载过程,为探究不同地应力环境下峰后循环载荷作用对岩体结构的影响,明晰煤层底板突水等灾害的孕育过程,基于Rock Top多场耦合试验仪对砂岩开展了5、10、15、20、25 MPa围压峰后循环载荷试验研究。研究结果表明:①峰后循环载荷作用之前,岩石单位渗透率均呈快速下降—趋于平稳—突然上升—突然下降—趋于平稳的变化规律,峰后循环阶段,岩石单位渗透率则与轴向载荷近乎呈倒置关系;②岩石弹性模量、裂隙闭合应力、起裂应力、损伤应力、峰值应力、残余应力均与围压呈正相关,泊松比则随围压增大呈先增大后减小的变化特点;③5、10 MPa围压下,岩石出现间歇性破坏,脆性破坏特征有所减弱,15、20、25 MPa围压下,岩石脆性破坏特征明显,岩石破坏特征由岩石本身性质所决定;④峰后轴向载荷主要对岩石渗透率增大起促进作用,但该促进作用较围压对岩石渗透率的抑制作用弱,围压为影响岩石峰后渗透率变化的主导因素;⑤不同围压下,岩石均产生了一条贯穿剪切裂纹,但随围压增大,岩石破坏程度逐渐减弱,破坏模式趋于简单。

破碎围岩注浆加固体承载特性与损伤破坏机制

注浆加固是提升破碎围岩整体性及其承载性能的重要途径,破碎围岩注浆加固体强度、损伤变形及其破坏特征决定加固体抵御外载扰动并维持围岩稳定的能力。选用不同粒径的破碎岩体并注入不同质量浓度水泥净浆,自凝固形成破碎围岩注浆加固体。基于声发射监测和DIC变形测量技术,探究破碎围岩注浆加固体力学承载机制,掌握“声发射-应力-表面位移”耦合规律及其动态响应特征,阐明注浆对破碎围岩承载能力的强化效应及加固体二次承载损伤破坏失稳机制,据此建立破碎围岩注浆加固体承载损伤本构模型。结果表明:①注浆加固体峰值强度随粒径的增大而减小,随水灰比的提高而降低。以水灰比0.4为例,粒径从5~10mm增加到20~30mm,注浆加固体强度从23.99MPa降低到19.30MPa,降幅达19.55%;以破碎岩石粒径为5~10mm为例,水灰比从0.4增加到0.6,加固体强度从23.99MPa降低到14.83MPa,降幅达38.18%。此外,注浆加固体峰后阶段并未发生典型岩石材料的脆性破坏,应力-应变峰后曲线多次“起伏式”下降,呈现出良好的延展性和韧性变形特征。②声发射振铃累计次数曲线表现出明显的“上升期—活跃期—平静期”3个阶段。注浆加固体中破碎体粒径越小,上升期跨度越大,平静期声发射事件相对越频繁;浆液水灰比越高的加固体,声发射振铃次数总体水平越低。③基于声发射b值和DIC的联合监测,发现了声发射b值和注浆加固体试件内部裂缝尺度的对应关系,即“小b值大裂缝”和“大b值小裂缝”,且粒径大小与加固体试件裂缝尺度正相关,粒径越大,裂纹发育及扩展越明显,表面大应变集中带分布范围更广,裂纹开度更大,损伤破坏更严重。④根据测得的注浆加固体弹性模量、峰值应力和峰值应变,建立了破碎围岩注浆加固体损伤本构方程,据此可以预测不同粒径的破碎岩体和不同浆液质量浓度形成的注浆加固体力学强度,以期为注浆加固体强度设计及工程岩体稳定性评价提供参考。

非静水压巷道塑性区半径的复变函数实用解答与应用扩展

针对非静水压力作用下圆形巷道的非圆塑性区边界线求解,首先通过类比提出围岩弹性区应力的简洁复变函数,基于理想弹-塑性模型和Mohr-Coulomb准则并利用围岩弹塑性交界线处的应力连续条件,建立了巷道塑性区半径的复变函数实用解答,其次采用弹-脆-塑性模型和统一强度理论以考虑围岩强度的峰后脆性下降与中间主应力效应,推导了巷道塑性区半径的复变函数扩展解答,最后给出所得解答的适用条件,并与文献理论解答和实测结果进行对比。研究结果表明:所得复变函数实用解答具有显式解析表达和易于计算分析等优点,其正确性与精度得到文献摄动解和高精度复变函数解的充分性验证;所得扩展解答保留了原实用解答的所有优点,能合理描述围岩强度的峰后脆性下降与中间主应力效应而工程应用前景广阔,与深埋巷道实测松动圈吻合良好。

分层尾砂胶结充填体力学特性及优化试验研究

在尾砂胶结充填采空区过程中,充填操作的不连续会造成充填体在2次充填的界面处发生分层现象。为研究分层尾砂胶结充填体力学特性,改善分层的劣化影响,引入混凝土学中处理新旧混凝土界面的喷砂法,制作完整不分层、界面自然分层和界面喷砂处理分层3种分层类型的充填体试件,设置灰砂比分别为1∶4、1∶6和1∶8,在养护龄期为3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d条件下对试件进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明:(1)分层现象降低了尾砂胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度,折减率区间为1.41%~19.09%,且随养护龄期和灰砂比的增加折减率呈指数函数增长;界面喷砂处理提高了尾砂胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度,增益率区间为1.92%~16.26%,增益率随着灰砂比的增加而增大,且在养护早期增益更明显。(2)充填体的弹性模量随养护龄期的增加呈指数函数增长,分层充填体弹性模量的折减随养护龄期和灰砂比的增加均呈增大趋势。(3)充填体的峰后强度曲线随灰砂比的降低表现出更优的峰后延性,且随养护龄期的增加愈加明显;不同分层类型充填体的峰后延性优劣顺序为:界面喷砂处理分层>界面自然分层>完整不分层。(4)分层充填体的破坏形式主要表现为拉张破坏和共轭剪切破坏,喷砂处理能够改善力在分层面上的传递方式。

砂质泥岩峰后破裂承载特征与块体分布规律研究

岩石峰后阶段的变形承载规律对巷道破碎区围岩的稳定性控制具有重要意义。为研究岩石峰后阶段的破裂演化规律与承载特征,以砂质泥岩为试验对象,开展了控制应变量为峰值应变不同倍数的单轴压缩试验,并应用非线性分形理论阐明了峰后破裂块体的分布规律。基于试验结果,构建了峰后含贯通破裂面岩样的力学分析模型。结果表明:(1)砂质泥岩全应力-应变曲线呈现出单峰状与多峰状两种形态的峰后应力跌落方式;(2)峰后阶段,试样破坏模式由低倍峰值应变下的张性破坏逐渐转变为高倍峰值应变下的剪切滑移破坏;(3)同应变量下试样破裂块体的分形维数内部大于外部,且二者与试样的峰后应变倍数值均具有显著的正相关性;(4)岩石在峰后阶段的持续破坏方式与块体间接触破裂面特性有关,破裂块体仅会在一定的倾角范围内沿破裂面滑动,依据所建立的分析模型可准确解释砂质泥岩峰后阶段破裂承载特性与块体分布规律。

“双碳”背景下消费后塑料的回收现状及其在食品中的应用进展

基于消费后再生塑料在碳排放上的优势,详细阐述了消费后塑料物理回收技术、化学回收技术以及处理后的塑料在食品接触材料中国内外应用现状、存在风险以及政策动向。同时通过逆向思维,总结并提出了通过合成设计,使塑料更易于回收的方法。对消费后塑料回收利用特别是在食品接触材料中的应用进行了展望。

“双碳背景下”,PCR塑料在汽车上应用及前景探讨

介绍了汽车行业常见PCR塑料的种类、来源特点、一般制备工艺,国内外主机厂开发应用情况,同时比较了常规PC+ABS与对应PCR_PC+ABS材料的性能差异,探讨了当前应用中存在的挑战和问题,并对“双碳”背景下的发展前景进行了展望。PCR塑料应用在新能源汽车上实现了生活消费品再生利用,对保护生态环境,节约资源,减少汽车产品碳排放具有重要的现实意义。目前,市场化的PCR塑料主要以物理循环回收为主,其中基于PC、PET和PA再生基的PCR塑料是目前汽车行业应用研究的热点。PCR_PC+ABS塑料在添加70%高比例PC再生料后,仍然可以保持与新料基本相当的性能,在一定的应用场景可以替代全新料。然而,PCR塑料在应用中仍然存在一些挑战和问题,例如应用场景受限、缺乏独立管控的标准体系,高品质的回收料资源存在供应瓶颈、主机厂应用推广动力不足。然而,随着汽车行业碳中和推进的深入,PCR塑料有望成为主流应用。因此,需要材料供应商、零件供应商与主机厂密切协作,从前端开发到后端应用继续深入开展大量研究和验证工作。

基于莫尔–库仑准则的岩石峰后应变软化力学行为研究

岩石类材料的应力–应变曲线关系分为峰值前区和峰值后区2个部分。在岩石应力–应变曲线峰前部分,一般将岩石视为弹性体,在此阶段采用线弹性本构关系;而在峰后部分,由于不能确定岩石的破坏形态和应力的跌落方式,其力学行为难以用经典理论来描述,因此确定岩石峰后模量的变化是研究岩石峰后力学行为的关键。基于莫尔–库仑强度准则,以内摩擦角?作为中间变量,通过理论推导,将峰后弹性模量E pp表征为应变ε的函数,建立峰后岩体力学非线性应力–应变关系。通过数值算例得到大理岩在不同围压下的全应力–应变曲线,其数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明所提出的非线性本构模型是正确合理的,同时也表明该模型可以较好的描述不同围压下大理岩的峰后力学行为。

含充填节理岩体相似材料试件单轴压缩试验及断裂损伤研究

研究了单轴压缩条件下裂隙含充填与否对节理岩体力学性能的影响。以相似材料模拟脆性岩石材料制作含预置裂隙试件,在刚性试验机上对试件进行单轴压缩试验,研究了裂隙充填与否对节理岩体强度峰值及峰后塑性变形能力的影响;用有限元软件ABAQUS对试件进行断裂及损伤分析,研究了裂隙充填与否对节理岩体应力强度因子及损伤因子的影响。研究表明,在单轴压缩情况下,裂隙中含充填与不含充填相比,裂隙含充填岩体峰值强度提高、峰后塑性变形能力增强、总应变能释放率Gc降低,增大了节理岩体抵抗开裂的能力;裂隙含充填岩体环向拉应力场从分布区域及峰值都小于无充填裂隙试件;在同样外荷载作用下,裂隙含充填岩体损伤度小于无充填岩体。

砂岩加卸载条件下能耗特征试验研究

采用MTS815刚性伺服试验机,对砂岩进行了单轴、三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压试验,对比研究了砂岩在加卸载试验条件下的能耗特征。结果表明,单轴压缩各能耗指标值均小于三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压,三轴峰后卸围压介于单轴与三轴压缩之间。三轴压缩和三轴峰后卸围压各能耗指标均具有明显的围压效应,随着围压的升高而线性增大。单轴压缩时砂岩表现为突发性的脆性破坏,初期储存的弹性应变能瞬间几乎全部转化为耗散能,成为岩样破坏时所表现出的一切现象的源动力;三轴压缩时砂岩表现为从局部破坏到整体失稳的渐进过程,耗散能所占吸收能量的比例越来越大,表现为明显的能量耗散,能量耗散发展到一定程度表现为明显的能量释放,随即岩石整体失稳破坏。

软弱岩石峰后应变软化力学特性研究

软弱岩石给采矿工程中巷道支护和维护带来一系列棘手的问题,深入研究软弱岩石受力变形、破坏的机制和规律,对于保证巷道围岩的安全和稳定具有十分重要的意义。通过对软弱泥岩进行常规三轴压缩试验,得到不同围压下的全应力–应变关系曲线,然后依据峰后岩石任意一点应力状态均满足Mohr-Coulomb极限破坏条件的假设,建立以广义黏聚力■和广义内摩擦角■两个状态参数来表征的软弱岩石后继屈服面模型。在此基础上,利用试验数据绘制岩石峰后不同软化状态时的几组莫尔应力圆,通过"切线法"得出莫尔强度包络线的拟合方程,进而确定出不同围压条件下的■和■值,并借助Matlab软件对广义黏聚力■、广义内摩擦角■与等效塑性剪切应变、围压之间的关系进行最小二乘曲面拟合,得出软弱岩石峰后力学参数的软化规律,结果表明:随着围压的增加,广义黏聚力c值呈快速增加的趋势,而广义内摩擦角■值则显著减小;广义黏聚力■受岩石软化程度的影响也十分明显,从岩石峰值状态到残余状态■值迅速降低,平均降低53.88%,而广义内摩擦角■值在该软化过程中则基本保持稳定。最后,将得到的广义黏聚力■和广义内摩擦角■的拟合方程嵌入到FLAC内置应变软化本构关系中,并利用FLAC3D软件对模型的正确性进行数值模拟验证,结果表明数值模拟曲线与试验曲线比较吻合。

基于强度参数演化行为的岩石峰后应力-应变关系研究

基于岩石材料峰后强度参数的演化行为,结合强度准则,提出了建立峰后应力-应变关系的一般方法。在此基础上,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则,以最大主应变1作为应变软化参数,假设黏聚力c,内摩擦角为主应变1的分段线性函数条件下,给出了岩石材料的峰后应力-应变关系式的求法。在数值算例中,利用提出的方法,给出了大理岩在不同围压下的应力-应变曲线,算例显示,利用这一方法求得的峰后应力-应变关系曲线变化趋势与试验数据基本一致,表明该方法在研究峰后应力-应变关系上具有一定的合理性。