Integrated Use of Alternative Methods for Evaluating the Skin Sensitization Potencies of Five Frequently Used Preservatives in Cosmetics

In vitro skin sensitization testing methods based on the adverse outcome pathway(AOP)were used to evaluate the skin sensitization potencies of 5 commonly used preservatives.According to the“2 out of 3”principle of the integrated approaches to testing and assessment(IATA)the direct peptide reactivity assay(DPRA)and the human cell line activation test(h-CLAT)were used to detect the preservatives commonly used in cosmetics,including phenoxyethanol.methyl paraben,propyl paraben,imidazolidinyl urea and DMDM hydantoin.The DPRA and the h-CLA were carried out according to the OEC442C and 442E guidelines,respectively.The results show that.phenoxyethanol and methyl paraben are both negative in DPRA and h-CLAT while imidazolidinyl urea and DMDM hydantoin are both positive in these two tests.Propyl paraben has negative result in DPRA but positive result in h-CLAT.Therefore,imidazolidiny urea and DMDM hydantoin are sensitizers,while phenoxyethanol and methylparaben are non-sensitizers.Taken animal and human data into consideration,it is predicted that propyl paraben should be a non-sensitizer.The combination of DPRA and h-CLAT can make up for the limitations of using a single method,and it is suitable for the preliminary screening of cosmetic raw materials according to skin sensitization.

Relative efficacy of heartwood extracts and proprietory wood preservatives as wood protectants

The relative potentials of either heartwood extracts (air dry extracts in 60 percent methanol) of very durable woods (Afzelia africana J.E. Smith; Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenam. Syn. E guinensis G.Don. or Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Syn. Chlorophora excelsa (Welw) Benth.) or any of two proprietary wood preservatives (AWPA type 揅? Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) or 5 percent solution of AWPA Standard Designation P ??type 揅? Pentanchlorophenol (Penta) in light oil solvent) to suppress attack on pressure treated Antiaris toxicaria Lesch Sapwood by either any of three species of decaying fungi (Coridopsis Polyzona Klotzch; Lenzites trabea; or Trametes cingulata Fr.) under soil block exposure conditions were investigated and threshold values determined. Extract/preservative dosages were either 8.009; 24.778; 48.056; 96.111 or 144.167 kg穖-3 (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 6.0 or 9.0 1b/ft3). Exposure was for either 14 or 28 weeks and in accordance with ASTM D1413 72 Provisions. Conclusions reached were that at threshold values the ability of either any of the heartwood extracts or proprietary wood preservatives to suppress attack under conditions in this study was significant at 0.01. Relative efficacy of those biocides was dependent on fungal species. Neither any of the heartwood extracts nor any of the proprietary wood preservatives (except in the case of Trametes cingulata attack on CCA treated wood at highest retention level) was able to confer 搗ery durable?rating on treated wood. Possible reasons for the reduced relative durability of extracts visa vis native heartwood were advanced. At the highest retention level (144.167 kg穖-3) there was no significant difference (at 0.05 level) between efficacy of each of the heartwood extracts and any of the proprietary wood preservatives (CCA or Penta).

Comparative clinical study of conjunctival toxicities of newer generation fluoroquinolones without the influence of preservatives

AIMTo compare the conjunctival epithelial toxicities of three newer-generation fluoroquinolones without preservatives.METHODSIn a prospective, randomized, double blind comparative study, 47 eyes of 47 patients with a primary pterygium were enrolled, and divided randomly into three groups (levofloxacin 0.5%, gatifloxacin 0.3%, and moxifloxacin 0.5%). After pterygium surgery with the same conjunctival autograft technique, each patient maintained a regimen with a randomly assigned fluoroquinolone eye drop. Patients were examined every other day after surgery until the epithelium had completely healed. Photos were taken and used to measure the area of residual epithelial defects. Conjunctival healing time and speed (initial defect area/healing time (mm2/d) compared in each group using Kruskal-Wallis tests.RESULTSThere were no significant differences in mean age, gender, and conjunctival defect size of the donor site between these groups. However, the mean of conjunctival healing time and speed were statistically different in each group. The mean of conjunctival epithelial healing time was 8.93±2.69d (levofloxacin group), 10.31±2.96d (gatifloxacin group), and 13.50±4.10d (moxifloxacin group), P=0.006. The mean conjuctival epithelial healing speed was 6.18±1.39 mm2/d (levofloxacin group), 5.52±1.68 mm2/d (gatifloxacin group), and 4.40±1.30 mm2/d (moxifloxacin group), P=0. 003.CONCLUSIONWithout the influence of preservatives, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin might be less toxic to the regeneration of conjunctival epithelial cells and cause a faster conjunctival wound healing relative to moxifloxacin.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of four preservatives in foodstuffs by multivariate calibration and artificial neural networks

Benzoic acid （BA）, methylparaben （MP）, propylparaben （PP） and sorbic acid （SA） are food preservatives, and they have well defined UV spectra. However, their spectra overlap seriously, and it is difficult to determine them individually from their mixtures without preseparation. In this paper, seven different chemometric approaches were applied to resolve the overlapping spectra and to determine these compounds simultaneously. With respect to the criteria of % relative prediction error （RPE） and % recovery, principal component regression （PCR） and radial basis function-artificial neural network （RBF-ANN） were the preferred methods. These two methods were successfully applied to the analysis of some commercial samples.

Study of Weak Acid Preservatives and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) on Mold Growth in Modal Agar System

Inhibition of spoilage mold of common contaminant of bakery goods in modal agar system by potassium sorbate and calcium propionate in wide range of concentration (0 - 2000 ppm) at different pH (5.5 - 7) was investigated. All Samples were examined daily for mold growth. Results showed that both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate can be used effectively to inhibit mold growth and the effectiveness of these preservatives is enhanced by increasing the concentration and decreasing the pH. The effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) comprised of 60% or 80% CO2 (balance N2) and oxygen absorbents on the growth of mold was also studied on the agar system. The results indicated that mold growth was prevented up to 42 days in packs flushed with 60% or 80% CO2 (balance N2). It was also evident that all samples did not show mold growth for >40 days when packaged in the presence of oxygen scavenger sachet.

Effects of Preservatives on the Quality of Ranunculus Cut Flowers

The preservation effects of 9 kinds of preservatives were discussed in this paper. And their effects on ornamental quality of cut Ranunculus asiaticus were in-vestigated. The results showed arranging cut Ranunculus asiaticus in a vase fil ed with 200 mg/L 8-HQC＋1% sucrose＋75 mg/L AgNO3 would effectively slow down the weight loss, promote the rise of flower diameter, prolong life and maintain the chlorophyl and anthocyanin content of cut flower. The preservative had a good fresh-keeping effect and was suitable for promotion in actual production.

Tannin Resins for Wood Preservatives:A Review

Tannins and wood preservatives,in this article,are briefly introduced at beginning.The research and application progress on tannin resins for wood preservatives at home and abroad are reviewed.The significance and development prospects of research on tannins for wood preservatives are prospected.

Inhibition Effect of Herbal Preservatives on Listeria monocytogenes on Chilled Pork

This study investigated the growth situation of Listeria monocytogenes on chilled pork and the effect of herbal preservatives on this pathogen. The inhibitions of herbal preservatives were identified. The minimum inhibitory concentrations （MIC） of cinnamon and clove were all 0.79 mg.mL^-1, while the rosemary was 1.58 mg.mL^-1. And the composite herbal preservatives were got through orthogonal experiment. The optimum proportion was as following on agar medium： 1.16 mg.mL^-1 cinnamon＋2.38 mg. mL^-1 rosemary＋3.17 mg. mLl clove （herb combination number 5）, while on chilled pork, the strong inhibition of L. monocytogenes was showed, which demonstrated that the surface application of herb combination resulted in an effective delay of L. monocytogenes growth.

Can Microalgae Act as Source of Preservatives in Food Chain？

Microalgae are a potential source for various valuable chemicals for commercial applications ranging from nutraceuticals to fuels. This review aims to focus on microalgal as preservative potential to food chain. The main compounds responsible for these properties, like carotenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant vitamins, sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids are discussed because microalgae can be cultivated under controlled conditions to improve their production. We have listed several studies performed in recent years supporting the health benefits that most of these compounds can provide. Therefore, they may represent an excellent source of preservatives in food chain once their safety as a food supplement has been also confirmed.

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Subsequent Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Various Preservatives

Chemical preservatives in foods are nowadays added at lower concentrations. However, this may allow survival of bacterial cells and induce increased resistance to various preservatives. In this study, the effects of growth in NaCl (10% or 15%) on survival of Staphylococcus aureus strains in various chemical and physical preservatives were investigated. Growth of the strains for 20 h at 37°C in nutrient broth containing 10% NaCl enhanced survival in chemical preservatives (e.g. nutrient broth containing 20% NaCl, or 0.3% thyme extract, or 0.1% ascorbic acid). Growth at 37°C for 20 h in nutrient broth containing 15% NaCl or for 5 d in nutrient broth containing 10% NaCl greatly enhanced survival of the strains in the tested preservatives. For survival at low temperature (5°C) (physical preservative), cells grown at 37°C for 20 h in nutrient broth containing 10% NaCl were not more tolerant to low temperature. Growth of the strains at 37°C for 20 h in nutrient broth containing 15% NaCl or for 5 d in nutrient broth containing 10% NaCl only slightly increased the survival of cells at low temperature.

Formaldehyde Donor Preservatives in Cosmetics

Formaldehyde donor preservatives are under debate because formaldehyde at high concentration is known to the public as a toxic substance to humans and the environment, inducing mutation in living organisms. Chemical methods, such as using acetylacetone （Nash reagent）, are commonly used to determine total formaldehyde concentration in cosmetics. However, these methods will perturb the equilibrium between formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor. A new method, based on C-13 NMR, not perturbing the equilibrium and more suitable for formaldehyde measurement, is reviewed. This review describes the background, distinction, and applications of formaldehyde and formaldehyde donor in cosmetics.

New Application of a Series of Preservatives Derived from Amino Acid for Cosmetic Products

The safety and antimicrobial efficacy of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI while using as a preservative have been introduced. Meanwhile the antimicrobial mechanism, the minimal inhibitory concentration and the stability to heat and pH range of ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI have been introduced. The new preservatives have been developed, they are the compounds containing ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI. The high efficacy of antimicrobial of Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products ha been described while added into the formulations of amino acid shampoo and toner. It has been proved that ethyl lauroyl arginate HCI series products can be the optimized option for the alternative of traditional preservatives for cosmetic products.

EFFECT OF TIMBER DENSITY ON RETENTION OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

The amount of CCA fixed in the southern pine treated with CCA have been eval-uated.The conclusions from these experiments are:with the timber density increases,the reten-tion based on weight/weight will decrease,but the retention based on weight/volume will bealmost constant.Retention by weight would be more influential than by volume.

Study on the Adsorption of Preservatives by Eyeliner Pen Packaging Materials

In order to study adsorption of preservatives by eyeliner pen package,the chemical compositions of the commercially available Eyeliner package were analyzed by infrared spectrometer.It was found that these package components were PP,PET,modified PP,modified PET,ABS,nylon,PU and so on.The adsorption effects of these components on three preservatives,i.e.phenoxyethanol,Methyl paraben and Propyl paraben have been further studied by high performance liquid chromatography.The results demonstrated that the four chemical materials PET,PP,modified PP and ABS had no adsorption on the above three preservatives.However,the component named of water diversion core which was composed of modified PET,and nylon-made cotton head have been observed of slight adsorption in this study.And components as the function of preventing liquid leakage,which was made of PU,have presented the most serious adsorption on these three preservatives,with the adsorption order as Propyl Paraben>Methyl Paraben>phenoxyethanol.

Method Development and Validation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Methylisothiazolinone, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Benzisothiazolinone and Bronopol in Washing-Up Liquid

A method of analysis for the simultaneous determination of methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT) and Bronopol (BNP) in washing-up liquid was established. The method consisted of a gradient HPLC analysis at three different wavelengths. The four compounds could be analyzed with good precision and accuracy.

A game-theoretic approach for federated learning:A trade-off among privacy,accuracy and energy

Benefiting from the development of Federated Learning(FL)and distributed communication systems,large-scale intelligent applications become possible.Distributed devices not only provide adequate training data,but also cause privacy leakage and energy consumption.How to optimize the energy consumption in distributed communication systems,while ensuring the privacy of users and model accuracy,has become an urgent challenge.In this paper,we define the FL as a 3-layer architecture including users,agents and server.In order to find a balance among model training accuracy,privacy-preserving effect,and energy consumption,we design the training process of FL as game models.We use an extensive game tree to analyze the key elements that influence the players’decisions in the single game,and then find the incentive mechanism that meet the social norms through the repeated game.The experimental results show that the Nash equilibrium we obtained satisfies the laws of reality,and the proposed incentive mechanism can also promote users to submit high-quality data in FL.Following the multiple rounds of play,the incentive mechanism can help all players find the optimal strategies for energy,privacy,and accuracy of FL in distributed communication systems.

New pharmacological tools:the use of diterpenes to promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Tissue regeneration maintains homeostasis and preserves the functional features of each tissue.However,not all tissues show a strong repairing capacity.This is the case of the central nervous system.It is now well established that the generation of new functional neurons from stem cells in the adult brain occurs in specific regions of the brain of different species such as rodents,birds,primates,and humans(Eriksson et al.,1998).

Abnormal uterine bleeding successfully treated via ultrasoundguided microwave ablation of uterine myoma lesions: Three case reports

BACKGROUND Microwave endometrial ablation(MEA)is a minimally invasive treatment method for heavy menstrual bleeding.However,additional treatment is often required after recurrence of uterine myomas treated with MEA.Additionally,because this treatment ablates the endometrium,it is not indicated for patients planning to become pregnant.To overcome these issues,we devised a method for ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of uterine myoma feeder vessels.We report three patients successfully treated for heavy menstrual bleeding,secondary to uterine myoma,using our novel method.CASE SUMMARY All patients had a favorable postoperative course,were discharged within 4 h,and experienced no complications.Further,no postoperative recurrence of heavy menstrual bleeding was noted.Our method also reduced the myoma’s maximum diameter.CONCLUSION This method does not ablate the endometrium,suggesting its potential appli-cation in patients planning to become pregnant.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a possible intervention to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes:A new horizon

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is a chronic autoimmune condition that destroys insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas,leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.The management of T1D primarily focuses on exogenous insulin replacement to control blood glucose levels.However,this approach does not address the underlying autoimmune process or prevent the progressive loss of beta cells.Recent research has explored the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)as a novel intervention to modify the disease course and delay the onset of T1D.GLP-1RAs are medications initially developed for treating type 2 diabetes.They exert their effects by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion,suppressing glucagon secretion,and slowing gastric emptying.Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may also benefit the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with T1D.This article aims to highlight the potential of GLP-1RAs as an intervention to delay the onset of T1D,possibly through their potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of beta-cells.This article aims to explore the potential of shifting the paradigm of T1D management from reactive insulin replacement to proactive disease modification,which should open new avenues for preventing and treating T1D,improving the quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of T1D.