Activation of autophagy by Citri Reticulatae Semen extract ameliorates amyloid-beta-induced cell death and cognition deficits in Alzheimer’s disease

Amyloid-beta-induced neuronal cell death contributes to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease.Citri Reticulatae Semen has diverse beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases,however,the effect of Citri Reticulatae Semen on Alzheimer’s disease remains unelucidated.In the current study,the anti-apoptotic and autophagic roles of Citri Reticulatae Semen extract on amyloid-beta-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells were first investigated.Citri Reticulatae Semen extract protected PC12 cells from amyloid-beta-induced apoptosis by attenuating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio via activation of autophagy.In addition,Citri Reticulatae Semen extract was confirmed to bind amyloid-beta as revealed by biolayer interferometry in vitro,and suppress amyloid-beta-induced pathology such as paralysis,in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo model.Moreover,genetically defective Caenorhabditis elegans further confirmed that the neuroprotective effect of Citri Reticulatae Semen extract was autophagy-dependent.Most importantly,Citri Reticulatae Semen extract was confirmed to improve cognitive impairment,neuronal injury and amyloid-beta burden in 3×Tg Alzheimer’s disease mice.As revealed by both in vitro and in vivo models,these results suggest that Citri Reticulatae Semen extract is a potential natural therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease via its neuroprotective autophagic effects.

Effects of inorganic nutrients and environmental factors on the removal of n-propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene in seawater by cryptophytes Rhinomonas reticulata S6A

To effectively remove n-propylbenzene(n-PBZ)and isopropylbenzene(i-PBZ)leaked into seawater using Rhinomonas reticulata S6A(a newly isolated marine microalga),the effects of three inorganic nutrients and four environmental factors on their degradation were determined after 7 d of inoculation.Results show that NaNO_(3) at 300 mg/L caused a higher removal efficiency of both n-PBZ and i-PBZ(44.79%and 39.26%),while for NaH_(2) PO_(4)·H_(2) O,greater removal rates of two PBZs(47.30%and 42.23%)were achieved at 30 and 20 mg/L,respectively.NaHCO_(3) supplementation(500-750 mg/L)resulted in a large reduction(43.67%-45.04%)in i-PBZ concentration.The change in seawater pH(from 6 to 9)did not affect the elimination of n-PBZ and i-PBZ.The most suitable salinity and temperature were 30 and 25-30℃,respectively,leading to the PBZs removal of~40%.Light intensity exhibited significant influence on elimination of PBZs,and the maximum removal efficiencies of 56.07%(n-PBZ)and 55.00%(i-PBZ)were recorded under 200 and 600μmol/(m^(2)·s),respectively.In addition,the microalga could still remove PBZs when it failed to grow well due to darkness,strong light,low temperature,or low salinity,which might mean that good growth of alga is not always a necessary condition for PBZs removal.Therefore,attention should be paid to the suitability of nutrient levels and environmental conditions(excluding pH)in seawater when using microalgae for bioremediating PBZs-contaminated seawater.

Crc1,6RhaT is involved in the synthesis of hesperidin of the main bioactive substance in the Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi' fruit

Hesperidin is a dihydroflavonoids, accounting for more than 50% of the total flavonoids in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium(CRP) of traditional Chinese medicine. It is an effective antioxidant and free radical scavenger that has anti-inflammatory, antiviral and hypoglycemic properties.The latest studies reported that hesperidin has a potential for novel coronavirus resistance. However, little is known about the synthesis regulation and accumulation site of hesperidin in plants. In this study, hesperidin synthase gene Crc1,6RhaT was cloned, and the protein can be completely transformed flavanone-7-O-glucoside into hesperidin in vitro and in vivo. Studies on biological characteristics of ovary walls and exocarps showed that the relative expression levels of the Crc1,6RhaT gene and protein decreased gradually with the development of citrus fruits, and the relative content of hesperidin firstly increased, then sequentially decreased. In situ hybridization results further revealed that Crc1,6RhaT transcription was mainly concentrated in the secretory cavity cells, which are revealed to be the site of flavonoid synthesis.Immunocytochemistry localization results showed that the Crc1,6RhaT was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and vacuole of secretory cells. We inferred that the Crc1,6RhaT was synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, then was transported into the vacuoles through enlarged vesicles at the end of the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results not only revealed that Crc1,6RhaT may be involved in the synthesis of hesperidin of the main bioactive substance in the medicinal plant Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi' fruit, but also provided novel insights into the main subcellular sites of hesperidin biosynthesis in vacuoles.

A Network Pharmacology Study on Active Components and Targets of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for Treating Keloids

[Objectives]To investigate the mechanisms and pharmacologic effects of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium against keloids by network pharmacology systematically.[Methods]TCMSP,Uniprot and BATMAN-TCM databases were used to obtain the active constituents and targets of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium."Keloid"was used as key word to search for related therapeutic targets from Drug Bank,OMIM,TTD,and GEO databases.The Chinese medicine compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape software.Besides,gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genome enrichment analysis were also performed.Afterward,Discovery Studio software was used to assess the interaction of key components and genes.[Results]Five active components of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,773 compound targets and 676 keloid treatment targets were obtained in the databases.After the intersection,there are 47 targets of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for treating keloids.Hub genes were identified such as MMP9,IL6,TNF,TP53,and VEGFA,which were enriched in tumor necrosis factor-α,nuclear factor kappa-B,and other signaling pathways.The molecular docking stimulation confirmed the interaction between the MMP9 and three components of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.[Conclusions]Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium may play an important role in treating keloids through modulating genes and signaling pathways.The present study sheds light on the mechanisms of active compounds of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for the treatment of keloids.

航天搭载后福橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)茎尖无性系有丝分裂行为和细胞超微结构的变化

福橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)茎尖经‘实践八号’育种卫星搭载后,经组织培养获得其再生植株,以此为材料,结合常规压片法与超薄切片技术,研究航天搭载对福橘当代无性系细胞有丝分裂行为及细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明:航天搭载对福橘茎尖具有诱变作用,所得13个诱变无性系中,有丝分裂过程存在不同程度的异常,其中‘08004’无性系植株的有丝分裂畸变率明显高于其他无性系:中期染色体数目异常畸变率为0.34%,落后染色体畸变率为0.69%,微核畸变率为0.86%;并且有丝分裂过程中纺锤体结构发生异常,可见C-形(0.17%)或S-形纺锤体(1.20%),细胞发生多极分裂(1.03%)。绝大多数航天搭载当代无性系的细胞超微结构正常。‘08004’无性系植株叶肉细胞超微结构呈现细胞程序性死亡(PCD)典型特征:细胞核内染色质凝集;叶绿体类囊体结构解体;出现自体吞噬小体;细胞液泡化并发生质壁分离,最终形成凋亡小体。PCD过程中,线粒体保持其结构完整性,直至PCD末期才发生结构变化。

Response of leaf photosynthetic characteristics of Syringa oblata and Syringa reticulata var.mandshurica to chilling stress

Syringa species not only have good ornamental properties but also play an important role in the landscaping and environmental purification of cities.To investigate the chilling stress resistance of Syringa oblata Lindl.and Syringa reticulata var.mandshurica and provide theoretical grounds for the practical cultivation of Syringa species,in vitro leaves were used to study photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.After nine hours of chilling,decreasing rates of net photosynthesis,stomatal conductance,and transpiration in S.reticulata var.mandshurica leaves were significantly greater than that of the S.oblata,while intercellular CO2 concentrations in S.oblata leaves were higher than those in S.reticulata var.mandshurica.The quantum yield of PSII reaction center(APSII)declined in S.reticulata and light capture efficiency(Fv 0/Fm 0)was stable.However,reduction percentages of Fv 0/Fm 0,APSII,and Fv/Fm in S.oblata were significant higher than those of S.reticulata var.mandshurica.After nine hours of chilling,the relative variable fluorescence of VJ and VI of S.oblata increased and the increasing rate of VJ was greater than VI.In contrast,the change of VJ and VI in S.reticulata var.mandshurica leaves was relatively small.This suggests that chilling primarily damaged the electron transport process of QA to QB at the receptor site of the PSII reaction center.Photosynthetic capacity of S.oblata was more sensitive to chilling stress compared to S.reticulate var.mandshurica,which the limitations were mainly due to non-stomatal factors such as the decrease in electron transport efficiency,activity in the PSII reaction center,and the destruction of the photodamage defense system.

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationship for prediction acute toxicity of benzene derivatives to the guppy(poecilia reticulata)

Holographic quantitative structure activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares(PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy( poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave one out (LOO) cross validation procedure and external testing data set.

Establishment of HPLC Fingerprint, Cluster Analysis and Principle Component Analysis of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride

[Objectives] This study aimed to establish HPLC fingerprint and conduct cluster analysis and principle component analysis for Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride. [Methods] Using the HPLC method, the determination was performed on XSelect~® HSS T3-C_(18) column with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.5% acetic acid solution(gradient elution) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 360 nm. The column temperature was 25℃. The sample size was 10 μL. With peak of hesperidin as the reference, HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride were determined. The similarity of the 10 batches of samples was evaluated by Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM(2012 edition) to determine the common peaks. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed by using SPSS 17.0 statistical software. [Results] The HPLC fingerprints of the 10 batches of medicinal materials had total 11 common peaks, and the similarity was 0.919-1.000, indicating that the chemical composition of the 10 batches of medicinal materials was consistent. There were 11 common components in the 10 batches of medicinal materials, but their contents were different. When the Euclidean distance was 20, the 10 batches of samples were divided into two categories, S4 in the first category, and the others in the second one. When the Euclidean distance was 5, the second category could be further divided into two sub-categories, S1 and S10 in one sub-category, and S2, S3, S5, S6, S7, S8 and S9 in the other one. The principle component analysis showed that cumulative contribution rate of the two main component factors was 92.797%, and the comprehensive score of S7 was the highest with the best quality. [Conclusions] The results of HPLC fingerprinting, cluster analysis and principle component analysis can provide reference for the quality control of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride.

Manual thinning increases fruit size and sugar content of Citrus reticulata Blanco and affects hormone synthesis and sugar transporter activity

Manual fruit thinning(MFT)in fruit trees has been previously shown to increase fruit size and enhance fruit quality,but the effect of MFT on Ponkan(Citrus reticulata Blanco)and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.In this study,efforts were made to elucidate how MFT influences the fruit quality of Ponkan.The results showed that MFT substantially increased fruit size and elevated fruit total soluble solids in comparison with the fruit from the unthinned trees(used as control).Expression analyses demonstrated that m RNA abundance of three important sugar transporter genes,including CrSUT1,CrSTP1 and CrTMT1,was evidently elevated in the flesh of thinned fruit when compared with those of the control.In addition,MFT prominently up-regulated the transcript levels of various auxin and gibberellin(GA)biosynthesis and signaling genes,including CrYUC6,CrAUX/IAA,CrGA20ox1 and CrGA3ox1.Concurrently,the contents of endogenous IAA and GA3,measured at 90 d after fruit thinning,were notably elevated in the fruit from trees with the thinning treatment relative to the control,although no difference was detected in the two groups before the thinning manipulation.Taken together,these results indicate that manual fruit thinning could greatly improve fruit quality,which may be attributed to promoting fruit expansion due to the increased auxin levels and expediting sugar accumulation through the up-regulation of sugar transporter genes.

平角涡虫(Planocera reticulata)脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位

研究了平角涡虫（Ｐｌａｎｏｃｅｒａｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ）脑神经节胆碱酯酶的组织化学定位．结果表明，胆碱酯酶阳性细胞分别分布于脑神经节的吻端腹侧面、前腹侧面、中央腹侧面和后背侧面的细胞层中，各阳性细胞在脑神经节中均为左右对称分布．前腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向背内侧延伸，经交叉后进入对侧纤维网中；中央腹侧面阳性细胞的突起向中线延伸形成联系；后背侧阳性细胞的突起向腹外侧延伸进入同侧纤维网中．神经节中央的神经纤维网中具有丰富的阳性纤维，前部反应较强，后端反应较弱．由脑神经节发出的各神经干均呈胆碱酯酶阳性反应．

Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Prion Protein Encoding Gene in Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

The full length cDNA of a prion protein (PrP) encoding gene of guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and the corresponding ge-nomic DNA were cloned. The cDNA was 2245 bp in length and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1545 bp encoding a pro-tein of 515 amino acids,which held all typical structural characteristics of the functional PrP. The cloned genomic DNA fragment corresponding to the cDNA was 3720 bp in length,consisting of 2 introns and 2 exons. The 5’ untranslated region of cDNA origi-nated from the 2 exons,while the ORF originated from the second exon. Although the gene was transcribed in diverse tissues in-cluding brain,eye,liver,intestine,muscle and tail,its transcript was most abundant in the brain. In addition,the transcription of the gene was enhanced by 5 salinity,implying that it was associated with the response of guppy to saline stress.

Evaluation of bioactive flavonoids in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions and its association with antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Background:To explore the differences of 14 batches of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions.Methods:The main aim of this study was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method-photodiode array detection for determining the contents of five flavonoids and the chromatographic fingerprints of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different regions.Theα-glucosidase inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,based on free-radical scavenging assays against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),and hydroxyl radicals,were estimated and compared.Results:Among the tested compounds,the content of hesperidin(13.386-68.235 mg/g)was the highest and that of hesperitin(0.045-0.277 mg/g)was the lowest.In comparing different sources of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,the contents of narirutin in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from Guangdong(0.824-0.851 mg/g)and Sichuan(1.069-1.204 mg/g)provinces of China were lower than in other provinces.In contrast,nobiletin(8.429-12.237 mg/g)and tangeretin(3.947-4.613 mg/g)were most abundant in Guangdong sources of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,followed by samples from Sichuan Province(nobiletin:6.761-7.658 mg/g;tangeretin:3.422-3.933 mg/g).Correlation analysis showed that nobiletin and tangeretin were the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity,and narirutin was the main active component inhibiting theα-glucosidase activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.Conclusion:This work revealed that the intrinsic quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium was affected by different growing regions,which provides a scientific basis for controlling the quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and rationally developing and utilizing Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.

农杆菌对蕉柑(Citrusreticulata var.tankan Hayata)胚性细胞的附着研究

农杆菌能够附着蕉柑的胚性细胞。农杆菌对蕉柑胚性细胞的附着曲线表明 ,农杆菌与蕉柑胚性细胞之间的附着是一个动态过程。农杆菌在蕉柑胚性细胞上的附着量受共培养介质中乙酰丁香酮 (As)和表面活性物质影响较小 。

Clinical Study on Dark Tea with Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Combined with Metformin for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

[Objectives]To observe the clinical effect of dark tea with pericarpium citri reticulateae combined with metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Methods]A total of 80 cases of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 40 cases in each group.The control group was given metform for treatment,and the observation group was given dark tea with pericarpium citri reticulateae combined with metformin for treatment.The two groups were continuously treated for 12 weeks.The indexes of patients were observed and recorded,such as the body mass index(BMI),abdominal circumference(AC),hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c),fasting blood glucose(FBG),postprandial 2 h blood glucose(P2hBG),uric acid(UA),total cholesterol(TC),and triglyceride(TG).The incidence of adverse reactions during the treatment period and the patient satisfaction for treatment in the two groups were counted.[Results]After treatment,the FBG,P2hBG and HbA1c in the two groups were decreased when compared with those before treatment(P<0.05)and the decrease of the above indexes in the observation group was more significant than that in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the BMI,AC,UA,TC and TG in the observation group were decreased more significantly when compared with those before treatment and those in the control group after treatment,differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The above indexes in the control group did not change significantly before and after treatment(P>0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions was 2.5%in the observation group and 5.0%in the control group,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The patient satisfaction was 97.5%in the observation group and 55.0%in the control group,the difference was significant(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The curative effect of dark tea with pericarpium citri reticulateae combined with metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus is better than that of western medicine alone and has no obvious adverse reactions,thus it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Sexual characteristics of male guppies Poecilia reticulata serve as effect biomarkers of estrogens

Guppies( Poecilia reticulata) are considered a candidate model species for the identification and testing of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Male guppies may be used to address the challenge of making potential linkages between alterations of biomarkers, both at the cellular and organ level, and adverse outcomes. In the present study, a predictive relationship between sex characteristics and reproductive output was observed in male guppies that underwent a long-term toxicity test with 0.5 μg/L 17 β-estradiol administered during the juvenile period. Radioimmunoassay and western blot analyses demonstrated that 17 β-estradiol exposure caused a significant increase in testicular 17 β-estradiol levels as well as the induction of exposure biomarkers, namely hepatic vitellogenin. Exposure to 17 β-estradiol also caused a significant decrease in testosterone levels, which consequently reduced the gonadosomatic index, sperm counts, and the coloration index. These changes of male sexual characteristics further translated into adverse influences on reproduction, as measured by a decrease in offspring production and survival rate. Our results suggest that the above-mentioned sexual characteristics of male guppies may be considered potential in vivo biomarkers of estrogen effects on reproduction.

An Efficient Regeneration System for Native Orange (<i>Citrus reticulata</i>) through <i>In-Vitro</i>Culture Technique

Citrus reticulata (Mandarin Orange), commonly known as “Sweet Orange”, is one of the most difficult plants to improve through traditional breeding approaches as it poses various biological limitations that greatly hinder the cultivar improvement. In the present study, using the fresh seed of native orange as explant, an efficient, reproducible, regeneration method was developed through in vitro organogenesis. Mature, healthy and dehusked seeds were treated with Murashige and Skoog, (MS) media containing 3% sucrose, 0.7% agar supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of phytohormones. The highest calli initiation (93.3% ± 0.5%) responses were observed on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 3.0 mg/L followed by 2,4-D at 3.5 mg/L (86.7% ± 1.75%) in this experiment. Maximum shoot regeneration (86.7% ± 3.35%) responses were reported using MS medium supplemented with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 3.0 mg/L and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 2.0 mg/L. MS medium supplemented with NAA at 1.0 mg/L showed the best rooting (80% ± 2.89%) response in comparison to (70% ± 5.20%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 mg/L. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing sterile garden soil mixture to examine their response in natural conditions.

Effects of Storage and Preservation of Postharvest Gonggan Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)Fruit Immersion in Salicylic Acid Combined with Calcium Chloride

[Objectives]To investigate the effects and mechanism of fruit immersion treatment with salicylic acid(SA),calcium chloride(CaCl_(2))solutions at different concentrations or their combinations on post-harvest preservation of Gonggan Mandarin(Citrus reticulata)fruit.[Methods]13 experiments(2 storage temperatures,3 control treatments,3 concentrations of SA solution,4 concentrations of CaCl_(2) solution and 3 combinations of SA+CaCl_(2) solution for fruit immersion treatment)were conducted for 90 d.Gonggan fruit weight loss rate,rotting rate,disease index,disease type,soluble solids and organic acids content,and the differences in the activity of six enzymes(APX,PPO,CHI,CAT,SOD,PAL)related to fruit disease resistance were detected regularly.[Results]With the increase of storage days,the weight loss rate,rotting rate and disease index increased,the content of soluble solids and organic acids decreased,the activity of APX,PPO,CHI and SOD increased,and the activity of CAT and PAL decreased.However,the increase or decrease of fruit loss at low temperature was the smallest,and the increase or decrease of fruit at natural room temperature was the largest.Gonggan fruit cleaning before storage is an effective preservation and fresh-keeping technology,but its preservation and fresh-keeping effect is far less than that of fruit immersion by SA,CaCl_(2) and SA+CaCl_(2) compound solution.The effect of fruit immersion by SA solution was greater than that of fruit immersion by CaCl_(2) solution;the best concentration of SA alone was 6.0 mmol/L,which was not significantly different from 3.0 mmol/L,but the effect of 9.0 mmol/L decreased;the best concentration of CaCl_(2) alone was 6.0 mmol/L,which was significantly better than 3.0 and 9.0 mmol/L;the optimal concentration combination of SA+CaCl_(2) compound solution for fruit immersion treatment was 6.0 mmol/L SA+3.0 mmol/L CaCl_(2).[Conclusions]The fruit immersion by SA,CaCl_(2) and their compound solutions induced the increase of activity of six enzymes related to disease resistance in Gonggan fruit,and PPO and CHI were judged to be two key enzymes based on response intensity.

基于模糊建模解析不同产地沃柑果实感官品质差异

【目的】果实感官品质是决定果品市场竞争力最重要的因素,建立科学的柑橘果实综合感官品质评价方法,明确不同产地柑橘果实感官品质差异,探究消费者偏好性,筛选与柑橘感官属性密切相关的代谢产物,为柑橘育种、实际生产及市场销售提供理论支撑和数字化方法。【方法】以具有品质差异的9个产区沃柑果实为试验材料,首先组织评价员对样品各感官属性及权重进行评价,利用模糊数学得出不同感官属性的权重排名,并对不同产地样品的综合感官品质进行排序及分组;同时,检测常规理化指标,并通过气相色谱质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-massspectrometry,GC-MS)和高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析与果实风味相关的可溶性糖、有机酸、氨基酸、类黄酮等代谢产物;进而利用OPLS-DA分析不同组间样品的主要差异代谢物,并通过皮尔逊相关性分析将样品各感官属性与相关代谢物质数据进行关联;最终获得可反映沃柑风味品质的重要代谢标志物。【结果】沃柑感官属性权重排名为果肉甜度>果肉酸度>果肉化渣性>果实色泽>果实香气>果实外形;常规指标固酸比不适合用于沃柑果实样品内在品质优劣的精准分级。因此,基于综合感官品质差异,9个产地沃柑样品被划分为两组,高感官品质组沃柑样品综合得分均高于60分,低感官品质组综合得分均低于60分。OPLS-DA分析表明,3种主要差异代谢产物可在风味上显著区分高、低感官品质组沃柑样品,这些物质分别为L-谷氨酸、橙皮苷和L-缬氨酸。皮尔逊相关性分析表明,α-酮戊二酸、L-谷氨酸和橙皮苷含量与沃柑综合感官品质、甜度和酸度得分多呈显著负相关。【结论】模糊数学可用于沃柑果实综合品质评价,消费者对沃柑的果肉甜度和酸度更为关注,L-谷氨酸和橙皮苷对沃柑果实品质差异的形成具有重要作用。

金水六君煎物质基准中半夏和陈皮的薄层鉴别研究

目的:建立经典名方金水六君煎物质基准中半夏和陈皮的薄层鉴别方法。方法:以半夏对照药材为对照,对金水六君煎中半夏进行薄层鉴别研究,以橙皮苷和陈皮对照药材为对照,对金水六君煎中陈皮进行薄层鉴别研究,并对其进行方法学验证。结果:建立的薄层色谱法能鉴别出半夏和陈皮,斑点对应较好,阴性无干扰,方法学考察结果显示,方法适应性良好。结论:本法简单可行、结果可靠、重复性好,可作为金水六君煎物质基准的质量控制方法。

Chemical Constituents from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

Objective To study the chemical constituents from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae （Citrus reticulata）. Methods The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography. The structures were identified by spectral data. Results Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified as 4＇,5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone （1）, 3,3＇,4＇,5,6,7,8-heptmethoxyflavone （2）, sinensetin （3）, 5-O-demethylnobiletin （4）, tangeretin （5）, nobiletin （6）, apigenin （7）, 5-O- desmethyltangeretin （8）, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,3＇,4＇,6-tetramethoxyflavone （9）, pachypodol （10）, 4＇,5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavanone （11）, 3＇,4＇,5,7,8-pentamethoxyflavanone （12）, agestricin C （13）, scoparone （14）, isoscopoletin （15）, hesperidin （16）, didymin （17）, methylhesperidine （18）, and naringin （19）. Conclusion Compounds 9-15 are obtained from this plant for the first time.