用新RIEMS模式研究陆面过程对暴雨的影响

对MM5模式中的MYE,MRF以及新引进的NB方案(E ε 1边界层参数化)3种边界层参数化方案耦合了陆面过程模式BATS,形成新的RIEMS模式.用此模式及原MM5模式对2个江淮暴个例进行了数值模拟以考察陆面过程对暴雨模拟的影响,同时也分析了加入BATS后模式对形势场和有关气象场的影响.结果表明加了BATS后,模式在降水场,形势场,低空急流等方面均优于原MM5模式,表明陆面过程短期天气过程也有重要影响.

大尺度水文模型TOPX构建及其与区域环境系统集成模式RIEMS的耦合

基于改进型SIMTOP参数化径流方案和新安江模型的三层土壤水量平衡计算方法,本文构建了一个输入数据和率定参数较少、同时具有地形指数尺度转换机制、较好描述二维水文过程的简单高效的大尺度水文模型TOPX,并将其与区域环境系统集成模式RIEMS紧密耦合,以增强区域气候模式对大尺度流域径流量的定量数值模拟能力.TOPX模型在酉水河流域和泾河流域的离线测试表明:该模型对小尺度流域的径流量模拟精度较高,能够较好地描述流域水文变化过程;同时,该模型在大尺度上具有较强的分布式模拟能力,能够捕捉陆面水文过程的主要特征和时空演变特点.TOPX与RIEMS的耦合模式在泾河流域进行了在线测试,借助TOPX模型中的地形指数降尺度转换和水文过程产汇流机制,耦合模式实现了利用区域气候模式模拟的气象资料来驱动水文模型进行大尺度流域日径流量的模拟.进一步分析还表明:区域气候模式RIEMS模拟的降水时空分布数据的精度是影响耦合模式对径流量模拟效果的关键因素.

利用区域气候模式RIEMS产品分析日蒸散量及其影响

利用区域气候模式RIEMS输出的各种气象参数,采用了BEF等4种不同方法计算了沂沭河上游流域的潜在蒸散量,并与该流域6个气象站实测蒸发数据计算的陆面潜在蒸散量进行了比较。结果表明,根据平均偏差、平均绝对偏差、均方根差和相关系数指标的综合判断,该4种方法的估测精度从高到低依次为双线性曲面回归经验函数法(BEF)、Hargreaves-Samani(Harg)法、Pristley-Tayler(P-T)法和Penman-Monteith(P-M)法。在时间序列上,4种方法计算的逐日蒸散量与观测值呈相同的变化趋势,但计算值在蒸散发最强、最弱和降水最多、气温最高的7-9月有较大差异。BEF法估测的精度最高,与观测值最接近,Harg法、P-M法和P-T法都有明显的偏高现象。BEF法只需要较少的参数就能得到较高的估测精度,因此可作为利用区域气候模式RIEMS产品计算沂沭河流域蒸散量的首选方法,进而为RIEMS模式中耦合的陆面水文过程模型TOPX提供满足精度要求的日蒸散量驱动参数。

RIEMS2.0模式提高分辨率对中国气温模拟能力的影响

利用区域环境集成系统模式（RIEMS2.0）在60 km和30 km两种分辨率下进行中国区域的长期模拟试验（1991～2000年），开展不同分辨率下中国气温平均气候态和年际变率的模拟能力分析研究。结果表明：（1） RIEMS2.0能较好模拟出多数分区多年平均气温的空间分布，与观测空间分布较接近。随着水平分辨率的提高，模式模拟的气温空间分布模拟更精细，使得平均气温的模拟冷偏差减小，模拟结果更趋于实测。对年均温和冬季气温来说，中国及多数分区模拟与观测的偏差减少，且通过显著性检验（P＜0.01）；对夏季气温来说，中国及多数分区的偏差增加，气温的模拟能力没有明显提高。（2）对年际变率来说，随着水平分辨率的提高，大部分区域模拟能力有一定程度的提高。特别是年均温和冬季气温的年际变率，多数地区模拟改进效果较好；而夏季气温年际变率的模拟在中国大部分地区没有明显改善。

对RIEMS模式中陆面过程的一个改进

中尺度区域气候模式RIEMS中陆面过程使用BATS模式,其缺点是土壤内部过程较为简单,本文把10层土壤模式引入BATS,代替原来的二层土壤模式,并采用了TOPMODEL水文模式中的一些处理方法,使土壤温度、水文的计算更为合理,模拟二个个例,每个例均为夏季一个月的模拟,表明在降水、气压场、流场上均较原RIEMS模式为优,因而是对原RIEMS模式一个改进。

Analysis of Simulated Heavy Rain over the Yangtze River Valley During 11-30 June 1998 Using RIEMS

RIEMS' ability to simulate extreme monsoon rainfall is examined using the 18-month (April 1997 September 1998) integrated results. Model-simulated heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998 is compared with the observation, and the relationships between this heavy rainfall process and the large-scale circulations, such as the westerly jet, low-level jet, and water vapor transport, are analyzed to further understand the mechanisms for simulating heavy monsoon rainfall. The analysis results show that (1) RIEMS can reproduce the pattern of heavy precipitation over the Yangtze River valley during 11-30 June 1998, but it is shifted northwestwards. (2) The simulated West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) that controls the East Asia Monsoon evolution is stronger than the observation and is extended westwards, which possibly leads to the north westward shift of the heavy rain belt. (3) The Westerly jet at 200 hPa and the Low-level jet at 850 hPa, both of which are related to the heavy monsoon rainfall, are reasonably reproduced by RIEMS during 11-30 June 1998, although the intensities of the simulated Westerly/Low-level jets are strong and the location of the Westerly jet leans to the southeast, which may be the causes of RIEMS producing too much heavy rainfall in the north of the Yangtze River valley.

On the Ability of the Regional Climate Model RIEMS to Simulate the Present Climate over Asia

A continuous 10-year simulation in Asia for the period of 1 July 1988 to 31 December 1998 was conducted using the Regional Integrated Environmental Model System （RIEMS） with NCEP Reanalysis II data as the driving fields. The model processes include surface physics state package （BATS le）, a Holtslag explicit planetary boundary layer formulation, a Grell cumulus parameterization, and a modified radiation package （CCM3）. Model-produced surface temperature and precipitation axe compared with observations from 1001 meteorology stations distributed over Asia and with the 0.5° × 0.5° CRU gridded dataset. The analysis results show that： （1） RIEMS reproduces well the spatial pattern and the seasonal cycle of surface temperature and precipitation; （2） When regionally averaged, the seasonal mean temperature biases are within 1-2℃. For precipitation, the model tends to give better simulation in winter than in summer, and seasonal precipitation biases are mostly in the range of - 12%-50%; （3） Spatial correlation coefficients between observed and simulated seasonal precipitation are higher in north of the Yangtze River than in the south and higher in winter than in summer; （4） RIEMS can well reproduce the spatial pattern of seasonal mean sea level pressure. In winter, the model-simulated Siberian high is stronger than the observed. In summer, the simulated subtropical high is shifted northwestwards; （5） The temporal evolution of the East Asia summer monsoon rain belt, with steady phases separated by more rapid transitions, is reproduced.

Performance of Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System (RIEMS) in the Simulation of Surface Air Temperature over East Asia

Regional climate models (RCMs) have the potential for more detailed surface characteristic and mesoscale modeling results than general circulation models (GCMs).These advantages have drawn significant focus on RCM development in East Asia.The Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System,version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0),has been developed from an earlier RCM,RIEMS1.0,by the Key Laboratory of Regional ClimateEnvironment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA) and Nanjing University.A numerical experiment covering 1979 to 2008 (simulation duration from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 2008) with a 50-km spatial resolution was performed to test the ability of RIEMS2.0 to simulate long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and to provide a basis for further development and applications.The simulated surface air temperature (SAT) was compared with observed meteorological data.The results show that RIEMS2.0 simulation reproduced the SAT spatial distribution in East Asia but that it was underestimated.The simulated 30-year averaged SAT was approximately 2.0°C lower than the observed SAT.The annual and interannual variations in the averaged SAT and their anomalies were both well reproduced in the model.A further analysis of three sub-regions representing different longitudinal ranges showed that there is a good correlation and consistency between the simulated results and the observed data.The annual variations,interannual variations for the averaged SAT,and the anomalies in the three sub-regions were also captured well by the model.In summary,RIEMS2.0 shows stability and does well both in simulating the long-term SAT in East Asia and in expressing sub-regional characteristics.

Comparisons on RIEMS2.0's Ability to Simulate Multi-Year Mean Climate in Northern China with Two Model Domains

Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0) is now being developed by the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In order to test the sensitivity of the RIEMS2.0 model domain to simulate long-term climate and its change, and provide a basis for the further development and application of the model, the authors compared results between simulated and observed precipitation and surface-airtemperature using two model domains under different cumulus parameterization schemes. The model was driven by NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data with a simulation duration ranging from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2007. There were no significant differences found in the spatial distributions of the simulated precipitation and surface-air-temperature, or interannual variations between the two model domains. There were, however, differences observed between the two model domain simulations of local sub-regions. The smaller model domain more accurately simulated precipitation, especially in summer (June, July, and August), and decreased the bias of surface-airtemperature, especially in winter (December, January, and February). The weak summer and winter monsoons simulated by the smaller model domain was a result of boundary forcings and may partially account for the improvements of this model.

Indirect Radiative and Climatic Effects of Sulfate and Organic Carbon Aerosols over East Asia Investigated by RIEMS

The indirect radiative and climatic effects of sulfate and organic carbon aerosols over East Asia were investigated using a Regional Integrated Environment Model System (RIEMS) with an empirical aerosol-cloud parameterization.The first indirect radiative forcing was negative and ranged from-9-0 W m-2 in the domain.The maximum cooling,up to-9 W m-2,occurred in the Chongqing District in winter,whereas the cooling areas were larger during summer than in winter.Organic carbon (OC) aerosols were more abundant in winter than in summer,whereas the sulfate concentration during summer was much higher than during winter.The concentrations of sulfate and OC were comparable in winter,and sulfate played a dominant role in determining indirect radiative forcing in summer,whereas in winter,both sulfate and OC were important.The regional mean indirect radiative forcings were-0.73 W m-2 and-0.41 W m-2 in summer and winter,respectively.The surface cooling caused by indirect effects was more obvious in winter than that in summer.The ground temperature decreased by ～1.2 K in most areas of eastern China in winter,whereas in summer,the temperature decreased (～-1.5 K) in some regions,such as the Yangtze River region,but increased (～0.9 K) in the areas between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.In winter,the precipitation decreased by 0-6 mm in most areas of eastern China,but in summer,alternating bands of increasing (up to 80 mm) and decreasing (～-80 mm) precipitation appeared in eastern China.

Streamflow Simulation for the Yellow River Basin Using RIEMS and LRM

The streamflow over the Yellow River basin is simulated by using the high-resolution Regional Integrated Environmental Model System (RIEMS), and an off-line Large-scale Routing Model (LRM). The RIEMS was designed and has been developed by the Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training Regional Center for Temperate East Asia (START/TEA) since 1991 and has a good capability to simulate the regional climate of East Asia. The LRM is based on the assumption of linearity and time invariance and can calculate the horizontal travel of water. The RIEMS-LRM allows the direct comparison of predicted and observed streamflow data for large-scale rivers. The application of the RIEMS-LRM to the upper reaches of the Yellow River verifies that the coupled model system has the capability to simulate the streamflow over a large-scale river. Furthermore, the paper discusses the reasons leading to simulation errors.

Simulation of a Freezing Rain and Snow Storm Event over Southern China in January 2008 Using RIEMS 2.0

The Regional Integrated Environmental Model System （RIEMS 2.0） with NCEP Reanalysis II is utilized to simulate the severe freezing rain and snow storm event over southern China in January 2008, which caused severe damage in the region. The relationships between the freezing rain process and the large-scale cir- culation, in terms of the westerly and low-level jets, water vapor transportation, and northerly wind area/intensity indices, were analyzed to tmderstand the mechanisms of the freezing rain occurrence. The results indicate the fol- lowing： （1） RIEMS 2.0 reproduced the pattern of precipi- tation in January 2008 well, especially for the temporal evolution of daily precipitation averaged over the Yangtze River valley and southern China; （2） RIEMS 2.0 repro- duced the persistent trough in the South Branch of the westerlies, of which the southwesterly currents trans- ported abundant moisture into southern China; （3） RIEMS 2.0 reasonably reproduced the pattern of frequencies of light and moderate rain, although it overestimated the frequency of rain in southern China. This study shows that RIEMS 2.0 can be feasibly applied to study extreme weather and climate events in East Asia.

有序人类活动造成的土地利用变化对区域降水的可能影响

人类社会发展主要通过土地利用变化和温室气体排放两种途径影响着气候环境,因此,完善的气候模式需要从这两方面与社会经济学模式进行耦合。作者从土地利用变化的角度出发,引入系统动力学模型预测的土地利用数据库资料,并利用该资料动态地修正区域气候模式的下垫面地表覆盖类型,实现了社会经济学模式与区域气候模式的单向耦合。在此基础上,利用耦合的区域环境系统集成模式(RIEMS2.0),将社会经济稳定发展和高速发展两种驱动情景下不同时段的土地利用资料,分别进行数值模式运行。最后根据得出的预测结果,从降水的空间分布和时间演变等方面分析了未来50年中国气候可能的年代际演变特征,同时对土地利用变化影响区域气候的机理进行了探讨。主要研究结果表明,区域气候变化尤其是区域降水对土地利用变化的响应较为敏感,而且土地利用变化引起的气候效应不仅局限于土地利用发生改变的区域,因此,研究土地利用变化对区域环境的影响要综合考虑其区域分布以及各区域的变化程度。长时间的气候预测研究,在气候模式中耦合社会经济学模式是必要的。仅考虑土地利用的变化,未来50年华南地区年降水量将呈现减少的趋势,北方地区的年降水量在2010年左右将呈现增长的趋势,且增长的趋势可能持续到2050年。预测结果同时显示,西部干旱半干旱区沙漠绿化,增加东北及内蒙古西部地区的森林面积,华北地区退耕还草等措施对北方地区年降水量的增加是有益的。同时,对应西部沙漠面积扩大,华北地区城市用地增加,东北及内蒙古西部地区林地退化以及华南地区林地增加等土地利用的变化,北方的干旱化趋势会进一步加剧。土地利用变化可以引起气候模式下垫面参数中的地表反照率、粗糙度等发生改变,变化的地表覆盖类型与大气的能量和水分通量交换差异作用于大气的流场和温度场等要素,从而改变了区域的气候环境。

区域气候模式与陆面模式的耦合及其对东亚气候模拟的影响

将大气—植被相互作用模式AVIM(Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model)与区域环境系统集成模式RIEMS2.0(Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0)耦合,利用耦合后的AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式在东亚区域选定典型年份进行积分试验,通过模拟结果与观测资料对比分析,从整体上评估耦合模式对东亚区域的模拟能力。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟850 hPa风场、500 hPa位势高度、气温、降水以及地表热通量空间分布型和季节变化。双向耦合具有动态植被过程的AVIM模式后,RIEMS2.0模拟能力有一定程度的提高。850 hPa风场在冬季的中国东北、华北地区以及夏季的中国东部地区,模拟偏差都减小;500 hPa高度场模拟在中国北方地区改进明显,而在中国南方地区的夏季并没表现出明显的改进趋势。耦合模式改进了RIEMS2.0模式冬季气温模拟偏低而夏季偏高的现象。从区域平均看,耦合模式改善了降水模拟偏多的现象,并使得潜热通量的模拟效果有明显的改进,对感热通量模拟在大部分地区也有改进。总的来看,AVIM-RIEMS2.0耦合模式对中国北方地区模拟改进较为明显,而对中国南方地区,特别是华南地区没有明显的改进。

中国不同排放情景下人为气溶胶的气候效应

本文利用区域气候模式RIEMS2.0(Regional Integrated Environmental Model System)和2006年以及2020年三种排放情景下的排放资料,研究了2006年气候背景下的人为气溶胶的浓度分布特征及辐射效应,估算了未来不同排放情景下人为气溶胶的主要成分硫酸盐、硝酸盐、黑碳、有机碳(含二次有机碳)的综合气候效应.结果表明:(1)2006年中国地区人为气溶胶浓度硫酸盐>有机碳>硝酸盐>黑碳,其区域柱浓度平均值分别为6.0、4.0、1.3和0.3mg/m2.(2)2006年硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机碳和黑碳的平均辐射强迫分别为-1.32、-0.60、-0.40和0.28W/m2.硫酸盐、硝酸盐和有机碳的负辐射强迫超过黑碳的正辐射强迫,人为气溶胶总辐射强迫为-1.96W/m2.(3)人为气溶胶的辐射效应及引起的地面气温变化对排放源非常敏感,未来采取不同排放政策导致的人为气溶胶的含量及辐射效应有较大差异.在未来排放增加的情景下,各区域的气溶胶浓度、辐射强迫、气温下降幅度和降水减少幅度也相应加大.

区域环境系统集成模式对1997/1998年夏季中国两个极端气候事件模拟能力分析

区域环境系统集成模式(RIEMS2.0,Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0)是由中国科学院大气物理研究所东亚区域气候环境重点实验室在RIEMS1.0基础上发展的区域气候模式。为了检验RIEMS2.0对短期气候的模拟能力,利用降水和气温(2 m)观测资料检验RIESM2.0不同物理过程和初始条件集合模拟1997/1998年夏季中国华北地区高温干旱和长江流域洪涝两个连续极端气候事件的能力(连续积分时间(1997年3月1日—1998年8月31日)共18个月),比较模拟和观测的1997/1998年夏季降水和气温。集合模拟结果表明RIEMS2.0能很好模拟1997/1998年夏季降水和气温及其两年差值分布;模拟和观测的日降水和平均气温结果有很好的相关性,但是降水模拟总体高估,干旱和江淮及江南区气温模拟偏高而半干旱和湿润区气温模拟偏低。在不同物理过程集合模拟中,虽然集合平均距平相关系数(ACC)和均方根误差(RMSE)并不是优于所有集合成员值,但集合模拟能减小模式的不确定性,在一定程度上提高模拟精度。不同显式水汽方案和积云参数化方案对降水、气温模拟效果表现出很好的一致性,湿润区一致性最好。因此,RIEMS2.0模拟能揭示1997/1998年两个连续极端气候事件夏季降水和气温空间分布,反映不同子区域降水和气温分布特征,各集合成员的模拟结果存在差异的同时也保持了很好的稳定性,选择合适的物理过程可以提高模式对区域气候的模拟能力。

Simulation of the Radiative Effect of Black Carbon Aerosols and the Regional Climate Responses over China

As part of the development work of the Chinese new regional climate model (RIEMS), the radiative process of black carbon (BC) aerosols has been introduced into the original radiative procedures of RIEMS, and the transport model of BC aerosols has also been established and combined with the RIEMS model. Using the new model system, the distribution of black carbon aerosols and their radiative effect over the China region are investigated. The influences of BC aerosole on the atmospheric radiative transfer and on the air temperature, land surface temperature, and total rainfall are analyzed. It is found that BC aerosols induce a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is dominated by shortwave radiative forcing. The maximum radiative forcing occurs in North China in July and in South China in April. At the same time, negative radiative forcing is observed on the surface. Based on the radiative forcing comparison between clear sky and cloudy sky, it is found that cloud can enforce the TOA positive radiative forcing and decrease the negative surface radiative forcing. The responses of the climate system in July to the radiative forcing due to BC aerosols are the decrease in the air temperature in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River and Huaihe area and most areas of South China, and the weak increase or decrease in air temperature over North China. The total rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River area is increased, but it decreased in North China in July.

A Modeling Study of the Climate Effects of Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosols over China

In this paper, the RIEMS 2.0 model is used to simulate the distribution of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols over China （16.2°-44.1°N, 93.4°-132.4°E） in 1998. The climate effects of these three anthropogenic aerosols are also simulated. The results are summarized as follows： （1） The regional average column burdens of sulfate, BC, OC, and SOC were 5.9, 0.24, 2.4, and 0.49 mg m-2, with maxima of 33.9, 1.48, 7.3, and 1.1 mg m-2, respectively. The column burden and surface concentration of secondary organic carbon accounted for about 20% and 7%, respectively, of the total organic carbon in eastern China. （2） The radiative forcings of sulfate, organic carbon, and black carbon at the top of the atmosphere were -1.24, -0.6, and 0.16 W m 2 respectively, with extremes of -5.25, -2.6, and 0.91 W m-2. （3） The surface air temperature changes caused by sulfate, organic carbon, and black carbon were -0.07, -0.04, and 0.01 K, respectively. The air temperature increase caused by black carbon at 850 hPa was higher than that at the surface. The net effect of the three kinds of anthropogenic aerosols together decreased the annual average temperature by -0.075 K; the maximum value was -0.3 K. （4） Black carbon can reduce the precipitation in arid and semi-arid areas of northern China and increase the precipitation in wet and semi-wet areas of southern China. The average precipitation increase caused by black carbon in China was 0.003 mm d^-1. The net effect of the three kinds of anthropogenic aerosols was to decrease the precipitation over China by 0.008 mmd ^-1.

逻辑式的语义解释作用及其局限性

生成语法问世三十余载,几度变迁,几度修改,如今已经形成一个颇具影响的学科.它的目标是建立一个自主的,以有限的规则生成无限的语句,并且具备一定的语义解释能力的普遍语法体系.一般认为,生成语法是以句法为中心的语言理论,其语义解释的机制却因此遭到忽视.然而,生成语法的创始人乔姆斯基始终认为,语法应该并且能够研究语义问题.

鸭疫巴氏杆菌新的血清型

鸭疫巴氏杆菌(Pesteurella anatipestifer),最近其属名已更改,种名定为Riemerella anatipestifet(Segers等,1993)。该菌已确定有19个血清型(Sandhu & Leister,1991;Lah等1992)。最近泰国学者,从该国分离的32株R.anatipestifer的田间分离物。