New Developments in the Trumpification of the US Republican Party

The prominent performance of former US President Donald J.Trump in the 2024 presidential election cycle ref lects the ongoing developments of the Trumpification of the Republican Party(GOP).Since Trump left office,the Trumpification of the GOP has continued.In terms of ideological shaping,Trumpification is ref lected in the fact that the political stance of the GOP is dominated by Trump.In terms of personal influence,Trumpification is manifested by the overall acceptance of GOP elites and voters toward Trump's presidential candidacy,notwithstanding a decrease in their satisfaction with him.The recent developments in Trumpification are intricately linked to Trump's influence on the GOP's political ecology,such as the formation of a new GOP coalition and the reshaping of GOP elite composition.Additionally,these developments are also inf luenced by specific political factors,including the unique circumstances of the 2020 presidential election that led to Tr ump's“quasi-incumbent”status and the economic and immigration issues in the 2024 election that favor Trump.The role Trump plays in the 2024 election and its outcome will be critical in determining whether the inf luence of Trumpification,especially Trump himself,will persist or undergo changes.

Liberals, Communitarians, Republicans and the Intervention of the State in the Private Sphere

The aim of this paper is to discuss whether the increasing intervention of the state in the private sphere-as is evidenced in labor laws, consumer rights, bioethics, and Internet crimes-is compatible with the liberal ideal of neutrality, or, on the contrary, whether it can be seen as a turning point towards the position of communitarian or republican authors, for whom the state must endorse a substantive good. Such a turning point could lead to a reformulation of the public and private spheres, and of course, raise questions over which values justify which kinds of intervention. This paper will cover these debates in three parts： First, by presenting briefly the history of the liberal conception of rights, I will try to show that, from a starting point based mostly on individual protection, the liberal tradition has become more interventionist, which can be seen through the notion of ＂claim rights.＂ Departing from John Rawls＇s work, I will argue that this notion allows for some level of intervention, without betraying liberal neutrality. Subsequently, I will discuss the difference between this kind of intervention and the ones proclaimed by communitarians and republicans authors： The former will be illustrated by Michael Sandel＇s criticism of Rawls in Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, and the later by Richard Dagger＇s position in Civic Virtues, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism. Finally, in the third part, we＇ll discuss whether liberal principles can be harmonized with the republican and communitarian focus on civic virtues and good life.

Social and Cultural Transformations in Republican China

This article discusses four major transformations that took place in China during the Republican period from 1912 to 1949. The imperial institution fell and was replaced by a republican form of government. Changes in the writing style took place. The new colloquial style pulled people away from the idea of searching the past for answers to future questions. Popular culture changed. Men abandoned the queue and long gown, women forgot about footbinding. New technologies brought new ways of life to most Chinese and, surprisingly, many of the despotic warlords adopted telegraphs, railroads, and automobiles. By the 1950s, China had changed, but in a manner very similar to the rest of the world. In that sense China in the Republican period was in the mainstream of modern change.

Politicizing the queue： The social, political and cultural symbolism of hair in Qing dynasty and young republican China

The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously a marginalized subject among the renewed interests on the body in the academic fields. In this paper, the author attempts to politicize the queue from 3 perspectives： maintaining a certain prescribed hairstyle is a top-down gesture to construct national conformity; the boundary between Manchu and Han is invoked and reinvented through the battles surrounding the queue politic in late Qing and early Republic; the widespread debate between keeping the queue and cutting the queue at the turn of the 20th century epitomizes the haunting rhetoric of traditionalism and modernism pursuit of modernity in China.

The Republican Party’s Hard-Line Stance toward China

In recent years,the Republican Party of the United States has held a negative perception of China,passed confrontational policies targeting China,and maintained a hard-line stance toward China.With this hard-line stance,the Republican Party and United States conservatives have sought to ignite a new culture war related to foreign policy and national security and gain political leverage amidst a climate of political polarization.The Republican Party’s strategy has not only intensified partisan conflicts and accelerated societal collapse in the United States but has also obstructed the development of China-US relations.Consequently,the China factor has transformed the United States’national security strategy to an unprecedented degree.In the near future,the United States’policy toward China will become intimately tied to the vicissitudes of the Republican Party and the political actions of powerful men in the United States.

Content Features of Medical Journal Zhong Xi Yi Xue Bao(《中西医学报》The International Medical Journal)during the Republican Period and Its Impact on Medicine

As a medical jourmal during the republican period,Zhong Xi Yi Xue Bao(《中西医学报》The International Medical Journal)was characterized by rich and popular content,wide range of know ledge,and better popularization.It had played an important role in spreading modem Western medicine and popularizing medical knowledge in China,promoted the development of modern Chinese medicine and its integration with Western medicine,thus provided essential research value and far-reaching influence for medical science.

Enhancing Understanding Developing Friendship—Highlights in the Visit to China by the US Republicans Delegation

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The Delegation of American Republicans Visited China

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Constructing the Family in Republican China： Shandong, 1944

Abstract This research is based on a short hand-written genealogy （shou chaoben 手抄本） of the kind that are appearing in flea markets in China these days. I surmise it was written in Shandong in 1944. Although its entries are brief, an analysis reveals much about the family, including female family members （often omitted from family genealogies）, inter-family marriages practiced over hundreds of years, status markers used by the family such as the taking of second wives, the prevalence of patriarchal views. in 1944 plays a role in my analysis of how The Japanese occupation of Shandong this manuscript was compiled.

The Construction of Gender in Modern Chinese Law： Discrepant Gender Meanings in the Republican Civil Code

This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.

The Nation in Utero： Translating the Science of Fetal Education in Republican China

As Chinese nationalists grappled with the political and military weakness of the young Republic of China, some sought to strengthen the Chinese race by advocating a return to the ancient practice of fetal education. Fetal education held that every sight, sound, and flavor that a pregnant mother took in through her senses, as well as her emotions and demeanor, directly affected her fetus. This paper examines how the text Taijiao, Song Jiazhao＇s 1914 Chinese translation of Shimoda Jirr＇s Japanese work Taiky6, presents a modern reformulation of fetal education that draws upon both modern Western science and East Asian medicine. As the text uses modern biology and psychology to explain and demonstrate the efficacy of fetal education, it also narrows the scope of fetal education to focus almost exclusively on the mother＇s psychological state Similarly, as the text turns to instruct women on the practice of fetal education, it draws upon Edo and Qing gynecological principles to emphasise the importance of the pregnant mother＇s emotional self-control. Ultimately this text represents a neo-traditionalist response to modernity as it presents a Neo-Confucian vision of fetal education focused on a pregnant mother＇s moral self-cultivation and emotional self control.

Warlords’Rainmaking:Religion,Science,and Legitimating Governance in Early Republican China

This article uses case studies to examine the rainmaking activities of provincial military governors during a historical period when a decentralized China suffered from frequent droughts.On the one hand,it analyzes why their rainmaking has been interpreted in a very negative light and demonstrates that progressive intellectuals writing in the Republican-era(1912—49)print media were crucial to fostering misunderstandings of the rainmaking activities of these“warlords”as superstitious and backward.On the other hand,it argues that public ceremonies of praying for rain served as a crucial venue for the military governors to perform their local authority and make a claim to political legitimacy.Some of them pursued efficacy by all possible means,including experimenting with Western“scientific”rainmaking techniques of concussion and fire,which suggests that their rainmaking efforts were not merely a utilization of traditionalism,but drew from a complex and eclectic rainmaking culture emerged in early twentieth-century China.In an age when truly effective weather modification methods had not yet been discovered,the highly visible public rainmaking activities of warlords,regardless of results,constituted an integral and important dimension of their local governance,particularly in desperate times,amidst prolonged and severe droughts when popular feeling was unsettled and volatile.

“Love” as the Key Word: New Sexual Morality and New Literature in the Late Qing and Early Republican Years(1900-1920)

Courtesy of translation, the word ＂love＂ （lian ＂ai 恋爱） entered the modem Chinese language in the early 20th century, leading to changes in the mode, experience, meaning and evaluation of ＂feelings between men and women＂ by virtue of this new nomenclature. The word entered public discourse and became the point of entry for new Chinese ethical construction, spawning a series of new moral propositions from the late Qing to the May Fourth Movement together with corresponding works of new literature. The ＂free marriage＂ advocated in the late Qing confirmed the modem consciousness of marriage premised on love and determined primarily by the will of the parties themselves, initiating a new style of civilized marriage. In the early Republican period, the word ＂love＂ was temporarily stigmatized in the course of sinicization, with the result that it was generally avoided in romance fiction. However, the widespread cult of the ＂spiritual character of love＂ in novels of tragic love laid the foundation for the emergence of＂the sanctity of love＂ in the May Fourth period. The theory of love constructed at this time under the influence of Western theories made a subtle distinction between the ＂freedom of love＂ and ＂free love,＂ reflecting the ideological divergence within the New Culture community. In terms of spatial imagery and descriptions of love, the pioneering creation of romantic literature during the May Fourth period deconstructed the patriarchal authority that suppressed individual freedom, undermining traditional morality and opening up new fields for literary expression. But since the one-dimensional pursuit of individual freedom also led to weaknesses such as superficial emotionalism, May Fourth romantic literature could not take the experiences and expression of love to a deeper level.

Shanghai’s administrative model for private schools during the Republican period

Private schools were very prosperous in Shanghai during the Republican period.Shanghai Municipal Educational Bureau adopted a pattern of indirect management,especially attaching importance to normalizing and guiding the mechanism for operating a school by taking the basic measures for the registration administration.Meanwhile,appropriate funding was given to private school so that they could enjoy fair treatment and full confidence.What was more,necessary interventions were made on finances and running a school.Indirect model of managing many private schools dramatically reduced the financial burden on Shanghai municipal public education.It also provided an important prerequisite for urban educational administration to concentrate on macro management system.

Recollecting Ruins： Republican Nanjing and Layered Nostalgia in Bai Xianyong＇s Taipei People and Ye Zhaoyan＇s Naniing 1937： A Love Story

This paper examines the layered nostalgia embodied by one specific spatiotemporal site, the war-torn Republican capital of Nanjing, in Bai Xianyong＇s 1971 collection of short stories Taipei People and in Ye Zhaoyan＇s 1996 novel Nanjing 1937： A Love Story. Both Nanjing＇s historical reputation as an ancient capital for several short-lived dynasties and its special role in narrating Chinese identity and cultural traditions across the 1949 divide contribute to the city＇s symbolic significance in the literary tradition of ruin gazing. In the two texts under discussion, the layered ruins of Republican Nanjing--reminiscent of the decadent Six Dynasties （220-589） and witnessing the historical violence and physical as well as metaphorical dislocation resulting from World War II and the Chinese Civil War--constitute an ideal site for reflecting upon not only personal and national traumas but also traditional-modern tensions from diversified stances and angles. The related but divergent trajectories taken by Bai＇s and Ye＇s nostalgic gaze--one projected from the United States in the 196os by way of post-1949 Taipei and the other geographically located in contemporary Nanjing but culturally distanced from it--form an interesting dialogue, which may shed light on the fluidity of ruin gazing at a nexus of identity questions with reference to the embrace of modernity.

The Development of Early Modern Chinese Economics: Based on Investigation of Doctoral Dissertations by Chinese Students Studying Abroad in the Late Qing and Republican Periods

In the initial period of transplanting Western economic theory, Chinese students studying abroad in the late Qing and Republican periods played a very important role in the formation and development of modern Chinese economics. On the one hand, by applying modern economic theory to Chinese economic problems, they sought solutions to these problems and facilitated the Sinicization and localization of economics; on the other, they kept pace with the latest developments in economics and were bold innovators, with some entering the ranks of world famous economists.

From the Cognition of the Sick at Heart to the Cognition of Ghosts: The Knowledge Transformation of Cognitive Psychology in the Late Qing/Republican Era(1895-1949)

In examining the historical changes in cognitive psychology from 1895 to 1949, it is necessary to transform cognitive psychology into cognitive practice. In the late Qing and early Republic era(1895-1919), cognitive practice mainly appeared as the cognition of the sick at heart. Against the background of the late Qing importation of Western learning aimed at securing national salvation, the intellectual class, represented by Tan Sitong,hastily dressed the wound to the traditional Chinese learning of Heaven and man inflicted by late nineteenth century scientific knowledge from Europe and America. They regarded cognition as the understanding gained in the practice of self-cultivation, as affording man a spiritual resting place between Heaven and Earth. By the time of the Republic of China(1920-1949), the main form of cognitive practice had become ghostly cognition.Under the banner of saving the country by means of science, higher education researchers,represented by Lu Zhiwei, explored cognition with the help of such intermediaries as physiological mechanisms and language structure. Men could easily become ghosts trapped in intermediaries when they plunged into the conceptual world in search of truth,as their cognitive practice evolved into the conceptual grasp of ghosts. This ghostly cognition continued into later information processing psychology and was disseminated among the mass of the public. A deeper level of the cognition of the sick at heart remains for future study, on the lengthy road home.

“Macrohistory” and “Microhistory” in the writing of library history: From the perspective of library archives in the periods of late Qing Dynasty and Republican of China

Research paradigms determine the ways the history is written and the consequent research products.By analyzing the present historiography paradigms in library history,their characteristics and limitations,this study proposes new paradigms based on library archives in the periods of Late Qing Dynasty and Republican China.

共和爱国主义理论的三次浪潮:一种观念史的分析

在当代爱国主义理论中,共和爱国主义理论是一种较为重要的理论,甚至可以被视为当代爱国主义理论的最新发展之一。共和爱国主义理论是一种以“自由”为中心的爱国主义理论,这种自由的实现需要某种特别的共同体即“共和国”,不过,无论是自由的有效维系,还是共和国的正常运转,都离不开“公民美德”的支撑。共和爱国主义的历史非常悠久,可以分为古典共和爱国主义理论、现代共和爱国主义理论和当代共和爱国主义理论,不过,共和爱国主义理论无法适应现代多元社会。

公域视界的捍卫:自由议题的新共和主义论证

消极自由本身所带有的逃避政治的倾向在不断深入的现代生活中走向了激进,从而使得自由这一价值成为了隔绝公共生活的防火墙。在此基础上,主张私域优先与宽容原则的结果是公共生活出现了“部落化”特征。为了捍卫日益衰退的公共生活,新共和主义者们从自由概念出发对这一价值进行重新论证,不论是强调自由的积极参与面向还是免于支配面向,其最终都将视界锁定在公共领域的维护之上。尽管新共和主义者们给出的自由方案遭到了各方的质疑与批判,但是却为弥合个人生活与公共生活间的裂痕提供了新的思考路径与方案。