Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Quality in Alpine Freshwater Lake Nature Reserves in the Past 20 Years

The Caohai Nature Reserve is one of the three major plateau freshwater lakes in China.Since the 1950s,human activities such as land reclamation and population relocation have greatly damaged Caohai.A rapid evaluation of the spatiotemporal evolution trend of the ecological quality of the Caohai Nature Reserve is significant for the maintenance and construction of the ecosystem in this area.The research is based on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)remote sensing cloud computing platform.Landsat TM/OLI images from May to October in five time periods:2000-2002,2004-2006,2009-2011,2014-2016,and 2019-2021 were obtained to reconstruct the optimal cloud image set by averaging the images in each time period.By constructing four ecological indicators:Greenness(NDVI),Wetness(Wet),Hotness(LST),and Dryness(NDBSI),and using Principal Component Analysis(PCA)method to obtain the Remote Sensing Ecological Index(RSEI)for the corresponding years,the spatiotemporal variation of ecological quality in the Caohai Nature Reserve over 20 years was analyzed.The results indicate:①the mean value of RSEI increased from 0.460 in 2000-2002 to 0.772 in 2019-2021,a 67.83%increase,indicating a significant improvement in the ecological quality of the reserve over the 20 years;②from the perspective of functional zoning of the Caohai Nature Reserve,the ecological quality of the core area showed a degrading trend,while the ecological quality of the buffer zone and experimental zone significantly improved;③with the implementation of ecological restoration projects,the ecological quality of the reserve gradually recovered and improved from 2014 to 2021.The trend of RSEI value changes is well correlated with human interventions,indicating that the PCA-based RSEI model can be effectively used for ecological quality assessment in lake areas.

Determination of Main Design Indicators of Patrol Road in Nature Reserves

In principle,nature reserves are managed and controlled according to the core area and the general control area.At present,there is no relevant design specification for the design system of patrol road in various protected areas.This paper analyzed the factors to be considered in determining the grade,horizontal and vertical design indicators,and cross section indicators of the patrol road in the protected area,and came up with the corresponding design indicators and parameters,so as to provide a certain reference for the subsequent patrol road design.

Estimation of bamboo forest carbon reserves and analysis of temporal and spatial variation characteristics in China

The study looks at the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China from 2004 to 2018.The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China were analyzed.It enriches the research field of bamboo forest carbon reserve change at the national level.The bamboo forest carbon reserves of 20 provinces in China were estimated by using the calculation method of bamboo forest biomass and bamboo forest soil organic matter carbon reserves,and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of bamboo forest carbon reserves in China were analyzed by GIS spatial analysis method.The results are as follows:(1)the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China during 2004-2008,2009-2013 and 2014-2018 were 707.08 Tg C,802.83 Tg C and 845.05 Tg C respectively,with an average annual growth rate of 1.95%.Fujian,Jiangxi,Zhejiang,Hunan,Sichuan and Guangdong account for 78.01%-78.80% of the total bamboo forest carbon storage in China.(2)From 2004 to 2008,the carbon reserves of bamboo biomass in China were 380.63 Tg C-454.92 Tg C,accounting for 52.64%-52.91% of the total carbon reserves;The carbon storage of soil organic matter is 342.39 Tg C-406.33 Tg C,accounting for 47.01%-47.36% of the total carbon storage.(3)The spatial distribution of bamboo forest carbon reserves in China shows a high-high,low-low correlation trend.The relevant provinces are Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong and Jiangxi,which are concentrated in the southern provinces of China.The low-low related provinces are Inner Mongolia,Hebei and Liaoning,which are concentrated in the northern provinces of China.In the future,China’s bamboo forest carbon reserves will increase steadily.Bamboo forest carbon reserves are concentrated in southern provinces.China should further improve the level of spatial agglomeration and give full play to the role of bamboo forest carbon sink.

Electronic Reserves System-基于Web的电子教学参考文献服务系统

网络技术的发展使传统的教学参考书服务正在走向数字化 ,这种全新的服务方式将会使高校师生得益匪浅。鉴于我国高校图书馆界正积极着手开展此项服务 ,本文参考了北美目前发展比较成熟的电子教学参考文献服务系统 ,对其系统模式及功能特点进行了分析 ,旨在为我国高校图书馆开展此项工作提供借鉴和参考。

Ecotourism Development Modes of Nature Reserves

Ecotourism is a significant approach for the protective development of nature reserves. Through analyzing the necessity of developing ecotourism, learning from the successful ecotourism development cases of nature reserves in China and abroad, the authors proposed a new Nature Reserve Protective Tourism Exploring Mode (NRPTEM) with the integration of "protection, development and management", such a mode contains 3 systems (protection, development and management), 12 projects (biodiversity protection, geological remains protection, protection of human ecology, environment monitoring, scientific planning, product development, market expansion, facility construction, capacity building, community co-management, environment education and management innovation) as well as human (a critical structural factor). The relationship between these items in the complicated process of ecotourism development of nature reserves was elaborated, and the dominant role of human factors in the 3 systems was also put forward.

Integrating innovative library e-reserves service into teaching and learning at Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Purpose: Fully integrating its e-reserves service into the university's course management system has become the primary design goal of the innovative e-reserves service system at Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU) Library.Design/methodology/approach: Through blending library and information service into the teaching and learning process, SJTU Library has effectively combined its reserves service into the user learning environment. The main metadata model and the design of various interfaces of the e-reserves service system are introduced.Findings: E-reserves has been integrated into the course management system. Users can directly access relevant resources when they browse the customized course page. It is more convenient for teachers to add reserves items, and the added items can be made available simultaneously on SJTU Library's resource discovery platform automatically.Research limitations: At present, e-reserves items are mainly books, and more other types of reserves materials are needed to be provided. Some relevant copyright issues should be addressed.Practical implications: Using a series of interface interactions, the e-reserves service has been integrated into the university's course management system. It is convenient for students to access customized e-reserves service during their learning process.Originality/value: We achieved interconnection between the e-reserves and the university's course management system. Information on the e-reserves Web page is automatically updated.SJTU Library provides customized e-reserves service in the course management system.

Review of tungsten resource reserves,tungsten concentrate production and tungsten beneficiation technology in China

Tungsten is a strategic metal that is widely used in various fields such as electron communication,aeronautics and astronautics,materials and chemical engineering,due to its special properties.China has the largest reserves of tungsten resources and the largest output of tungsten concentrate in the world,and plays a decisive role in the world tungsten market.In this work,firstly,the reserves and distribution characteristics of tungsten resources in China were summarized,and the production situation of tungsten concentrate in China was reviewed.Based on the gross domestic product per capita(GDP/capita),five different annual GDP growth rates were used to estimate China’s tungsten concentrate production in the future.The estimation results suggested that if China’s economy continues to grow at the current rate,the accumulative production of tungsten concentrate will exceed current reserves by approximately 2032.Then,from the aspects of process flow,beneficiation equipment and flotation reagents,the beneficiation technology development of different types of tungsten ore in China was also reviewed,including wolframite,scheelite and tungsten-bearing slime.Finally,taking several representative tungsten mines in China as examples,the classic beneficiation technology of different types of tungsten ores was elucidated in detail.Meanwhile,the development direction of tungsten beneficiation technology in the future was put forward,which was of great significance to maintain the superiority of tungsten resources in China.

Application of 3-D Geoscience Modeling Technology for the Estimation of Solid Mineral Reserves

Applying new approaches, methods, and technologies for the estimation of reserves can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of assessments of solid mineral resources. After analyzing the development of 3-D geoscience modeling technology （3-D GMT）, this paper discusses the application of 3-D GMT for the estimation of solid mineral reserves, emphatically introducing its workflow and two key technologies, 3-D orebody surface modeling, and property modeling. Moreover, the paper analyzes the limitations of traditional methods, such as the section method and geological block method, and points out the advantages of 3-D GMT： building more accurate 3-D orebody models, expressing the internal inhomogeneous attributes of an orebody, reducing the potential for errors in the estimation of reserves, and implementing dynamic estimations of reserves.

Siting of Dark Sky Reserves in China Based on Multi-source Spatial Data and Multiple Criteria Evaluation Method

With the rapid development of population and urbanization and the progress of lighting technology, the influence of artificial light sources has increased.In this context, the problem of light pollution has attracted wide attention.Previous studies have revealed that light pollution can affect biological living environments, human physical and mental health, astronomical observations and many other aspects.Therefore, organizations internationally have begun to advocate for measures to prevent light pollution, many of which are recognized by the International Dark-Sky Association(IDA).In addition to improving public awareness, legal protections, technical treatments and other means, the construction of Dark Sky Reserves(DSR) has proven to be an effective preventive measure.So far, as a pioneer practice in this field, the IDA has identified 11 DSRs worldwide.Based on the DA requirements for DSRs, this paper utilizes NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data and other multi-source spatial data to analyze possible DSR sites in China.The land of China was divided into more than ten thousand 30 km × 30 km fishnets, and constraint and suitable conditions were designated, respectively, as light and cloud conditions, and scale, traffic and attractiveness conditions.Using a multiple criteria evaluation, 1443 fishnets were finally selected as most suitable sites for the construction of DSRs.Results found that less than 25% of China is not subject to light pollution, and less than 13% is suitable for DSR construction, primarily in western and northern areas, including Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia.

Present conditions and prospects of the researches on nature reserves in China

The construction of nature reserves in China is reviewed in this paper, mainly including the number, type, administration and distribution of nature reserves, the progress in research on biodiversity, evaluation, management, sustainable development of nature reserves in China is summarized briefly, and some development tendencies of research on nature reserves are put forward.

Study of Calculation of Reserves and Scale for Low–grade Solid Potassium Deposits of Chaerhan Salt Lake

Analyzes on solid potassium mineral reserves calculation methods and existing problems of chaerhan salt lake,t with many parameters comparison solid potassium mineral reserves calculation results are reliable,the

Stability of Land-use/Land-cover in National Nature Reserves of Jilin Province, China

National nature reserves are an important part of classification management on ecological protection in China. Taking the national nature reserves of Jilin Province as examples, this paper introduced the stability index by referring to the intensity model of landuse and land-cover change(LUCC), and analyzed the overall stability of land-use and land-cover(LULC) in the study area from the time interval level and land category level. The stability of LULC in different types of nature reserves was tracked and identified by extracting land-use change trajectory, and the land-use change trajectory was divided into three types: stable type, sub-stable type and unstable type. The impact of LUCC on regional ecosystem services was studied by using hotspot analysis and gravity center analysis. The results showed that: 1) The LULC in the study area was stable on the whole, and the proportion of stable land area reached 86.08%. The intensity of LUCC showed an increasing trend in recent 20 years, and the conversion of cultivated land and construction land was active in continuous time interval. 2) The stability of LULC in forest ecological reserves and wildlife reserves in the eastern part of Jilin Province was the highest, while that in inland wetland reserves and geological relic reserves in the central and western part of Jilin Province was lower.3) The LUCC in national nature reserves not only changed the value of its own ecosystem service function, but also affected the ecosystem service function of the whole region. The combination of intensity analysis and land-use change trajectory was used to identify the characteristics of stability of LULC in nature reserves, which was conducive to deeply understand the process of LUCC in national nature reserves and provided reasonable suggestions for regional ecological protection.

Application of Log Kriging on Estimated Reserves of the 10-9 Ore Body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits

The approaches adopted so far in China to calculate reserves of ore deposits have largely been dependent on polygonal methods, including a cross-section method and a geological block method. However, for various reasons, especially, the complexity of the geology, and the ore bodies, the deposits became gradually known as development and exploitation took place. There is a certain difference between the prospecting and mining, which will have a great impact on both geological and cutoff grade at the stage of geological mine construction and production. As much accurate information as possible on the spatial distribution patterns of ore bodies and global reserves is essential to improve the production efficiency and reduce production cost. The 10-9 ore body of Lutangba in the Gejiu Tin Deposits was selected as our research object, using a log Kriging and an inverse distance weighing method. In our paper the results are compared with the reserves calculated by the polygonal block method. The global estimate and estimation errors associated with each estimation method are discussed.

Field mold stress induced catabolism of storage reserves in soybean seed and the resulting deterioration of seed quality in the field

Excessive rainfall provides a favorable condition for field mold infection of plants, which triggers field mold(FM) stress. If FM stress occurs during the late maturation stage of soybean seed, it negatively affects seed yield and quality. To investigate the responses of soybean seed against FM stress and identify the underlying biochemical pathways involved, a greenhouse was equipped with an artificial rain producing system to allow the induction of mold growth on soybean seed. The induced quality changes and stress responses were revealed on the levels of both transcriptome and metabolome. The results showed that soybean seeds produced under FM stress conditions had an abnormal and inferior appearance, and also contained less storage reserves, such as protein and polysaccharide. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid, β-oxidation of fatty acids, and isoflavone biosynthesis were induced by FM stress. These results were supported by a multiple metabolic analysis which exhibited increases in the concentrations of a variety of amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and isoflavones, as well as reductions of several fatty acids. Reprogramming of these metabolic pathways mobilized and consumed stored protein, sugar and fatty acid reserves in the soybean seed in order to meet the energy and substrate demand on the defense system, but led to deterioration of seed quality. In general, FM stress induced catabolism of storage reserves and diminished the quality of soybean seed in the field. This study provides a more profound insight into seed deterioration caused by FM stress.

Integrated Assessment of Forest Cover Change and Above-Ground Carbon Stock in Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves, Tanzania

A study was conducted to estimate the forest cover change, quantify and map tree above-ground carbon stock using Remote sensing and GIS techniques together with forest inventory. Landsat images of 1980, 1995 and 2010 acquired during dry season were used in the estimation of cover changes. Supervised image classification using Maximum Likeli-hood Classifier was performed in ERDAS Imagine software to analyze the images and further analysis was performed in Arc GIS 9.3 software. Stratified sampling procedure was used to select concentric inventory plots in Pugu Forest Reserve (PFR) and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (KFR). Plots were laid according to NAFORMA, and the tree parameters in each sampling plot were collected. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used to compute the above-ground bio- mass for each plot using an empirical equation relating wood basic density and tree height. The above-ground carbon was calculated using a conversion factor of 0.49. Geostatistical method in ArcGIS was used to analyze and map carbon. Results revealed that for the periods 1980-1995 and 1995-2010, Closed Forest in PFR decreased by 4.5% and 25.3% respectively, while for KFR, Closed Forest decreased by 11.9% and 31.3% respectively. The mean carbon density for PFR and KFR were respectively 5.72 tC/ha and 0.98 tC/ha while carbon stocks were 14 730.41 tC and 7 206.46 tC re- spectively. The revealed low carbon densities were attributable to decline in area under Closed Forest in the two Forest Reserves. The study recommends concerted efforts to enhance proper management of the forests so that the two forest reserves may contribute to REDD initiatives.

Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Sediment Around Techeng Island Special Marine Reserves in Zhanjiang Bay

The concentrations of five metals(Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg) were measured in sediments obtained before and after the establishment of Techeng Island Special Marine Reserves(TCISMR) in Zhanjiang Bay to evaluate the ecological risk of heavy metals. The results showed that average values of potential ecological risk indexes of heavy metals at all stations increased slightly from 32.09 to 30.54 after establishment of TCISMR. Optimal semivariance simulation showed that the contents of five heavy metals have strong spatial correlations in August 2010(before), while this correlations weakened in April 2013(after establishment of TCISMR), suggesting that the main sources of heavy metals changed. The Hakanson Risk Index(HRI) values in Donghai levee, central and southern parts of Zhanjiang harbor were high up to 60.13 and 46.46, respectively. And Zhanjiang Bay Channel, the areas around special marine reserves, the artificial reef areas and mangrove areas at south of Techeng Island are the areas with low ecological risk and high ecological value, which should be treated as the prior ecological protection areas. Our study provided a priority control pattern of heavy metal pollution in TCISMR, which greatly benefits the sustainable development and resource protection in Zhanjiang Bay.

美国E-reserves版权政策调研及启示

调研美国版权局、图书馆协会及数十所高校的E-reserves版权政策,对提交E-reserve材料的要求、E-reserve材料的范围和数量限制、E-reserve系统的访问、E-reserve材料的存储和再利用、部分E-reserve材料获得版权许可等方面的政策进行分析,并在此基础上探讨美国E-re-serves版权政策对我国的启示,包括发挥中国图书馆学会的行业领导作用、高校应制定自己的E-reserve政策、明确需要授权的材料、明晰E-reserve系统的权利与义务关系等内容。

Reserves of Natural Gas Hydrates Equivalent to 100–150 Billion m^3 Natural Gas Has Been Discovered in the Pearl Mouth Basin of the South China Sea

Scientists have suggested that combustible ice in global marginal seas,deep trough areas and ocean basins covers an area of 400million km2,and its total reserve is twice the amount of the global proven oil,coal and gas reserves,equivalent to 50 times the amount of conventional natural gas reserves.

Policy Adjustments Required to Balance China's International Payments——A theoretical analysis of China's excess foreign exchange reserves

The paper deals with the rapid growing twin surpluses and surging foreign exchange reserves in China’s international accounts withessed in recent years.It observes the characteristics of the phenomenon against the standard economic theory and empirical experiences.Then it offers explanation factors:the combined effects of processing trade and foreign direct investments,China’s opening development model underpinned by the intra-product specialization of the contemporary globalization era,and the undervalued exchange rate for the Chinese currency.