Adsorption of zinc on manganite(γ-MnOOH): particle concentration effect and adsorption reversibility

The adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) on γ-MnOOH as a function of particle concentrations(C p) were studied. An obvious C p effect was observed in this adsorption system. The degree of adsorption hysteresis increased greatly with the increasing of C p, indicating that the extent of the real metastable-equilibrium states deviating from the ideal equilibrium state was enhanced with the increasing of C p. The C p-reversibility relationship confirmed the metastable-equilibrium adsorption(MEA) inequality(Pan, 1998a), which was the core formulation of the MEA theory. Because the MEA inequality was based on the basic hypothesis of MEA theory that adsorption density Γ is not a state variable, the C p-reversibility relationship gave indirect evidence to the basic hypothesis of MEA theory.

Reversibility of diabetes mellitus: Narrative review of the evidence

The global disease burden of diabetes mellitus is high. It is well-established that prediabetes is reversible but it is unclear whether diabetes is reversible once it has been diagnosed. The objective of this narrative review is to review the evidence of reversibility of diabetes me-llitus and stimulate interest in prolonged remission as a treatment target. The current evidence for bariatric surgery is stronger than intensive medical management and the evidence is stronger for type 2 diabetes pa-tients compared with type 1 diabetes patients. It is also unclear whether non obese diabetes patients would benefit from such interventions and the duration of diabetes before diabetes become irreversible. Further research is needed in this area especially with regards to the subgroup of diabetes patient who will benefit from these interventions and the long term safety and efficacy remains unknown especially with intensive me-dical management.

Understanding Li roles in chemical reversibility of O2-type Li-rich layered cathode materials

Traditional O3-type Li-rich layered materials are attractive with ultra-high specific capacities,but suffering from inherent problems of voltage hysteresis and poor cycle performance.As an alternative,O2-type materials show the potential to improve the oxygen redox reversibility and structural stability.However,their structure-performance relationship is still unclear.Here,we investigate the correlation between the Li component and dynamic chemical reversibility of O2-type Li-rich materials.By exploring the formation mechanism of a series of materials prepared by Na/Li exchange,we reveal that insufficient Li leads to an incomplete replacement,and the residual Na in the Li-layer would hinder the fast diffusion of Li^(+).Moreover,excessive Li induces the extraction of interlayer Li during the melting chemical reaction stage,resulting in a reduction in the valence of Mn,which leads to a severe Jahn-Teller effect.Structural detection confirms that the regulation of Li can improve the cycle stability of Li-rich materials and suppress the trend of voltage fading.The reversible phase evolution observed in in-situ X-ray diffraction confirms the excellent structural stability of the optimized material,which is conducive to capacity retention.This work highlights the significance of modulating dynamic electrochemical performance through the intrinsic structure.

The Clinical Role of Changes of Maximum Expiratory Flow at 25%and 50%of Vital Capacity before and after Bronchodilator Reversibility Test in Diagnosing Asthma

Summary:Changes of maximum expiratory flow at 25%and 50%of vital capacity(MEF2s and MEFso,respectively),and predominant parameters indicating small airways function in asthmatics before and after bronchodilator(BD)reversibility test have been less interpreted.Our study aimed to investigate the clinical role of changes of MEF2s and MEFso before and after BD reversibility test in diagnosing asthma.Forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV),MEF2s,and MEFso were measured before and after BD reversibility test in 207 asthmatic patients using standard process.Forty healthy individuals were enrolled as controls.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of reversibility of MEF2s and MEFgo before and after BD reversibility test(OMEF 2s%and AMEF so%,respectively)in diagnosing asthma.Among these functional criteria,AMEF2;%and 0MEFs%≥25%performed the best diagnostic performance.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of AMEF 25%≥25%as an objcctive diagnostic test for asthma were 63.29%,87.50%,and 67.21%,and of AMEFs0%≥25%were 79.23%,85.00%,and 80.16%,respectively.The area under the ROC curve of the indicators was 0.8203 and 0.9104,respectively.By contrast,an increase in FEV≥12%and 200 mL demonstrated a sensitivity of 62.32%,specificity of 82.50%,and accuracy of 65.59%in diagnosing asthma.The changes of MEF2s and MEFso before and after BD reversibility test may be of additional value in the clinical diagnosis of asthma,with cutoff values of 25%being the most.

About Appearance of the Irreversibility

The inevitability of arising in equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics irreversibility not contained in original equations of classic mechanics is substantiated. It is established that transfer of information about the direction of system evolution from initial conditions to resulting equations is the consequence of losing information about the position of an individual particle in space, which takes place at roughening description. It is shown that the roughening with respect to impact parameters of colliding particles is responsible for appearance of the irreversibility in resulting equations. Direct equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics are the result of roughening distribution functions with respect to impact parameters of particles, which have not yet reached the domain of their interaction. The direct equations are valid for the progressive direction of timing on the time axis pointing from the past to the future. Reverse equations of kinetics and hydrodynamics are the result of roughening distribution functions with respect to impact parameters of particles, which have already left the domain of their interaction. The reverse equations are valid for the progressive direction of timing on the time axis pointing from the future to the past.

The Theory of Everything as the Reversibility Theory

In the posited reversibility theory, 1) all physical laws and phenomena are permanently reversible, 2) all physical laws are derived from the reversible M-theory (extension of string theory) in the reversible multiverse, and 3) temporary irreversible entropy increase is allowed through reversibility breaking, symmetry breaking, and low entropy beginning. Dealing with all physical laws and phenomena, the reversibility theory is the theory of everything, including thermodynamic, cosmology, the composition (baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy) in the universe, the periodic table of all elementary particles, the galaxy evolution, superconductivity, and black hole. In the reversible M-theory, space-time dimension number oscillates between 11D (space-time dimension) and 10D and between 10D and 4D. The reversible M-theory includes 11D membrane, 10D string, and variable D particle. Space-time dimension number between 10 and 4 decreases with decreasing speed of light, decreasing vacuum energy, and increasing rest mass. In our dual universe of positive-negative energy universe, the reversible oscillation between 10D with and 4D in the negative energy universe without kinetic energy is the reversible cyclic fractionalization-condensation for the reversible cyclic expansion-contraction of the universe. Without kinetic energy, the individual particles have no individual momenta for entropy increase. The negative energy universe is the locally reversible universe for dark energy. In the positive energy universe where we live, the absorption of the interuniversal void forced the direct transformation from 10D to 4D as the inflation followed by the Big Bang, and created kinetic energy that provided individual momenta for individual particles to produce irreversible entropy increase, resulting in the reversibility breaking of the reversible oscillation. The positive energy universe is the locally irreversible universe. The dual universe as a whole is reversible guided by the reversible negative energy universe. As a result, the irreversible positive energy universe with the irreversible entropy increase is temporary, and will disappear.

Delayed spontaneous reversibility of left bundle branch block in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: a case report

Left bundle branch block(LBBB)causes a delay in left ventricular contraction with an unsynchronized ventricular systole.LBBB is an independent determinant of morbi-mortality mainly when associated with cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction.[1] LBBB due to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is considered non-reversible.Such irreversibility occurs because LBBB and cardiomyopathy act in a synergic manner in order to maintain both situations.However,there are a few reports in the literature showing that some patients have had an improvement in cardiac function with normalization of QRS and have experienced a reverse remodelling with pharmacological therapy only.[2–4]

A thermal actuated switchable dry adhesive with high reversibility for transfer printing

Transfer printing based on switchable adhesive that heterogeneously integrates materials is essential to develop novel electronic systems,such as flexible electronics and micro LED displays.Here,we report a robust design of a thermal actuated switchable dry adhesive,which features a stiff sphere embedded in a thermally responsive shape memory polymer(SMP)substrate and encapsulated by an elastomeric membrane.This construct bypasses the unfavorable micro-and nano-fabrication processes and yields an adhesion switchability of over1000 by combining the peel-rate dependent effect of the elastomeric membrane and the thermal actuation of the sub-surface embedded stiff sphere.Experimental and numerical studies reveal the underlying thermal actuated mechanism and provide insights into the design and operation of the switchable adhesive.Demonstrations of this concept in stamps for transfer printing of fragile objects,such as silicon wafers,silicon chips,and inorganic micro-LED chips,onto challenging non-adhesive surfaces illustrate its potential in heterogeneous material integration applications,such as flexible electronics manufacturing and deterministic assembly.

Fabrication of Melamine/Tb^3+-Intercalated Polydiacetylene Nanosheets and Their Thermochromic Reversibility

Polydiacetylene(PDA)is one kind of the conjugated polymer with layered structure,which can serve as a host to accommodate the guest components through intercalation.In these intercalated PDAs,some of them were reported to have a nearly perfect organized structure and perform completely reversible thermochromism.Till now,these reported intercalated PDAs were made by only introducing a single component for intercalation.Here,we chose 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid(PCDA)as the monomer,of which the carboxyl-terminal groups can interact with either Tb^3+ ions or melamines(MAs).When the feeding molar ratio of PCDA,MA,and Tb^3+ ion was 3:267:1,only Tb^3+ ions were intercalated though excess MAs existed.Such Tb^3+- intercalated poly-PCDA exhibited completely reversible thermochromism,where almost all the carboxyl groups interacted with Tb^3+ ions to form the nearly perfect structure.When the feeding molar ratio of PCDA,MA,and Tb^3+ ion was 3:267:0.6,both Tb^3+ ions and MAs were intercalated.There existed some defects in the imperfect MA-intercalated domains and at the domain boundaries.The MA/Tb^3+- intercalated poly-PCDA exhibits partially reversible thermochromism,where the backbones near the defects are hard to return the initial conformation,while the rest,those at nearly perfect organized domains,are still able to restore the initial conformation.

On Reversibility and Reverse Culture Shock in Translation

In this essay, the author is setting up a Chinese perspective on the reversibility of the translated text and how to avoidreverse cultural shock in translation under the context of information age and globalization. This argument also concerns with thetopics of maintain of the ambiguity of the original text and select of the original text. The author also discussed some aspects thatpossibly or potentially affect the reversibility of the translated texts and cause the Reverse Culture Shock. Then the essay offerssome strategies in dealing with such problems in translation.

Thermodynamics and Irreversibility: From Some Paradoxes to the Efficiency of Effective Engines

The traditional thermodynamic theory explains the reversible phenomena quite well, except that reversible phenomena are rare or even impossible in practice. Here the purpose is to propose an explanation valid for reversible and also irreversible phenomena, irreversibility being common or realistic. It previously exposed points tricky to grasp, as the sign of the work exchange, the adiabatic expansion in vacuum (free expansion) or the transfer of heat between two bodies at the same temperature (isothermal transfer). After having slightly modified the concepts of heat transfer (each body produces heat according to its own temperature) and work (distinguishing external pressure from internal pressure), the previous points are more easily explained. At last, an engine efficiency in case of irreversible transfer is proposed. This paper is focused on the form of thermodynamics, on “explanations”;it does not question on “results” (except the irreversible free expansion of 1845...) which remain unchanged.

Water-driven photoluminescence reversibility in CsPbBr_(3)/PDMSPUa composite

Strong ionic character endows all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals(NCs)with particular optoelectronic features when interacting with common polar solvents,such as water.However,the interaction mechanism of water affecting perovskite NCs is still lack of in-depth understanding.This study systematically explores the roles of water on CsPbBr_(3) nanocrystals(CNCs)by finely controlling the polymer coating degree of polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurea(PDMS-PUa).Through this coating,the effect of water on CNCs is found to experience from“fluorescence quenching”owing to irreversible crystal decomposition towards“forward fluorescence reversibility”by crystal destruction and recrystallization.With gradually enhanced coating,a phenomenon of“reverse fluorescence reversibility”is further observed in that water begins to passivate the CNCs’defect states.Finally,“fluorescent balance”can be achieved with a thick enough coating,where water can hardly contact with the CNCs.Inspired by the fluorescence reversible mechanism discovered,a new wearable intelligent sensing skin is demonstrated by using the CsPbBr_(3)/PDMS-PUa composite as raw material.Both water contact and humidity change can be perceived through photoluminescence(PL)intensity,corresponding to stimuli-responsive sensory nerves of human skin.It is expected that these findings will shed some new lights on perovskite NCs.

Revisiting the conversion reaction voltage and the reversibility of the CuF2 electrode in Li-ion batteries

Deviation between thermodynamic and experimental voltages is one of the key issues in Li-ion conversion-type electrode materials; the factor that affects this phenomenon has not been understood well in spite of its importance. In this work, we combine first principles calculations and electrochemical experiments with characterization tools to probe the conversion reaction voltage of transition metal difluorides MF2（M = Fe, Ni, and Cu）. We find that the conversion reaction voltage is heavily dependent on the size of the metal nanoparticles generated. The surface energy of metal nanoparticles appears to penalize the reaction energy, which results in a lower voltage compared to the thermodynamic voltage of a bulk-phase reaction. Furthermore, we develop a reversible CuF2 electrode coated with NiO. Electron energy loss spectroscopy （EELS） elemental maps demonstrate that the lithiation process mostly occurs in the area of high NiO content. This suggests that NiO can be considered a suitable artificial solid electrolyte interphase that prevents direct contact between Cu nanoparticles and the electrolyte. Thus, it alleviates Cu dissolution into the electrolyte and improves the reversibility of CuF2.

Bioinspired Passive Tactile Sensors Enabled by Reversible Polarization of Conjugated Polymers

Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.

BIBR1532 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cancer cells by inducing telomere dysregulation

BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality,and easy to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes located at the termini of chro-mosomes in eukaryotic cells,which are unreplaceable in maintaining the stability and integrity of genome.Telomerase,an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase,play vital role in telomere length maintain,targeting telomerase is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer.KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells were cultured and exposed to various concentrations of BIBR1532.Cell viability was assessed at 48 hours and 72 hours to determine the IC50 values.The effects of BIBR1532 on ESCC cell proliferation,migration,and cellular senescence were evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 assay,plate colony formation assay,scratch assay,transwell assay,andβ-galactosidase staining,respectively.Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of RESULTS The IC50 values for KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells after 48 hours of BIBR1532 exposure were 48.53μM and 39.59μM,respectively.These values decreased to 37.22μM and 22.71μM,respectively,following a longer exposure of 72 hours.BIBR1532 exhibited dose-dependent effects on KYSE150 and KYSE410 cells,including decreased hTERT expression,inhibition of proliferation and metastasis,and induction of cellular senescence.Mechanistically,BIBR1532 upregulated the expression of the DDR protein,γ-H2AX,and activated the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein(ATR)/check point kinase 1(CHK-1)and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene(ATM)/CHK2 pathways.BIBR1532 downregulated the expression of telomere-binding proteins,including telomeric-repeat binding factor 1(TRF1),TRF2,protection of telomeres 1,and TIN2-interacting protein 1.In a nude mouse xenograft model,BIBR1532 significantly suppressed tumor growth,reduced hTERT expression,and increasedγ-H2AX protein levels.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of various organs,including the heart,liver,spleen,lungs,and kidneys,revealed no apparent adverse effects.CONCLUSION BIBR1532 exerts anti-cancer effects on ESCC by inducing DDR through the ATR/CHK1 and ATM/CHK2 pathways and downregulating the expression of telomere-binding proteins.

Prediabetes and atrial fibrillation risk stratification,phenotyping,and possible reversal to normoglycemia

Patients admitted with prediabetes and atrial fibrillation are at high risk for major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events independent of confounding variables.The shared pathophysiology between these three serious but common diseases and their association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors establish a vicious circle culminating in high atherogenicity.Because of that,it is of paramount importance to perform risk stratification of patients with prediabetes to define phenotypes that benefit from various interventions.Furthermore,stress hyperglycemia assessment of hospitalized patients and consensus on the definition of prediabetes is vital.The roles lifestyle and metformin play in prediabetes are well established.However,the role of glucagon-like peptide agonists and metabolic surgery is less clear.Prediabetes is considered an intermediate between normoglycemia and diabetes along the blood glucose continuum.One billion people are expected to suffer from prediabetes by the year 2045.Therefore,realworld randomized controlled trials to assess major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular event risk reduction and reversal/prevention of type 2 diabetes among patients are needed to determine the proper interventions.

Derivative-extremum analysis of current-potential curves showing electrochemical kinetics in the full reversibility range

Derivative-extremum analysis(DEA) of j-E curves is a newly proposed method of half wave potential(E1/2) and activation feature extraction from steady-state voltammetry. Here, the DEA is demonstrated to be valid in the full range of reversibility using numerical simulations with a derived universal electrode equation, providing a novel perspective of electrochemical kinetics in the reversibility domain. The results reveal that E1/2is a better choice of the reference potential instead of equilibrium potential(Eeq) in electrode equations, especially since Eeqis meaningless in an irreversible case. The equations referenced with standard potential, E1/2and Eeq, are summarized in three tables, and their applications in parameter determinations are specified. Finally, reversibility is proved to be a relative measure between kinetic slowness and mass transport of electroactive species, and the reversibility classifications are proposed according to the DEA feature in the reversibility domain. This work, based on the DEA principle, refines the electrode equation forms and generalizes their applicability in the full range of reversibility.

Micro-flower-like MoS_(2)-modified Co_(9)S_(8)heterostructure as anode material for sodium-ion batteries with superior reversibility and rate capacity

Designing and fabricating of heterostructured materials with long-term cycling stability and high-rate capacity for the anode of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)still remain a great challenge.Herein,micro-flower-like MoS_(2)-modified Co_(9)S_(8)(Co_(9)S_(8)/MoS_(2))with a three-dimensional(3D)heterostructure was first obtained via a simple solvothermal synthesis followed by a solid sulfidation treatment process.As a material for the anode of SIBs,the Co_(9)S_(8)/MoS_(2)-based electrode with an initial Co/Mo molar ratio of 1/1(denoted as CM55-S)exhibits the best sodium storage performance with a boosted capacity,superior reversibility(424.5 mAh g^(-1)@2 A g^(-1)at the 1600th cycle,401.1 mAh g^(-1)@5 A g^(-1)at the 800th cycle),and an excellent rate capacity(210.1 mAh g^(-1)@20 A g^(-1)).Density functional theory(DFT)calculations confirm that the Co_(9)S_(8)/MoS_(2)heterostructure has a lower energy barrier(0.30 eV)than the pure Co_(9)S_(8)(0.53 eV).It is expected that such a heterostructured material could be an attractive candidate as the material of the anode for SIBs.

Reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of anaerobic digested sludge

The reversibility of the structure and dewaterability of broken anaerobic digested sludge（ADS）is important to ensure the efficiency of sludge treatment or management processes.This study investigated the effect of continuous strong shear（CSS）and multipulse shear（MPS）on the zeta potential,size（median size,d（50））,mass fractal dimension（DF）,and capillary suction time（CST）of ADS aggregates.Moreover,the self-regrowth（SR）of broken ADS aggregates during slow mixing was also analyzed.The results show that raw ADS with d（50） of 56.5μm was insensitive to CSS–SR or MPS–SR,though the size slightly decreased after the breakage phase.For conditioned ADS with d（50） larger than 600μm,the breakage in small-scale surface erosion changed to large-scale fragmentation as the CSS strength increased.In most cases,after CSS or MPS,the broken ADS had a relatively more compact structure than before and d（50） is at least 200μm.The CST of the broken fragments from optimally dosed ADS increased,whereas that corresponding to overdosed ADS decreased.MPS treatment resulted in larger and more compact broken ADS fragments with a lower CST value than CSS.During the subsequent slow mixing,the broken ADS aggregates did not recover their charge,size,and dewaterability to the initial values before breakage.In addition,less than 15%self-regrowth in terms of percentage of the regrowth factor was observed in broken ADS after CSS at average velocity gradient no less than 1905.6 sec^（-1）.

THE ENTROPY PRODUCTION AND IRREVERSIBILITY OF MARKOV PROCESSES

In nonequilibrium statistical physics, the entropy production and the irreversibility (nondetailed balance) play very important roles. For the simple case of the Markov chains, it is shown that a stationary Markov chain is reversible iff its entropy production vanishes, and entropy production characterizes how far from reversibility