γ-Ray-Radiation-Scissioned Chitosan as a Gene Carrier and Its Improved in vitro Gene Transfection Performance

Chitosan （CS） is expected to be an ideal gene carrier for its high biosafety. In this work, CS with low molecular weight were prepared through the γ-ray radiation on the acetic acid solution of CS. The CS chains were scissioned under the γ-ray radiation, and the molecu- lar weight （MW） of CS decreased with the absorbed dose. When the absorbed dose was above 30 kGy, the molecular weight of CS decreased about an order of magnitude. The γ-ray-radiation-scissioned CS can effectively bind with plasmid （pEGFP） through complex coacervation method, forming pEGFP/γ-ray-radiation-scissioned CS complex particles with a size of 200-300 nm. The complex particles have good stability and little cytotoxicity. The in vitro gene transfection efficiencies of the pEGFP/γ-ray-radiation-scissioned CS complex particles were investigated by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry. The results showed that the gene vectors using γ-ray-radiation-scissioned CS as the carrier will possess better gene transfection efficiency than those using natural high-MW CS as the carrier. The higher the absorbed dose, the smaller the MW of CS and the better transfection efficiency of the corresponding gene vector. This work provides a green and simple method on the preparation of CS-based gene vectors with high efficiency and biosafety.

New Statistical Methods for Systematizing the Nuclei Fission Fragments: Post-Scission Approach

A new statistical method for systematizing the nuclei fission fragments, investigation of their mass and charge spectra and neutron fission parameters has been suggested. In proposed method, the mass and charge yields of nucleons are determined from the equilibrium conditions of the nuclear fragments post-fission ensemble. Here we consider protons and neutrons of different fragments as statistically non-equivalent. The abilities of the proposed statistical method for explanation of the U, Pa, Th, Ac and Ra post-fission fragments ordering and neutron emission function calculation have been demonstrated.

A NOVEL SCISSION OF ALKYL-CARBONYL C-C BOND BY ALKYL p-HYDROXYPHENYL KETONES

Methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and benzyl p-hydroxyphenyl ketones and 6-hydroxy-1-tetralone are shown under the condition of ethylene ketal formation to undergo alkyl-carbonyl C-C bondscission, but not with p-hydroxybenzophenone, p-hydroxyisobutyrophenone, and 5-hydroxy-1-indanone. It is suggested that the scissiou is preceded by an aldol condensation.

Further Report on A Novel Scission of Alkyl Carbonyl C-C Bond by Substituted 4-Hydroxyacetophenones

3-Methoxy-, 3, 5-dimethoxy-, and 3-phenyl-4-hydroxyacetophenones suffered alkyl carbonyl C-C bond scission to yield 4-hydroxybenzoate esters and 4-isopropenylphenols under standard conditions of ethylene ketal formation; the latter underwent in situ dimerization, cyclization, and rearrangement to give substituted indanols. The isopropenylphenol derived from 3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone did not dimerize but condensed with its precursor to yield a substituted diphenylpropanone. 3-nitro-, 3,5-dinitro-, and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyacetophenones on the other hand reacted normally to give ethylene ketals in good yields.

Interplay Between Scission-Point Model and Experimental Data for Sub-Barrier Fusion-Fission

The fragment angular distributions of fusion-fission reactions for the systemsof 16O+232Th,19F+232Th and 16O+238U at near-and sub-barrier energies were measured.The measured fragment anisotropies obviously deviate from the predictions ofscission-point transition-state model.We also compared the excitation energy of tiltingmode with the statistical assumption.It was found that thermal equilibrium is not estab-lished at scission for the reactions studied.

Spallation reaction and the probe of nuclear dissipation with excitation energy at scission

We study in the framework of the Langevin model the influence of initial excitation energy(E*) of Hg compound nuclei(CNs) on the sensitivity of the excitation energy at scission(Esc*) to the nuclear friction strength(β).It is shown that the sensitivity is enhanced substantially with increasing E*.Moreover,we find that the significant sensitivity of Esc* to β at high E*is little affected by a marked difference in the neutron-to-proton ratio of a CN and in its size and fissility.Our findings suggest that,on the experimental side,a measurement of Esc* in energetic proton-induced spallation reactions can provide not only a sensitive but also a robust probe of nuclear dissipation in fission of highly excited nuclei.Further development of a suitable approach to spallation reaction is discussed.

Investigating nuclear dissipation properties at large deformations via excitation energy at scission

Using the stochastic Langevin model coupled with a statistical decay model,we study nuclear dissipation properties at large deformations with excitation energy at scission(E*_(sc)) measured in experiments.It is found that the postsaddle dissipation strength required to fit E*_(sc) data is 12*10^(21) s^(-1)for^(254;256)Fm and 6*10^(21) s^(-1)for^(189)Au,which has a smaller postsaddle deformation than the former heavy nucleus,showing a rise of nuclear dissipation strength with increasing deformation.

Simultaneous quantification of ten constituents of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge using UHPLC-MS methods and evaluation of their radical scavenging, DNA scission protective, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

The present study was designed to investigate the bioactive constituents ofXanthoceras sorbifolia in terms of amounts and their antioxidant, DNA scissiou protection, and ct-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Simultaneous quantification of 10 X. sorbifolia constituents was carried out by a newly established ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry method （UHPLC-MS）, The antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring DPPH radical scavenging and DNA scission protective activities. The a-glucosidase inhibitory activities were investigated by using an assay with a-glucosidase from Bacillus Stearothermophilus and disaccharidases from mouse intestine. We found that the wood ofX. sorbifolia was rich in phenolic compounds with the contents of catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, and dihydromyricetin being 0.12-0.19, 1.94-2.16, 0.77-0.91, and 6.76-7.89 mg.g-1, respectively. The four constituents strongly scavenged DPPH radicals （with ECs0 being 4.2, 3.8 and 5.7 μg-mL-1, respectively） and remarkably protected peroxyl radical-induced DNA strand scission （92.10%, 94.66%, 75.44% and 89.95% of protection, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μmol.L-1）. A dimeric flavan 3-ol, epigallocatechin-（4β→8, 2β→O-7）-epicatechin potently inhibited a-glucosidase with an IC50 value being as low as 1.2 μg.mL1. The established UHPLC-MS method could serve as a quality control tool for X. sorbifolia. In conclusion, the high contents of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory constituents in X. sorbifolia support its use as complementation of other therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hypertension.

丁烯叠合产物结构表征及对催化裂化生成丙烯的影响

采用小型固定流化床催化裂化装置考察了C4烯烃的反应性能,基于丁烯叠合产物的分子结构表征,研究了叠合产物与1-辛烯催化裂化的反应类型,并分析了反应温度对丙烯选择性的影响。结果表明:2-丁烯的反应性能低于1-丁烯,丁烯在Y型分子筛与择形分子筛催化剂上的转化率不高于70%;2种叠合产物(OP-1、OP-2)主要由C_(8)烯烃组成,OP-1中约90%的C_(8)烯烃为三甲基戊烯,且其中2,4,4-三甲基戊烯所占比例高于82%;OP-2中二甲基己烯含量与三甲基戊烯含量相近,且其中以二甲基-2-己烯为主;叠合产物的分子结构影响β-裂化类型,三甲基戊烯主要通过A型裂化(3°→3°)生成异丁烯,而取代基少的C_(8)烯烃更倾向于经B1(2°→3°)、B2(3°→2°)、C(2°→2°)及D2(2°→1°)型裂化生成丙烯及丁烯;高温有利于丙烯、丁烯经环化脱氢反应生成芳烃,叠合产物催化裂化增产丙烯存在适宜的温度范围(620~640℃)。

HOO·D_(-H)OOH自由基β-断键反应类速率规则计算

二氢过氧烯基自由基(HOO·D_(-H)OOH)的β-断键反应类是烯烃低温燃烧反应网络中很重要的一类反应。本文针对该反应类在不同碳原子反应位点的高压极限速率规则开展系统研究。依据HOO·D_(-H)OOH自由基所在碳原子类型的不同,将反应类划分为三个反应子类。单点能计算采用CBS-QB3组合方法,物种几何结构优化和频率分析采用B3LYP/CBSB7方法,高压极限速率常数采用传统过渡态理论计算,并按简单速率规则方法构建了反应类的高压极限速率规则。此外,也探究了HOO·D_(-H)OOH自由基β-断键反应类中反应物构型和取代基大小对反应速率常数的影响规律。本文通过理论计算为该反应类提供了更精确的高压极限速率常数,并为构建可靠的烯烃低温燃烧反应机理提供了精确的反应速率规则。

Silver-catalyzed unstrained C(CO)–alkyl bond scission via[3+2]/retro-[3+2]cycloaddition of ketones with N-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane

C(CO)–alkyl bonds are ubiquitous in a variety of organic molecules,and their selective activation and functionalization are important for the reconstruction of simple ketones into valuable building blocks.However,due to the thermodynamic and kinetic stability,the cleavage and transformation of the unstrained C(CO)–alkyl bonds remain a significant challenge.Herein,we report a novel silver-catalyzed scission of the unstrained C(CO)–alkyl bond of ketones by reacting with N-isocyanoiminotriphenylphosphorane(NIITP)under mild conditions.This method could transform a variety of unstrained ketones into iminophosphoranes and nitriles in high yields.Experimental and computational studies disclosed the reaction proceeded through an unprecedented[3+2]/retro-[3+2]cycloaddition mechanism.

Deformation parameter changes in fission mass yields within the systematic statistical scission-point model

The fission fragment mass-yields are evaluated for pre-actinide and actinide isotopes using a systematic statistical scission point model.The total potential energy of the fissioning systems at the scission point is presented in approximate relations as functions of mass numbers,deformation parameters and the temperature of complementary fission fragments.The collective temperature,Tcoll,and the temperature of fission fragments,Ti,are separated and the effect of collective temperature on mass yields results is investigated.The fragment temperature has been calculated with the generalized superfluid model.The sum of deformation parameters of complementary fission fragments has been obtained by fitting the calculated results with the experimental data.To investigate the transitions between symmetric and asymmetric modes mass yields for pre-actinide and heavy actinides are calculated with this model.The transition from asymmetric to symmetric fission is well reproduced using this systematic statistical scission point model.The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data with Tcoll=2 Me V at intermediate excitation energy and with T_(coll)=1MeV for spontaneous fission.Despite the Langevin model,in the scission point model,a constraint on the deformation parameters of fission fragments has little effect on the results of the mass yield.

Study of pre-scission particle emissions and fission probability of the ^(178)W produced in fusion reactions

A dynamical model based on one-dimensional Langevin equations was used to calculate the average pre-fission multiplicities of neutrons, light charged particles, and the fission probability for compound nucleus 17Sw produced in fusion reactions. The pre-seission multiplicities of particles and fission probability are calculated and compared with the experimental data over a wide range of excitation energy. A modified wall and window dissipation with a reduction coefficient, ks, has been used in the Langevin equations for reproducing experimental data. It was shown that the results of the calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data by using values of ks in the range 0.24〈 ks 〈0.47.

Computational Study of Scission Neutrons in Low-Energy Fission:Stationary and Time-Dependent Approaches

The emission of scission neutrons from fissioning nuclei is of high practical interest.To study this process we have used the sudden approximation and also a more realistic approach that takes into account the scission dynamics.Numerically,this implies the solution of the bi-dimensional Schr¨odinger equation,both stationary and time-dependent.To describe axially symmetric extremely deformed nuclear shapes,we have used the Cassini parametrization.The Hamiltonian is discretized by using finite difference approximations of the derivatives.The main computational challenges are the solution of algebraic eigenvalue problems and of linear systems with large sparse matrices.We have employed appropriate procedures(Arnoldi and bi-conjugate gradients).The numerical solutions have been used to evaluate physical quantities,like the number of emitted neutrons per scission event,the primary fragments’excitation energy and the distribution of the emission points.

α,β-HOQOOH自由基β-断键反应类动力学研究

α,β-羟基氢过氧烷基(α,β-HOQOOH)自由基的β-断键反应类在醇和烯烃的低温燃烧中至关重要,该反应类中生成的相对不活泼的HO_(2)自由基是导致负温度系数行为的原因之一,它对醇和烯烃的低温氧化具有抑制作用。因此本文以该反应类为研究对象,并根据自由基所在碳原子类型和过渡态反应中心上是否连有羟基将该反应类划分为不同子类。在本文工作中,使用M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p)方法进行几何结构优化和单点能计算;使用传统过渡态理论计算高压极限速率常数,并根据简单速率规则法构建了相应的高压极限速率规则。本文通过理论计算为该反应类提供了更准确的高压极限速率常数并建立相应的高压极限速率规则,这有利于更可靠的醇和烯烃燃烧详细机理模型的构建。

壳聚糖的γ射线辐射降解研究

用 γ射线照射壳聚糖使之发生辐射降解 ,研究了降解反应的动力学、辐射对壳聚糖脱乙酰化度的影响以及大分子链的断链机理 .结果表明 :壳聚糖在γ射线照射下发生的辐射降解遵循无规降解动力学规律 ;降解过程中壳聚糖的脱乙酰化度略有升高 ;降解反应主要由壳聚糖分子链上的 C1 — O— C4键断裂引起 ,在降解过程中生成了 δ-内酯结构的端基 .

黄土地区地质灾害链研究初探

黄土由于湿陷性、大孔隙、水敏性等特点,导致黄土地区的地质灾害广布,并且各灾种之间表现出明显的链生效应,使得黄土地区地质灾害的成因机理及防治研究愈发复杂。本文通过分析整理黄土地区典型灾害及灾害链事件,归纳了黄土地区灾害的发育现状,详细描述了两条典型的黄土地质灾害链式结构,并以天水大沟滑坡-泥石流灾害为例,阐述了黄土灾害链链生过程中的放大效应。根据黄土灾害研究现状,凝练了黄土灾害链研究中的3个关键问题,针对性地提出各自的研究思路,并指出今后需更加注重黄土灾害链的风险评价及断链措施方面的研究。本文针对黄土地区灾害链研究中若干问题的初步思考,旨在为后续的灾害链研究提供科学建议。

基于灾害链的洪涝灾害风险分析综述

从灾害链的视角对洪涝灾害进行研究,可对洪涝灾害的形成机制、时空分布规律以及洪灾损失有一个更加全面的认知,以系统探讨洪涝灾害以及衍生灾害的应对策略。梳理国内外学者对灾害链的定义,总结了洪涝灾害链的含义,重点阐述了灾害链的研究内容和研究方法,概括了目前针对洪涝灾害链研究的断链减灾措施,认为目前国内外学者对于洪涝灾害链的研究尚未成熟,需要进一步结合其他领域技术对洪涝灾害链风险分析开展进一步深入研究。

矿山灾害链及其断链减灾模式分析

为了揭示矿山灾害系统的复杂性规律和运动本质,运用系统理论观点,从灾害链的角度对矿山灾害链定义、分类、特点及链式发育机理进行了研究。提出矿山灾害链组合断链减灾模型,即"初次断链+预防断链+灾后重建"组合断链模型,并在华恒公司矿井水害防治中得到运用,可以有效的解决矿井水害特别是矿井西部老空水问题。矿山灾害链式效应在矿山灾害中普遍存在,组合断链减灾模型为最佳减灾方案,而通过对断链程度和各断链过程对总断链的贡献率的计算实现断链最优化将成为今后研究的重点。

高能Ar离子辐照PET膜引起的表面改性研究

采用傅立叶转换的红外光吸收技术在反射方式下分析研究了 35MeV/uAr离子辐照半晶质PET膜引起的表面改性及其对吸收剂量的依赖性。结果表明 ,辐照导致PET膜中与晶态区域相关的吸收带强度随吸收剂量增加普遍减弱 ,而与非晶区域相关的吸收带强度随吸收剂量增加逐渐增加 ,表明辐照使PET膜发生了非晶化转变。化学键断裂主要发生在苯环的对位和酯的C—O键上 ,而苯环的基本结构在整个辐照过程中变化较小。非晶化效应和化学键断裂同时依赖于离子的照射剂量和样品表面的电子能量沉积。此外 ,在约 5.0MGy以上的吸收剂量 ,辐照还引起了炔端基团的形成 ,炔端基团浓度随吸收剂量的增加显著增加。对实验结果进行了定性解释。