IMC-skeletons reinforced high-temperature interconnections through low-temperature TLP bonding and micron composite solders

The traditional nano-sintering or TLP techniques are generally expensive,time-consuming,and hence unsuitable for realizing practical mass production.Herein,we have developed an improved TLP process to rapidly produce IMC-skeleton structures across the bonding region by initiating a localized liquid-solid interaction among micron particles at traditional soldering temperatures.The developed IMC skeletons can reinforce solder alloys and provide remarkable mechanical stability and electrical capabilities at high temperatures.As a result,the IMC-skeleton strengthened interconnections exhibited higher thermal/electrical conductivity,lower hardness and almost doubled strength than traditional full-IMC joints,attaining 87.4 MPa and 30.2 MPa at room condition and 350℃.Meanwhile,the necessary heating time to form metallurgical bonds was shortened,one-fifth of nano-sintering and one-tenth of TLP bonding,and the material cost was significantly reduced.This proposed technique enabled the fast,low-cost manufacturing of electronics that can serve at temperatures as high as 200−350℃.Besides,the interfacial reactions among particles and the correlated phase evolution process were studied in this research.The formation mechanism of IMC skeletons was analyzed.The correlated influencing factors and their effect on the mechanical,thermal and electrical properties of joints were revealed,which may help the design and extensive uses of such techniques in various high-temperature/power applications.

X-Ray Diffraction Is a Promising Tool to Characterize Coral Skeletons

The skeletons of corals are made of calcium carbonate by biomineralization process, in the form of aragonite or calcite. To understand the characteristics of coral skeletons, especially mineralogy, crystal phases, organization and structure in individual species, X-ray powder diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in corals is reviewed in terms of characterization of CaCO3 crystal orientation. In addition, we discuss how this technique has increased our understanding of the function of the organic matrix proteins of calcified coral skeletons during mineral formation. Such information is helpful in deducing the mechanical and structural model of corals with respect to biomineralization system of skeletons.

Oviraptorosaurian Eggs (Dinosauria) with Embryonic Skeletons Discovered for the First Time in China

Two elongatoolithid dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province and the embryonic skeletons they bear are described. They represent the first oviraptorosaurian eggs with embryonic skeletons in China and provide the first example that an oospecies can be correlated to certain dinosaur taxon/taxa. The two eggs are the same as the pair of the eggs inside a female oviraptorosaurian pelvis from the same horizon of the same area in both macro- and micro-structures of the egg shells, and can he referred to the oospecies, Macroolithus yaotunensis Zhao, 1975. The morphology of the preserved part of the embryonic skeletons indicates that they may have been laid by an oviraptorid, Heyuannia huangi from Guangdong Province or a closely related oviraptorosaurian, which may have been lived in the Ganzhou area too in the Late Cretaceous. The embryonic skeletons of the two eggs are not in the same developing stage. In one of the eggs, the postzygapophysis of the preserved vertebrae are well ossified, indicating that it was just hatched.

Deep learning-based activity recognition and fine motor identification using 2D skeletons of cynomolgus monkeys

Video-based action recognition is becoming a vital tool in clinical research and neuroscientific study for disorder detection and prediction.However,action recognition currently used in non-human primate(NHP)research relies heavily on intense manual labor and lacks standardized assessment.In this work,we established two standard benchmark datasets of NHPs in the laboratory:Monkeyin Lab(Mi L),which includes 13 categories of actions and postures,and MiL2D,which includes sequences of two-dimensional(2D)skeleton features.Furthermore,based on recent methodological advances in deep learning and skeleton visualization,we introduced the Monkey Monitor Kit(Mon Kit)toolbox for automatic action recognition,posture estimation,and identification of fine motor activity in monkeys.Using the datasets and Mon Kit,we evaluated the daily behaviors of wild-type cynomolgus monkeys within their home cages and experimental environments and compared these observations with the behaviors exhibited by cynomolgus monkeys possessing mutations in the MECP2 gene as a disease model of Rett syndrome(RTT).Mon Kit was used to assess motor function,stereotyped behaviors,and depressive phenotypes,with the outcomes compared with human manual detection.Mon Kit established consistent criteria for identifying behavior in NHPs with high accuracy and efficiency,thus providing a novel and comprehensive tool for assessing phenotypic behavior in monkeys.

Semantic segmentation of pyramidal neuron skeletons using geometric deep learning

Neurons can be abstractly represented as skeletons due to the filament nature of neurites.With the rapid development of imaging and image analysis techniques,an increasing amount of neuron skeleton data is being produced.In some scienti fic studies,it is necessary to dissect the axons and dendrites,which is typically done manually and is both tedious and time-consuming.To automate this process,we have developed a method that relies solely on neuronal skeletons using Geometric Deep Learning(GDL).We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method using pyramidal neurons in mammalian brains,and the results are promising for its application in neuroscience studies.

Skeletons of 3D Surfaces Based on the Laplace-Beltrami Operator Eigenfunctions

In this work we describe the algorithms to construct the skeletons, simplified 1D representations for a 3D surface depicted by a mesh of points, given the respective eigenfunctions of the Discrete Laplace-Beltrami Operator (LBO). These functions are isometry invariant, so they are independent of the object’s representation including parameterization, spatial position and orientation. Several works have shown that these eigenfunctions provide topological and geometrical information of the surfaces of interest [1] [2]. We propose to make use of that information for the construction of a set of skeletons, associated to each eigenfunction, which can be used as a fingerprint for the surface of interest. The main goal is to develop a classification system based on these skeletons, instead of the surfaces, for the analysis of medical images, for instance.

Attempt to Built 13-Hydroxy-9,15-cyclo GA Skeletons

An easy and mild way to construct 13-hydroxy-9,15-cyclo GA skeletons was reported and it could be used as a general protocol in the synthesis of GAs with this structure.

Animal diversities and characteristics of environmental change revealed by skeletons unearthed at Zhongba Site of Chongqing City,China

Nearly 200000 animal skeletons are unearthed in the Unit T0202 from Zhongba Site of Zhongxian County.According to the analysis of 129165 specimens,these skeletons may be classified into 5 kinds, namely,Mammalia,Osteichthys,Aves,Amphibian and Reptilia,which belong to 13 orders,28 families and 42 genera.In this paper,based on archeological dating and AMS 14 C data,through statistically analyzing the unearthed skeletons and studying the change of the smallest individual numbers,these research results detected the following:1)In almost all the time of 2370―200 BC,in Zhongba region, some animals distributed widely,such as Muntiacus sp,Elaphodus cephalophus and Muntiacus sp. inhabiting in glade and grassland,Scrofa sp.and Canis familiaris raised by the ancient people,rodentia rabbit and Rattus rattus,which suggested that a fairly good ecological environment of forest and grassland was preserved at that period and the predecessors began to raise domestic animals from 1750 to 1000 BC,which has lasted until today.2)Rhinoceros only lived during 2000―1750 BC,1000― 700 BC and 700―500 BC,which indicates that the ecological environment of grassland and wetland might be better in these phases.3)Macaca sp.and Ursus arctos appeared only after 1750―1000 BC, which may show that the forest condition is better for animals to live during 1750―200 BC.4)The smallest individual numbers of Bublus sp.,bos sp.and otters emerged during about 2370―1750 BC, which perhaps infers that water area during the early period was wider than that of the late period.5) Since skeletons of rhinoceros are discovered in strata of Zhongba Site during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC,according to the climate and ecology environment which rhinoceros live in now,the average annual temperature and precipitation during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC are supposed to be probably higher than that of today.Although Zhu Kezhen considered that the first low temperature period in the past 5000 years of China was between 1100 BC and 850 BC,massive pollen of Morus, Ulmus,Fagus,Quercus,Castanea,etc.were found in Dajiuhu peat at that time,which should indicate that the climate was still moderate for living things to live at least in Dajiuhu basin and Zhongba Site.6) Because skeletons of Gervus albirostris were unearthed during 310―200 BC at Zhongba Site,based onthe climate and the ecological environment those animals live in now,the average annual temperature and the average annual precipitation in Zhongba area between 310 BC and 200 BC should be lower than those of today,which is confirmed by the TOC research of Zhongba Site strata.

Synergistic protection of Si anode based on multi-dimensional graphitic carbon skeletons

Inspired by the natural corn structure,a Si@hollow graphene shell@graphene(Si@GS@G)anode material was prepared in which silicon nanoparticles were preliminarily anchored onto the surface of an elastic graphene shell and further constrained using graphene sheets.Hollow graphene oxide shells with abundant surficial hydrogen bonds,which were synthesized using a novel bottom-up method,were used as an intermediate material to anchor positively charged silicon nanoparticles via electrostatic attraction and achieve a rational spatial distribution.The inner hollow graphene shell anchorage and outer graphene constraint synergistically constituted a porous and robust conductive corn-like structure.The as-fabricated Si@GS@G anode afforded efficient electron and ion transport pathways and improved structural stability,thereby enhancing Li+storage capability(505 mAh·g^(−1)at 10 A·g^(−1))and extending the lifespan compared to the single hollow graphene shell or graphene sheet-protected Si anode(72%capacity retention after 500 cycles).The improved kinetics of the Si@GS@G anode were investigated using electro impedance spectroscopy,galvanostatic intermittent titration,and pseudocapacitance contribution rate analysis,and the structural evolution was analyzed using ex situ electron microscopy.This study proposes a novel hollow graphene oxide shell as an activated intermediate material for designing a porous electrode structure that facilitates an enhanced electrochemical performance.

Abnormally High Content of Element U in Dinosaur Skeletons From Zigong, Sichuan Province and Its Significance

In Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan Province there is a large cluster of Middle Jurassic dinosaur fossils which is confined to an area of less than 3000m^2 in the sand body. From there several hundred pieces of fossils, identified as of different sorts of dinosaurs and other paleovertebrate animals such as Pliosaurus and Pterosaurus, have been excavated out, including about 20 complete or relatively complete skeletons. This fact has naturally attracted the attention of a great many geologists and paleontologists both at

Fissisternoids A and B,two 2’,5’-quinodihydrochalcone-based meroterpenoid enantiomers with unusual carbon skeletons from Fissistigma bracteolatum

Two pairs of meroterpenoid enantiomers,(±)-fissisternoids A(1)and B(2),along with their putative biogenetic precursor 3 were isolated from the branches and leaves of Fissistigma bracteolatum.Compound 1 represents an unprecedented meroterpenoid featuring a unique tricyclo[3,3,1,01’,5’]decane central framework,and compound 2 possesses a rare 6/6/5/4 tetracyclic carbon skeleton,both of which were derived from quinodihydrochalcone and monoterpenoid via a key[4+2]Diels–Alder cyclization and Prins reaction.Their structures and absolute configurations were established using spectroscopic data,X-ray diffraction,and electronic circular dichroism calculations.Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit anti-inflammatory activity(IC50:13.2μM,1;9.8μM,2)via suppression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6,and iNOS.

Acceptor modulation for improving thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter in through-space charge transfer on spiroskeletons

Through-space charge transfer(TSCT)is regarded as an effective way to develop thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF)emitters.Based on this strategy,many molecular frameworks have been proposed,among which spirobased scaffolds have been extensively studied due to their unique advantages.In this work,we developed three emitters SPS,SPO,and SPON,which were constructed with the same donor and various acceptors to explore the influence of acceptor modulation at the C9 position of fluorene for spirostructure TSCT emitters.The results show that the acceptor with too weak electronwithdrawing ability will cause the emitter to not have TADF properties,while the acceptor with too much steric hindrance will weaken the face-to-faceπ-πstacking interaction between donor/acceptor(D/A).Since SPO balances the electron-withdrawing strength and steric hindrance of the acceptor,it achieves the highest external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 17.75%.This work shows that appropriate acceptor selection is essential for the TADF properties and high efficiency of the spirobased scaffold TSCT emitter.

The Regulatory Effect of Braided Silk Fiber Skeletons with Differential Porosities on In Vivo Vascular Tissue Regeneration and Long-Term Patency

The development of small-diameter vascular grafts that can meet the long-term patency required for implementation in clinical practice presents a key challenge to the research field.Although techniques such as the braiding of scaffolds can offer a tunable platform for fabricating vascular grafts,the effects of braided silk fiber skeletons on the porosity,remodeling,and patency in vivo have not been thoroughly investigated.

MXene Hollow Spheres Supported by a C–Co Exoskeleton Grow MWCNTs for Efficient Microwave Absorption

High-performance microwave absorption(MA) materials must be studied immediately since electromagnetic pollution has become a problem that cannot be disregarded. A straightforward composite material, comprising hollow MXene spheres loaded with C–Co frameworks, was prepared to develop multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs). A high impedance and suitable morphology were guaranteed by the C–Co exoskeleton, the attenuation ability was provided by the MWCNTs endoskeleton, and the material performance was greatly enhanced by the layered core–shell structure. When the thickness was only 2.04 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth was 5.67 GHz, and the minimum reflection loss(RLmin) was-70.70 d B. At a thickness of 1.861 mm, the sample calcined at 700 ℃ had a RLmin of-63.25 d B. All samples performed well with a reduced filler ratio of 15 wt%. This paper provides a method for making lightweight core–shell composite MA materials with magnetoelectric synergy.

Associations of genome-wide structural variations with phenotypic differences in cross-bred Eurasian pigs

Background During approximately 10,000 years of domestication and selection,a large number of structural variations(SVs)have emerged in the genome of pig breeds,profoundly influencing their phenotypes and the ability to adapt to the local environment.SVs(≥50 bp)are widely distributed in the genome,mainly in the form of insertion(INS),mobile element insertion(MEI),deletion(DEL),duplication(DUP),inversion(INV),and translocation(TRA).While studies have investigated the SVs in pig genomes,genome-wide association studies(GWAS)-based on SVs have been rarely conducted.Results Here,we obtained a high-quality SV map containing 123,151 SVs from 15 Large White and 15 Min pigs through integrating the power of several SV tools,with 53.95%of the SVs being reported for the first time.These high-quality SVs were used to recover the population genetic structure,confirming the accuracy of genotyping.Potential functional SV loci were then identified based on positional effects and breed stratification.Finally,GWAS were performed for 36 traits by genotyping the screened potential causal loci in the F2 population according to their corresponding genomic positions.We identified a large number of loci involved in 8 carcass traits and 6 skeletal traits on chromosome 7,with FKBP5 containing the most significant SV locus for almost all traits.In addition,we found several significant loci in intramuscular fat,abdominal circumference,heart weight,and liver weight,etc.Conclusions We constructed a high-quality SV map using high-coverage sequencing data and then analyzed them by performing GWAS for 25 carcass traits,7 skeletal traits,and 4 meat quality traits to determine that SVs may affect body size between European and Chinese pig breeds.

Time-domain dynamic constitutive model suitable for mucky soil site seismic response

Soil nonlinear behavior displays noticeable effects on the site seismic response.This study proposes a new functional expression of the skeleton curve to replace the hyperbolic skeleton curve.By integrating shear modulus and combining the dynamic skeleton curve and the damping degradation coefficient,the constitutive equation of the logarithmic dynamic skeleton can be obtained,which considers the damping effect in a soil dynamics problem.Based on the finite difference method and the multi-transmitting boundary condition,a 1D site seismic response analysis program called Soilresp1D has been developed herein and used to analyze the time-domain seismic response in three types of sites.At the same time,this study also provides numerical simulation results based on the hyperbolic constitutive model and the equivalent linear method.The results verify the rationality of the new soil dynamic constitutive model.It can analyze the mucky soil site nonlinear seismic response,reflecting the deformation characteristics and damping effect of the silty soil.The hysteresis loop area is more extensive,and the residual strain is evident.

Metabolic reprogramming in skeletal cell differentiation

The human skeleton is a multifunctional organ made up of multiple cell types working in concert to maintain bone and mineral homeostasis and to perform critical mechanical and endocrine functions.From the beginning steps of chondrogenesis that prefigures most of the skeleton,to the rapid bone accrual during skeletal growth,followed by bone remodeling of the mature skeleton,cell differentiation is integral to skeletal health.

Boosting lithium storage of Li-B alloys through regulating lithium content

Li-B alloy is expected to meet the expanding demands of energy storage,primarily driven by their high energydensity and structural stability.The fibrous porous skeleton can increase the electrochemical active area and reduce thelocal current density,therefore diminishing the lithium dendrites.In this study,we prepared Li-B alloys with differentlithium contents and examined the impact of lithium content on the structure and electrochemical properties of Li-Balloys.With the increase of lithium content,the spacing between the skeleton of the Li-B alloys increases.The lithiumdeposition on the top of the skeleton decreases,leading to thinner SEI,and lower polarization.The Li-B alloy with thehighest lithium content(64 wt.%lithium content)in the symmetric battery exhibits the longest cycle time,lasting over140 h at 1 mA/cm^(2)and 0.5 mA·h/cm^(2),with a minimal overpotential of 0.08 V.When paired with LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2),thefull battery has the highest specific discharge capacity and the best rate capacity.

Ageing-related bone and immunity changes:insights into the complex interplay between the skeleton and the immune system

Ageing as a natural irreversible process inherently results in the functional deterioration of numerous organ systems and tissues,including the skeletal and immune systems.Recent studies have elucidated the intricate bidirectional interactions between these two systems.

Rational design of carbon skeleton interfaces for highly reversible sodium metal battery anodes

Sodium metal batteries(SMBs)have attracted increasing attention over time due to their abundance of sodium resources and low cost.However,the widespread application of SMBs as a viable technology remains a great challenge,such as uneven metallic deposition and dendrite formation during cycling.Carbon skeletons as sodiophilic hosts can alleviate the dendrite formation during the plating/stripping.For the carbon skeleton,how to rationalize the design sodiophilic interfaces between the sodium metal and carbon species remains key to developing desirable Na anodes.Herein,we fabricated four kinds of structural features for carbon skeletons using conventional calcination and flash Joule heating.The roles of conductivity,defects,oxygen content,and the distribution of graphite for the deposition of metallic sodium were discussed in detail.Based on interface engineering,the J1600 electrode,which has abundant Na-C species on its surface,showed the highest sodiophilic.There are uniform and rich F-Na species distributed in the inner solid electrolyte interface layer.This study investigated the different Na-deposition behavior in carbon hosts with distinct graphitic arrangements to pave the way for designing and optimizing advanced electrode materials.