生物炭载Bacillus subtilis菌粒对连作芹菜生长的影响

为解决土壤连作障碍对蔬菜生长发育的不利影响,本研究以连作3年的芹菜土壤为研究对象,采用随机区组试验,设置5种处理:单独施加生物炭(BC)、单独施加Bacillus subtilis菌剂(BS)、生物炭与菌剂混合施加(BB)、施加生物炭载B.subtilis菌粒(BP)、不施加生物炭与菌剂(CK),盆栽种植芹菜,测定其生长与品质指标,探究生物炭和B.subtilis对连作芹菜生长的影响。结果表明,BB、BP处理组芹菜的生长和品质指标都高于其他土壤处理组,BP处理组的芹菜鲜质量、可溶性蛋白含量以及纤维素含量均显著高于BB处理组,分别为60.25 g/棵、27.25 mg/g、2.48%,其他指标两处理间无显著差异。不同土壤处理组芹菜的生长和品质指标都高于CK处理,其中BP处理组各指标值最高,尤其是芹菜鲜质量,增幅高达226.56%。因此,施加生物炭载B.subtilis菌粒提高了连作芹菜生长指标与品质,为农业生产上缓解蔬菜连作障碍奠定了理论基础。

Enhanced extracellular production of alpha-lactalbumin from Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening

Alpha-lactalbumin(α-LA)is a major whey protein found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in the growth and development of infants.In this study,Bacillus subtilis RIK1285 harboring AprE signal peptide(SP)was selected as the original strain for the production ofα-LA.It was found thatα-LA was identified in the pellet after ultrasonic disruption and centrifugation instead of in the fermentation supernatant.The original strain most likely only producedα-LA intracellular,but not extracellular.To improve the expression and secretion ofα-LA in RIK1285,a library of 173 homologous SPs from the B.subtilis 168 genome was fused with target LALBA gene in the pBE-S vector and expressed extracellularly in RIK1285.SP YjcN was determined to be the best signal peptide.Bands in supernatant were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and purified by nickel column to calculate the highest yield signal peptide.In addition,different promoters(P_(aprE),P_(43),and P_(glv))were compared and applied.The results indicated that the strain RIK1285-pBE-P_(glv)-YjcN-LALBA had the highestα-LA yield,reaching 122.04μg/mL.This study demonstrates successful expression and secretion of humanα-LA in B.subtilis and establishes a foundation for simulating breast milk for infant formulas and developing bioengineered milk.

Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质的分离和鉴定

【目的】对Bacillus subtilis fmbR产生的抗菌物质进行分离和鉴定研究,以确定抗菌物质的组成和结构。【方法】采用HPLC和TLC层析对Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质进行分离纯化,通过ESI-MS和MALDI-MS分析对抗菌物质的组成和结构进行初步鉴定。【结果】HPLC层析表明了Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质含有保留时间与surfactin相似的成分。TLC层析和原位酸解证明了Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质含有闭合肽键类的物质,其中之一为相对迁移率Rf与标样surfactin相近的组分。采用ESI-MS分析检测到Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质含有分子量与surfactinA相同的m/z1009.1、m/z1023.2和m/z1037.0等3种同系物;通过MALDI-MS分析获得[M+H]+为m/z 3403.95抗菌物质,该物质分子量与Bacillus subtilis 168产生的细菌素subtilosin的m/z3403.3相同。【结论】Bacillus subtilis fmbR抗菌物质由C13～C15的3种surfactinA同系物和一种羊毛硫抗生素subtilosin组成。

Bacillus subtilis fmbJ脂肽类抗菌物质的分离和鉴定

对BacillussubtilisfmbJ脂肽类抗菌物质的分离和鉴定进行了系统研究。通过HPLC层析确定BacillussubtilisfmbJ抗菌物质由多种组分构成,其中含有保留时间与surfactin相似的成分。通过TLC层析和原位酸解确定BacillussubtilisfmbJ抗菌物质含有两个具有闭合肽键类的物质,其中之一为迁移率Rf与标样surfactin非常相近的组分。通过ESI-MS分析检测到BacillussubtilisfmbJ抗菌物质含有分子量与fengicin相同的m/z1449.9、m/z1463.8、m/z1477.8、m/z1491.9和m/z1505.9五种同系物,和分子量与surfactin相同的m/z1008.8、m/z1022.8和m/z1036.8三种同系物。

Screening for the Strain Highly Producing Antagonistic Substance from Bacillus subtilis B47 by UV Mutagenesis

[Objective] The aim of this study was to breed new strains which have higher inhibitory effects on the pathogens of watermelon fusarium wilt.[Method] The endophytic Bacillus subtilis B47 strain was obtained from tomato stems by UV mutagenesis for two consecutive times,then genetic stability as well as physiological and biochemical properties of mutant strains were studied.[Result] The antibacterial activity of all the three mutant strains F303,F304 and F305 was higher than that of B74 strain.After subculture of 10 successive generations,the antibacterial activity of all the three mutant strains for the pathogens of watermelon fusarium wilt decreased,but the antibacterial activity of F305 strain decreased the least,indicating its best genetic stability among the tested strains.The antibacterial circle diameter of F305 strain was 5 mm larger than that of wild strain B47 under the same condition.The mutant strain F305 was in logarithmic growth phase within 36 h and in stationary phase within 36-96 h,while its optimum growth temperature was 35 ℃.F305 strain could grow in sodium salt with the concentration of 1%-10%,but it grew best at the concentration of 1%.Physiological and biochemical responses of F305 strain were in accordance with those of wild strain B47.[Conclusion] This study lays the foundation for the factorial production of antagonistic substance by B47 strain and new methods of preventing from the pathogens watermelon fusarium wilt.

Bacillus subtilis B2产1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)发酵条件优化

为探索制备含有1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojimycin,DNJ)的降血糖功能性食品的新方法,以产DNJ的菌株Bacillus subtilisB2为初始菌株,以价廉的农产品加工副产物豆渣为原料,通过对发酵条件的优化,获得富含功能因子DNJ的发酵液。结果表明:接种量对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性影响不明显,当接种量大于104个/mL时,发酵液的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均在20以上。而豆渣浓度、发酵温度、培养基初始pH值及发酵时间对发酵液α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性影响较大,在豆渣质量浓度30mg/mL,初始pH值6～8,发酵温度40℃的条件下发酵48h,发酵液表现出较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。以Bacillus subtilisB2发酵豆渣的发酵液为原料开发含DNJ的降糖功能食品,可以大大提高豆渣的利用价值,为降糖功能食品的开发利用开辟新途径。

B.Subtilis Y-6产抗菌肽对桃软腐菌的抑制机理研究

对枯草芽孢杆菌Y-6抗菌肽抑制桃软腐菌的机理进行初步研究。利用PDA平板法研究了该抗菌肽对桃软腐菌的抑制活性,探讨了其对琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性的影响,通过扫描和透射电镜考察了抗菌肽对桃软腐菌孢子萌发的影响,评价了抗菌肽对桃软腐菌利用糖和蛋白质的影响。结果表明,该抗菌肽能有效抑制桃软腐菌的生长繁殖及孢子萌发,其最低抑菌浓度为175ug·mL-1;该抗菌肽对桃软腐菌孢子壁具有溶解作用,并且可以抑制桃软腐菌SDH和MDH酶活性。此外,当抗菌肽作用于不同生长阶段的桃软腐菌后导致其对营养物质的吸收受阻或停止。B.subtilis Y-6抗菌肽对桃软腐菌孢子壁的破环、抑制桃软腐菌呼吸代谢及利用营养物质的酶的生物合成是其主要的抑制机理。

Separation and Purification of Recombinant Hirudin Variant 3 from Bacillus subtilis

[ Objective] The research aimed to get the optimized separation and purification conditions of the hirudin produced from Bacillus subtilis DB403 （pUBH5）. [Method] Through the systemic pretreatment, preliminary chromatography and fine chromatography. [Result]The optimized separation and purification conditions were that： Supernatant was treated by trichloroacetic acid, then by ultrafiltration desalt and anion exchange chromatography. Strong anion Q F. F. was better than weak anion DEAE F.F. The proper balanced solution was Tris-HCI （ pH 8.0）. The proper conductivity was 6 ms/cm. The maximum applied sample was 240 ATU/ml to matrix of strong anion Q F. F. This optimized procedure was magnified in strong anion exchange HiPrep 16/10Q with the 90% recovery and 70.2% purity. The purification of gel filtration of Sephacryl S-100 to hirudin was not relative to flow rate within certain scope. The application size of sample was 10 ml. The purity checked by HPLC was 95.1%, and the recovery was 93%, and the band of SDS-PAGE was single. [ Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization separation and purification of hiruin.

Screening of Biocontrol Strain Bacillus subtilis by N^+ Ion Beam Implantation

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effect of N＋ ion beam implantation on the survival rate and mutation rate of biocontrol strain Bacillus subtilis. [Method] The factors influencing B. subtilis ion beam implantation, including culture time, dilution concentration, solvent, drying time of mycoderm were optimized. B. subtilis cells were implanted by using ion beam at dose of 2.0×10^14～4.0×10^14 ions/cm2 and the energy of 30 kev. Then the methods of culturing colonies confronting each other on plate and Oxford cup diffusion were used to screening strains. [Result] The optimal parameters were found as follows： culture in liquid for 20-24 h, dilution with sterile water to 106 cells/ml and drying time of 60 min for sample preparation; the optimal N＋ ion beam implantation dose of 2.0×10^14～4.0×10^14 ions/cm2 at the energy of 30 kev, the survival rate of 8.43%-26.71% and the mutation rate of 3.50%-5.43%. [Conclusion] This study provided reference for ion beam implantation mutation of B. subtilis.

Preliminary Study on Garlic Root Exudates Influences to the Growth of Pomegranate Wilt Pathogen(Ceratocystis fimbriata)and Bacillus subtilis

[Objectives] This paper aims to explore the possibility to intercrop garlic with pomegranate tree to control pomegranate wilt.[Methods] Root exudates of garlic is cultivated in 1/5 concentration of MS solution and distilled water is examined in lab to test their effect to growth of mycelia of pomegranate wilt pathogen（Ceratocystis fimbriata）and multiplication of Bacillus subtilis.[Results] The result shows that garlic root exudates whatever cultivated in MS solution or distilled water could not inhibit or promote mycelia growth of C.fimbriata.However,garlic root exudates cultivated in both methods effectively promote multiplication of B.subtilis.[Conclusions] It is suggested that intercropping garlic with pomegranate tree by combining application B.subtilis could be a promising way to prevent pomegranate wilt spread in practice.

Screening of Two Biocontrol Strains of Bacillus subtilis against Ginseng Soil-borne Disease and Their Antifungal Activities

[ Objective] The paper was to obtain biocontrol strains with good control effects against ginseng soil-borne disease through screening. [ Method] Dilu- tion plate method and plate confrontation culture method were used to isolate and screen biocontrol bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of diseased ginseng. The strains were identified through morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA. [ Result ] With Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Fu- sarium solani as the indicator strains, two biocontrol strains B59 and X1 with strong antagonistic effects were screened from the rhizosphere soil of diseased ginseng in Tieli farm of Heilongjiang Province, and they were identified to be Bacillus subtilis. The inhibition rates of two biocontrol strains against eight different fungi were all greater than 90%. The primary study indicated that B59 and X1 strains could secrete antifungal active substances. [ Conclusion] Two biocontrol Bacillus subti- lis strains 1359 and X1 all had strong antagonistic effect against ginseng soil-borne disease, which had certain potential for development and utilization.

偏高温大曲发酵过程中B.licheniformis和B.subtilis动态变化和生产特性

对偏高温大曲发酵过程中Bacillus licheniformis和Bacillus subtilis主要酶活及对部分理化因子耐受性进行分析。31株供试菌中,能够在65℃、体积分数7%乙醇和3.8mmol/mL酸度条件下生长的菌株分别为77.4%、83.9%、71.0%;能够产淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白质酶的菌株分别占87.1%、96.8%、90.3%,其中高产菌株分别占48.4%、35.5%、38.7%;所有菌株在生理生化特征、耐受性和产酶能力上均不完全相同,表明该2个种的菌株在偏高大曲发酵过程中呈现种间多态性和生长代谢的复杂性。

Bacillus subtilis UN_(13)产α-淀粉酶酶学性质研究

对Bacillus subtilis UN13所产生的α-淀粉酶酶学性质进行初步研究。结果表明：该酶是一种中温酸性α-淀粉酶；其最适温度为50℃，在40-60℃范围内稳定性较好；最适pH为5．5，在pH值为5．0～7．5范围内较稳定；Ca^2＋和Mn^2＋对该酶有激活作用，Cu^2＋，Zn^2＋，K^＋和EDTA则抑制该酶的活性；动力学研究表明该酶的Km值为1．7039mg／mL，Vmax值为3．1615mg／min·mL。

On the Bacteriostatic Activity of Bacillus subtilis and Pyraclostrobin as Well as Their Mixtures to Grape Anthracnose and the Field Disease Control Efficiency

[Objective] To screen out the biological compound bactericides for grape anthracnose, reduce and replace the use of chemical pesticide. [Methods] The de- termination on the indoor bacteriostatic activity of different proportions of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin to grape anthracnose was carried out, and mycelial growth rate method was adopted to determine the toxicity of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their 5 mixtures to grape anthracnose. [Results] The EC50 of Bacillus subtilis and pyraclostrobin as well as their mixture combinations of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, 1：4 and 1：5 to grape anthracnose were respectively 1.969 8, 1.527 4, 1.373 2, 1.294 8 and 1.247 3 μg/ml; the synergistic coefficients （SR） of the 5 mix- ture combinations to grape anthracnose were 1.70, 1.25, 1.13, 1.12 and 1.12, re- spectively, in which the synergistic effect of 1：1 was the largest. The indoor biologi- cal activity of pyraclostrobin（EC50 was 1.054 0μg/ml） was higher than that of Bacil- lus subtilis（EC50 was 15.017 5 μg/ml）. 50 d after the agentia（before the harvesting）, the investigation results showed that 1 000-fold dilution, 1 500-fold dilution and 2 000- fold dilution as well as each single dosage of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder all had better control efficiency to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging, in which the treatments of high concentration and middle concentration were higher than the treatments of low concentration and two single dosages： the highest control efficiency of high concentration was 90.03%, which was higher than all other treatments; the control efficiency of middle concen- tration was 87.01%, which was higher than that of low concentration and each sin- gle dosage; the control efficiency of low concentration was 84.11%, which was high- er than 1 000-fold dilution of 1 000×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 64.60%） and 2 000-fold dilution of 250 g/L Bacillus subti/i wettable powder （the control efficiency was 81.07%）. In addition, each treatment al- so had better control efficiency to other cluster diseases, such as white rot, etc., and the control efficiency was almost the same as that of anthracnose. [Conclusion] It was suggested that the prevention concentration of 20% pyraclostrobin .200×10^8 cfu/g Bacillus subtili wettable powder to grape anthracnose after fruit setting and before bagging was 1 000-fold - 2 000-fold dilution.

Curing of the Bacillus subtilis Plasmid Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Curing of Bacillus subtilis plasmid using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)was studied in order to obtain a host strain. An overnight culture of Bacillus subtilis 24/pMX45 was used to inoculate fresh LB containing SDS (0-0.008%). No growth of 24/pMX45 was observed when LB contained an SDS concentration of 0.006% or greater, and the sublethal concentration (w/v) of SDS was 0.005% with a killing rate of 99%. Samples were diluted and plated on LB agar, individual colonies were randomly picked to a selective agar medium by tooth to screen for loss of plasmid-encoded erythomycin resistance. CsCl-EtBr gradient centrifugation and plasmid DNA profile demonstrated that plasmid-cured derivative A7 has completely lost its plasmid. A7 had a shorter lag, and its cell concentration was consistently higher than that of the 24/pMX45. Elimination of the plasmid was first observed after 24/pMX45 had been treated with SDS for 8 h. The percent elimination then continued to increase until about 22 h, after which the fraction of cured cell in the population remained constant. Plasmid cured cell numbers were measured in a separate control culture of 24/pMX45 untreated by SDS. No spontaneous loss of pMX45 was observed after 24/pMX45 were incubated for 24 h and 48 h with shaking at 37 ℃.These results suggested that SDS can be used as curing agent to eliminate the plasmid of Bacillus subtilis.

白酒细菌酒曲固态培养条件下B．subtilis S12产四甲基吡嗪的合成机制

四甲基吡嗪又名川芎嗪,是白酒中重要的风味成分,但其在白酒酿造过程的形成机制尚不明晰。为了探索白酒固态酿造体系中四甲基吡嗪的合成机制,作者从白酒细菌曲中分离得到一株产四甲基吡嗪菌株B.subtilis S12,并对细菌曲固态培养条件下四甲基吡嗪的合成机制进行了探究。结果表明:固态条件下B.subtilis S12合成四甲基吡嗪分两步来进行:第一步,在全细胞催化下细菌利用底物合成四甲基吡嗪的前提物质3-羟基丁酮,同时氨基酸残基在氨基酸脱氢酶作用下生成氨;第二步,3-羟基丁酮和氨在热动力作用下生成四甲基吡嗪。

Control Effects of Bacillus subtilis DJ-6 and Pyraclostrobin Alone and in Combination Against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.

Inhibitory Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Staphylococcus aureus

[Objective] To produce drug resistance, seek non-toxic environmental so as to change the current biological drugs that did not excessive use of antibiotics. [Methods] A strain of Bacillus was purified and isolated from fresh and healthy in- testines of grass carps. Biochemical identification was carried out by conventional bacterial biochemical test method. Two pairs of primers were designed, 16S rRNA detection and sequencing analysis were carried out. Drug sensitive test was carried out by agar diffusion method. In vitro inhibition test on Staphylococcus aureus was carried out by Oxford cup method. [Results] The isolated bacterium had basically the same biochemical characters as Bacillus subtilis; and the homology reached 100%. Thus, the isolated bacterium was identified to be Bacillus subtilis. It was insensitive to amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and so on, but sensitive to amikacin, cefalexin, ciprofloxacin and cefradine. The inhibitory effects of Bacillus subtilis on Staphylococ- cus aureus were significant. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） was 2.8×10^8×2^-5/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） was 2.8×10^8×2^-2/ml. [Conclusions] The isolated Bacillus subtilis could be used to prevent and control diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and reduce the abuse of antibiotics.

转枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶(Bacillus subtilis fibrinolytic enzyme,BSFE)基因对烟草生长发育的影响

将枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶(Bacillussubtilisfibrinolyticenzyme,BSFE)基因及其信号肽序列转入烟草,转基因烟草表现出不同于野生型烟草的生长特性,如营养器官生长速率下降、叶片数目减少、叶片狭长、叶片宽度/叶片长度值降低以及植株矮小、节间缩短等。推测其与外源BSFE的蛋白水解活性有关。

高产淀粉酶菌株Bacillus subtilis XC2的产酶条件及酶学性质

试验研究从高产淀粉酶菌株Bacillus subtilis XC2的产酶条件及酶学性质。通过单因素试验和正交试验,初步探究淀粉酶酶学性质并优化菌株发酵产酶条件。结果表明,菌株XC2产淀粉酶的反应最适温度为50℃,最适反应pH值为6.0,在30~50℃和pH值4.0~7.0时酶活稳定性较好,Fe^(2+)、Cu^(2+)和Zn^(2+)对酶活有促进作用,Na^(+)对酶活有抑制作用。菌株XC2产淀粉酶最佳条件为蔗糖添加量1.5%、牛肉膏添加量2.0%、K^(+)添加量0.6%、培养温度37℃、转速200 r/min、初始pH值7.0、发酵时间21 h。研究表明,对产酶条件优化后,Bacillus subtilis XC2产淀粉酶活力达984.5 U/mL。