Changes in the network of tourist trails in the border zones of the Czech Republic after entering the Schengen area

Among the factors influencing tourist trail network development are political issues, including the presence of state borders, the possibility of crossing them and the accessibility of border zones. In the article, it was decided to look at changes in the offer of tourist trails(hiking and cycling) along the entire border of the Czech Republic after the extension of the Schengen area(within this area, crossing the border is possible anywhere, and not only at official border crossings). It should be emphasized here that the borders of the Czech Republic over most of their length run through mountainous areas and, apart from political factors, natural features should have a major impact on the development of tourist routes. In order to determine the coherence of the current network of trails on both sides of the Czech Republic state border, modern tourist maps have been analyzed, determining the number of places where it is possible to cross the state border with the help of a marked tourist trail. Based on that, two indicators were introduced to determine the degree of openness with all neighboring countries as regards the opportunity to cross on a tourist trail. Changes in the historical situation, a comparison of the accessibility of the border area before entering the Schengen area and 2019, were analyzed for two study areas using archival maps. Over a decade after the extension of the Schengen area, the number of places where tourist trails of neighboring countries approach the border has clearly increased. Crossing is more often made possible using hiking trails than cycling routes(trails of the first type cross the border every 7.91 km, while the latter every 13.3 km), but considering the speed of movement, it can be assessed that the openness for cyclists is higher than for hikers. Moreover, in many places there is still significant potential for further integration of tourist trail networks as trails created in one country often do not have a continuation on the other side of the border.

欧盟边境管理问题的分析、展望与启示

申根制度是欧盟边境管理制度的核心内容。欧盟边境管理从制度设计到运转都是服从于欧盟自由、安全和公正区域建设的需要,当前,欧盟正在深化一体化边境管理。借鉴欧盟边境管理的理念、方式,有益于我国边境管理制度的完善和发展。

“无边界的欧洲”面临的边界之困

"无边界的欧洲"旨在创造一个没有内部边界的区域。随着欧洲一体化的发展,欧盟的内部边界不断产生,外部边界线也逐步延长。欧洲单一市场和申根区的建立,使"无边界的欧洲"变为现实,在欧盟内部实现了货物、人员、资本和劳务的自由流动。"申根"已成为欧洲人员自由流动的代名词。申根区内人员自由流动的前提是共同的外部边界得到有效的管控。虽然欧盟和申根国家采取了一系列措施加强对外部边界的管控,但未形成统一高效的合作与协调机制。2015年以来规模空前的难民潮对欧盟外部边界带来了前所未有的冲击,让意大利、希腊等位于申根区外部边界的国家不堪重负。为了阻止不断涌入的难民和防范恐怖主义活动,法国、德国、奥地利、瑞典、丹麦和挪威等申根国家相继恢复了其边界的临时管控。申根区内部边界的临时管控不仅妨碍人员的自由流动,也会付出巨大的经济代价。由难民危机和恐怖主义威胁构成的非传统安全问题让欧盟的外部边界和内部边界面临严峻的考验。

乌克兰危机与中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的推进

在2022年乌克兰危机背景下,中东欧地区尚未加入欧盟、欧元区和申根区国家的欧洲一体化进程取得显著进展。该文回顾了乌克兰危机全面升级前后中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的发展变化,从西巴尔干国家加入欧盟、中东欧地区欧盟成员国加入欧元区和申根区三个方面分析中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程取得突破性进展的原因,并对中东欧国家融入欧洲一体化进程的前景进行展望。

欧盟旅游资源空间格局及其动态演进：1992—2016

旅游资源分布格局及其动态演进是旅游资源科学评价与可持续发展的基础,是旅游研究的重要问题之一。文章以欧盟旅游资源为研究对象,运用核密度估计方法解析欧盟旅游资源空间格局特征及其演进。研究结果显示:①欧盟国际旅游资源分布呈现北欧、西欧、中东欧、南欧-地中海欧洲等四区,北海沿岸、多瑙河流域、地中海沿岸等三带;自然旅游资源呈现沿海、沿河分布,文化旅游资源富集于各亚文化区。②二维核密度分布显示欧盟国际旅游资源开发增速较快,分布趋于均衡。其中文化旅游资源数量2002年比1995年显著增加,分布趋向均衡,自然旅游资源分布趋向均衡和多极化。③旅游资源的异质性、整体性决定了旅游资源的跨国开发与保护,申根签证政策对欧盟旅游资源开发、旅游经济发展具有促进作用,国际旅游发展同时受到经济发展水平、可进入性、文化差异和难民等因素影响。