Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged...Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×108 cfu/sea cucumber for 15 days.Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), ly-sozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th days after injection.Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet.On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V.splendidus decreased in value significantly.On the 15th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0th day.For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial.After injecting with V.splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V.splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin.There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.展开更多
The growth, metabolism and physiological response of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated during periods of inactivity. The body weight, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of acidic phosp...The growth, metabolism and physiological response of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated during periods of inactivity. The body weight, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the body wall and coelomic fluid of A. japonicus were measured during starvation, experimental aestivation and aestivation. The results showed that the body weight of sea cucumber in the three treatments decreased significantly during the experimental period (P < 0.05). The OCR of sea cucumber reduced in starvation and experimental aestivation treatments, but increased gradually in natural aestivation treatment. The activities of ACP and AKP of sea cucumber decreased gradually in all treatments, whereas those of SOD and CAT as well as Hsp70 content decreased in the starvation and experimental aestivation treatments and increased in natural aestivation treatment. The sea cucumber entered a state of aestivation at 24℃. To some extent, the animals in experimental aestivation were different from those in natural aestivation in metabolism and physiological response. These findings suggested that the aestivation mechanism of A. japonicus is complex and may not be attributed to the elevated temperature only.展开更多
Different amounts of vitamin C were added to diets fed to juveniles （2.5＋0.15 g） of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka） in an attempt to reduce the stress response of specimens exposed to nitrite stress...Different amounts of vitamin C were added to diets fed to juveniles （2.5＋0.15 g） of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka） in an attempt to reduce the stress response of specimens exposed to nitrite stress. A commercial feed was used as the control diet and three experimental diets were made by supplementing 1 000, 1 500, or 2 000 mg vitamin C/kg diet to control diet separately in a 45-day experiment. Sea cucumbers were exposed to three different levels （0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L） of nitrite stress for 4, 8, and 12 h at four time intervals （0, 15, 30, and 45 d）. Growth of the animals was recorded during the experiment. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） （i.e. hydroxyl free radical （-OH）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）） and antioxidant enzyme activities （i.e., superoxide dismutase （SOD） and eatalase （CAT）） were measured. Response surface methodology （RSM） was used to analyze the effect of multiple factors on ROS indices and enzyme activities. Weight gain （WG） and special growth rate （SGR） of vitamin C supplementation groups were significantly higher than those of control group （P〈0.05）. The levels of-OH and MDA increased under exposure time extending and nitrite concentration increasing, whereas T-AOC level decreased. SOD and CAT activities increased at 4 h and 8 h and decreased at 12 h. During the days in which the animal consumed experimental diets, the levels of-OH and MDA decreased and that of T-AOC increased. This result suggests that diets containing vitamin C could reduce the nitrite stress response in the animals and increase their antioxidant capacity. The multifactor regression equation of growth performance, ROS indices, and duration of feeding results suggest that vitamin C supplementation of 1 400-2 000 mg/kg diet for 29-35 days could reduce effectively the effects of nitrite exposure.展开更多
The aim of this study was to test the ef fects of including sweet potato tuber and stem powder in feed on the body composition and digestive enzyme activities of the sea cucumber A postichopus japonicas Selenka. Dif f...The aim of this study was to test the ef fects of including sweet potato tuber and stem powder in feed on the body composition and digestive enzyme activities of the sea cucumber A postichopus japonicas Selenka. Dif ferent proportions of sweet potato tuber and stem powders(from 10% to 50%) were added into compound feeds, which were supplied to A. japonicas during a 60-day experiment. The results showed that the two sweet potato ingredients had different eff ects on the nutrient contents of the sea cucumber body wall. The group supplied with feed containing 20% sweet potato tuber powder(T2) had the highest level of crude protein in body walls(P <0.05), while there were no significant dif ferences in the moisture and ash contents of body walls among the groups(P >0.05). In all the groups fed with powdered sweet potato tubers(T groups), the proportions of glutamic acid and lysine in body walls were higher than those in the control, whereas the proportion of methionine decreased slightly. Diff erent proportions of sweet potato ingredients in compound feeds also af fected digestive enzyme activities in the sea cucumbers. The activities of protease and lipase first increased and then gradually decreased with increasing proportions of sweet potato materials in the feed. The highest protease activity was in the T2 and the group and the highest lipase activity was in the 10% sweet potato stem(S1) group. These results show that feed components can stimulate digestive enzyme activities in sea cucumber, and that the proportions of tubers and stems of sweet potato in feed can be adjusted to improve the digestion and growth of A. japonicas in marine farms.展开更多
The present study was conducted to determine the change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Four experimental diets were test...The present study was conducted to determine the change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Four experimental diets were tested, in which Sargassum thunbergii was proportionally replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal. The growth performance, body composition and intestinal digestive enzyme activities in A. japonicus fed these 4 diets were examined. Results showed that the sea cucumber exhibited the maximum growth rate when 20% of S. thunbergii in the diet was replaced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal, while 40% of S. thunbergii in the diet can be replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal without adversely affecting growth performance of A. japonicus. The activities of intestinal trypsin and amylase in A. japonicus can be significantly altered by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Trypsin activity in the intestine of A. japonicus significantly increased in the treatment groups compared to the control, suggesting that the supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might increase the intestinal trypsin activity of A. japonicus. However, amylase activity in the intestine of A. japonicus remarkably decreased with the increasing replacement level of S. thunbergii by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal, suggesting that supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might decrease the intestinal amylase activity of A. japonicus.展开更多
以初始体重为(6.77±0.01)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)为实验对象,在基础饲料中添加1%不同分子量的壳聚糖,分子量分别为35 k Da和400 k Da,进行为期56 d的养殖实验,研究低分子壳聚糖(LMWC)和高分子壳聚糖(HMWC)对仿...以初始体重为(6.77±0.01)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)为实验对象,在基础饲料中添加1%不同分子量的壳聚糖,分子量分别为35 k Da和400 k Da,进行为期56 d的养殖实验,研究低分子壳聚糖(LMWC)和高分子壳聚糖(HMWC)对仿刺参生长和免疫相关酶活性的影响。结果显示,不同分子量的壳聚糖对仿刺参的生长均有促进作用,且LMWC能显著促进刺参的特定生长率(SGR)(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同分子量壳聚糖,刺参体腔细胞中的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性比对照组均显著增高(P<0.05)。LMWC可显著增强刺参体腔细胞中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性(P<0.05),并能提高碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性。HMWC对刺参体腔细胞中AKP和NOS活性均有显著增强作用(P<0.05)。研究表明,在刺参饲料中添加一定量的壳聚糖,对其生长和相关免疫酶活性有促进作用。展开更多
实验测定了不同体质量的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka））在不同温度条件下,消化道的排空时间、排便量和排便率。按仿刺参体质量大小分设10 g ±0.5 g、40 g ±2.0 g和70 g ±3.5 g三个体质量组,以及6、9、12...实验测定了不同体质量的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka））在不同温度条件下,消化道的排空时间、排便量和排便率。按仿刺参体质量大小分设10 g ±0.5 g、40 g ±2.0 g和70 g ±3.5 g三个体质量组,以及6、9、12、15、18、21℃共6个温度梯度。结果表明,各体质量组仿刺参的排空时间均随温度的升高,具有先增大后减小的趋势,10 g ±0.5 g和40 g ±2.0 g组分别在12和15℃时排空时间最长,且在9-15℃时差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但显著大于其他温度组（P＜0.05）,70 g ±3.5 g组仿刺参在12℃时的排空时间达各组最大值36.4 h。在6、18和21℃温度条件下,仿刺参的排空时间随体质量的增大总体呈增长趋势,各温度组仿刺参的排便量均随体质量的增大而增加。仿刺参的个体排便率随体质量的增加而增大,而单位体质量排便率多数随体质量增大而减小。10 g ±0.5 g和40 g ±2.0 g组的排便率均在6℃时最高,70 g ±3.5 g组在9℃时达最高,然后降低。温度和体质量对仿刺参排空时间和排便量均有极显著的影响（P＜0.01）,二者的交互作用对排空时间的影响也是极为显著的（P＜0.01）,但对排便量的影响不显著（P＞0.05）。展开更多
基金supported by grant No.2006AA100313 from the National High Technology Research and Development Project of P.R. China (863 Project)
文摘Sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, were fed diets containing non-immunostimulant (basal diet), 0.2% β-glucan and 0.02% glycyrrhizin in a recirculatory water system for 45 days, and subsequently challenged with Vibrio splendidus by injection at 1.0×108 cfu/sea cucumber for 15 days.Phagocytic capacity (PC), intracellular superoxide anion production (ISAP), ly-sozyme (LSZ) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the coelomic fluid were analyzed on the 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th days after injection.Results showed that after the 45-day feeding period, PC, ISAP, LSZ activity and SOD activity in sea cucumbers fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin were significantly higher than in those fed with the basal diet.On the 5th day after infection, all the immune parameters examined in the sea cucumbers injected with V.splendidus decreased in value significantly.On the 15th day, PC, ISAP and LSZ activity returned to levels similar to those on the 0th day.For the sea cucumbers injected with saline, there were no significant differences in all the immune parameters examined and in the cumulative morbidity during the 15-day challenging trial.After injecting with V.splendidus, the cumulative morbidity of sea cucumbers fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin when challenged with V.splendidus challenged sea cucumber fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than those fed with dietary β-glucan or glycyrrhizin.There was no significant difference in cumulative morbidity between the dietary β-glucan and glycyrrhizin treatments over time.
基金supported by the Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists of Shandong Province (No.JQ201009)the National Great Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs (No.2011-BAD13B03)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30771661)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean, State Oceanic Administration of China (No.200905020)the 111 Project of China Ministry of Education (No.B08049)
文摘The growth, metabolism and physiological response of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated during periods of inactivity. The body weight, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the body wall and coelomic fluid of A. japonicus were measured during starvation, experimental aestivation and aestivation. The results showed that the body weight of sea cucumber in the three treatments decreased significantly during the experimental period (P < 0.05). The OCR of sea cucumber reduced in starvation and experimental aestivation treatments, but increased gradually in natural aestivation treatment. The activities of ACP and AKP of sea cucumber decreased gradually in all treatments, whereas those of SOD and CAT as well as Hsp70 content decreased in the starvation and experimental aestivation treatments and increased in natural aestivation treatment. The sea cucumber entered a state of aestivation at 24℃. To some extent, the animals in experimental aestivation were different from those in natural aestivation in metabolism and physiological response. These findings suggested that the aestivation mechanism of A. japonicus is complex and may not be attributed to the elevated temperature only.
基金Supported by the Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX2-EWQ215)
文摘Different amounts of vitamin C were added to diets fed to juveniles （2.5＋0.15 g） of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka） in an attempt to reduce the stress response of specimens exposed to nitrite stress. A commercial feed was used as the control diet and three experimental diets were made by supplementing 1 000, 1 500, or 2 000 mg vitamin C/kg diet to control diet separately in a 45-day experiment. Sea cucumbers were exposed to three different levels （0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L） of nitrite stress for 4, 8, and 12 h at four time intervals （0, 15, 30, and 45 d）. Growth of the animals was recorded during the experiment. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） （i.e. hydroxyl free radical （-OH）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC）） and antioxidant enzyme activities （i.e., superoxide dismutase （SOD） and eatalase （CAT）） were measured. Response surface methodology （RSM） was used to analyze the effect of multiple factors on ROS indices and enzyme activities. Weight gain （WG） and special growth rate （SGR） of vitamin C supplementation groups were significantly higher than those of control group （P〈0.05）. The levels of-OH and MDA increased under exposure time extending and nitrite concentration increasing, whereas T-AOC level decreased. SOD and CAT activities increased at 4 h and 8 h and decreased at 12 h. During the days in which the animal consumed experimental diets, the levels of-OH and MDA decreased and that of T-AOC increased. This result suggests that diets containing vitamin C could reduce the nitrite stress response in the animals and increase their antioxidant capacity. The multifactor regression equation of growth performance, ROS indices, and duration of feeding results suggest that vitamin C supplementation of 1 400-2 000 mg/kg diet for 29-35 days could reduce effectively the effects of nitrite exposure.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2014CQ056)the Innovation Team Building of Sea Cucumber Industry in Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Technology System(Nos.SDAIT-22-01,SDAIT-22-05)+3 种基金the Taishan Industry Leading Talents Project(No.2016-2020)the Agricultural Seed Engineering Project of Shandong Province(No.2017LZGC010)the Science and Technology Development Planning Project in Shandong Province(No.2014GNC111022)the Spark Science and Technology Demonstration Project in Shandong Province(No.2015XH006)
文摘The aim of this study was to test the ef fects of including sweet potato tuber and stem powder in feed on the body composition and digestive enzyme activities of the sea cucumber A postichopus japonicas Selenka. Dif ferent proportions of sweet potato tuber and stem powders(from 10% to 50%) were added into compound feeds, which were supplied to A. japonicas during a 60-day experiment. The results showed that the two sweet potato ingredients had different eff ects on the nutrient contents of the sea cucumber body wall. The group supplied with feed containing 20% sweet potato tuber powder(T2) had the highest level of crude protein in body walls(P <0.05), while there were no significant dif ferences in the moisture and ash contents of body walls among the groups(P >0.05). In all the groups fed with powdered sweet potato tubers(T groups), the proportions of glutamic acid and lysine in body walls were higher than those in the control, whereas the proportion of methionine decreased slightly. Diff erent proportions of sweet potato ingredients in compound feeds also af fected digestive enzyme activities in the sea cucumbers. The activities of protease and lipase first increased and then gradually decreased with increasing proportions of sweet potato materials in the feed. The highest protease activity was in the T2 and the group and the highest lipase activity was in the 10% sweet potato stem(S1) group. These results show that feed components can stimulate digestive enzyme activities in sea cucumber, and that the proportions of tubers and stems of sweet potato in feed can be adjusted to improve the digestion and growth of A. japonicas in marine farms.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.31172426 and 31372549)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2011BAD13B03)
文摘The present study was conducted to determine the change of digestive physiology in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka) induced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Four experimental diets were tested, in which Sargassum thunbergii was proportionally replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal. The growth performance, body composition and intestinal digestive enzyme activities in A. japonicus fed these 4 diets were examined. Results showed that the sea cucumber exhibited the maximum growth rate when 20% of S. thunbergii in the diet was replaced by corn kernels meal and soybean meal, while 40% of S. thunbergii in the diet can be replaced by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal without adversely affecting growth performance of A. japonicus. The activities of intestinal trypsin and amylase in A. japonicus can be significantly altered by corn kernels meal and soybean meal in diets. Trypsin activity in the intestine of A. japonicus significantly increased in the treatment groups compared to the control, suggesting that the supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might increase the intestinal trypsin activity of A. japonicus. However, amylase activity in the intestine of A. japonicus remarkably decreased with the increasing replacement level of S. thunbergii by the mixture of corn kernels meal and soybean meal, suggesting that supplement of corn kernels meal and soybean meal in the diets might decrease the intestinal amylase activity of A. japonicus.
文摘以初始体重为(6.77±0.01)g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)为实验对象,在基础饲料中添加1%不同分子量的壳聚糖,分子量分别为35 k Da和400 k Da,进行为期56 d的养殖实验,研究低分子壳聚糖(LMWC)和高分子壳聚糖(HMWC)对仿刺参生长和免疫相关酶活性的影响。结果显示,不同分子量的壳聚糖对仿刺参的生长均有促进作用,且LMWC能显著促进刺参的特定生长率(SGR)(P<0.05)。饲料中添加不同分子量壳聚糖,刺参体腔细胞中的总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性比对照组均显著增高(P<0.05)。LMWC可显著增强刺参体腔细胞中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性(P<0.05),并能提高碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性。HMWC对刺参体腔细胞中AKP和NOS活性均有显著增强作用(P<0.05)。研究表明,在刺参饲料中添加一定量的壳聚糖,对其生长和相关免疫酶活性有促进作用。
文摘实验测定了不同体质量的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus （Selenka））在不同温度条件下,消化道的排空时间、排便量和排便率。按仿刺参体质量大小分设10 g ±0.5 g、40 g ±2.0 g和70 g ±3.5 g三个体质量组,以及6、9、12、15、18、21℃共6个温度梯度。结果表明,各体质量组仿刺参的排空时间均随温度的升高,具有先增大后减小的趋势,10 g ±0.5 g和40 g ±2.0 g组分别在12和15℃时排空时间最长,且在9-15℃时差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但显著大于其他温度组（P＜0.05）,70 g ±3.5 g组仿刺参在12℃时的排空时间达各组最大值36.4 h。在6、18和21℃温度条件下,仿刺参的排空时间随体质量的增大总体呈增长趋势,各温度组仿刺参的排便量均随体质量的增大而增加。仿刺参的个体排便率随体质量的增加而增大,而单位体质量排便率多数随体质量增大而减小。10 g ±0.5 g和40 g ±2.0 g组的排便率均在6℃时最高,70 g ±3.5 g组在9℃时达最高,然后降低。温度和体质量对仿刺参排空时间和排便量均有极显著的影响（P＜0.01）,二者的交互作用对排空时间的影响也是极为显著的（P＜0.01）,但对排便量的影响不显著（P＞0.05）。
