Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro: The prevalence and clinical signifi cance

AIM： To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotypes in Serbia and Montenegro and their influence on some clinical characteristics in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS： A total of 164 patients was investigated. Complete history, route of infection, assessment of alcohol consumption, an abdominal ultrasound, standard biochemical tests and liver biopsy were done. Gene sequencing of 5＇ NTR type-specific PCR or commercial kits was performed for HCV genotyping and subtyping. The SPSS for Windows （version 10.0） was used for univariate regression analysis with further multivariate analysis. RESULTS： The genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 1b3a and 1b4 were present in 57.9%, 3.7%, 23.2%, 6.7%, 6.7% and 1.8% of the patients, respectively. The genotype 1 （mainly the subtype 1b） was found to be independent of age in subjects older than 40 years, high viral load, more severe necro-inflammatory activity, advanced stage of fibrosis, and absence of intravenous drug abuse. The genotype 3a was associated with intravenous drug abuse and the age below 40. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age over 40 and intravenous drug abuse as the positive predictive factors for the genotypes lb and 3a, respectively.CONCLUSION： In Serbia and Montenegro, the genotypes 1b and 3a predominate in patients with chronic HCV infection. The subtype lb is characteristic of older patients, while the genotype 3a is common in drug abusers. Association of the subtype lb with advanced liver disease, higher viral load and histological activity suggests earlier infection with this genotype and eventually its increased pathogenicity.

Sustainable tourism development in mountain areas in Sumadija and Western Serbia

Sustainable tourism,as an integral part of sustainable development,emerged as a logical outcome of preventing the uncontrolled and excessive use of tourism resources and attractions.This study analyzes whether mountain tourism development in Serbia can be sustainable and feasible in the long term.Given the heterogeneity of mountains in Serbia in terms of tourism development,the subject of this research is the achieved level of sustainable tourism development in mountains in the most developed and most visited region in Serbia-sumadija and Western Serbia:Zlatibor,Kopaonik,Tara,Zlatar,Mokra Gora and Go?.The sustainable tourism development level was analyzed by using five groups of the EU’s comparative indicators:economic,social,cultural,environmental and tourist satisfaction indicators.The results showed that the development of tourism in the examined mountains is not fully aligned with sustainable development.The tourist satisfaction indicator has the most acceptable values,which is a good basis for further harmonization of tourism development on the principles of sustainability.Economic indicators,especially the ratio of overnight stays and accommodation capacities,show the most unacceptable values,which indicate the need for implementing changes in the process of tourism development in the coming period.The analysis of sustainable tourism in mountain areas in sumadija and the Western Serbia undoubtfully points out that it is necessary to significantly change the current tourism product portfolio,which implies harmonizing mountain tourism development with global trends.Certainly,a comparative analysis that looks at the degree of sustainability of mountain tourism in some countries of the Alpine region,such as Switzerland,Austria and Slovenia,contributes to this.The more intensive development of tourism throughout the year would significantly improve indicators of sustainable tourism in all analyzed mountain areas of Sumadija and Western Serbia.This would improve the value of economic indicators,which are marked as the most unsustainable.The development of tourism in the summer season,especially recreational and adventure tourism,would improve the social and cultural component of sustainable tourism.Environmental dimension of sustainable tourism would be enhanced by the development of ecotourism.By connecting spatially close mountains(Zlatibor,Zlatar,Tara and Mokra Gora)into a unique and integrated tourism destination,synergistic effects would be achieved resulting in international recognition and making the region of?umadija and Western Serbia competitive on the European market.

Epidemiological characteristics of childhood migraine syndrome in Serbia

This study investigated childhood migraine, examining the clinical characteristics of different childhood migraine types, predisposing factors, and possible medical treatments in a sample of children in Serbia. This was the first epidemiological study in Serbia using the operational diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. The present study examined 30 636 children between 1988 and 2006, including 15 434 （50.38%） males and 15 202 （49.62%） females, in nine towns in Vojvodina, a northern province in Serbia. Migraine was reported in 2 644 （8.63%） children aged 3 to 7 years, consisting of 1 189 （8.0%） males and 1 455 （9.6%） females. Migraine with aura accounted for 25.55%, migraine without aura for 67.21% and other migraine syndromes for 7.23% of reported migraine sufferers. The mean age of first migraine attack across groups was 5 years and 1.8 months. Migraine with aura was associated with an earlier onset than migraine without aura Migraine was more frequent among younger groups of children who were breastfed for a shorter period of time. Child healthcare in Vojvodina has a high level of specialization, with more than half of the children reporting migraine diagnosed and treated by neuropediatricians. Socioeconomic status, duration of breastfeeding, birth order, and age of entering full-day nursery care were found to be important factors for childhood migraine. These findings suggest that healthcare providers should educate parents about these predisposing factors, so they can be identified and avoided early.

Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector： The Case of Serbia

The paper presents the results of research on innovation activities of manufacturing firms in Serbia. In order to answer the question how innovation takes place in one transition country, key influencing factors were identify （i.e., firm＇s size, age, ownership, industry sector, personnel qualifications and experience）. Based on the analysis of a sample comprising 73 firms, the study tried to highlight certain innovation barriers, which may have a negative impact on the total efficiency of economic performance, and growth and development of manufacturing firms in Serbia. Comparing overall innovation activities of Serbian firms to the other transition countries, it can be concluded that majority of the fhnns had innovation performances below the level EU-27. This study draws out the potential contributions to existing literature of managing innovation in Serbia.

Serbia： A Consolidated Democracy？

The aim of the study is to examine Serbia as a consolidated democracy, with special attention paid to the political changes in the past 25 years. In the first chapter I will present the stability of the political institutions, the importance and the need to change the current constitution, and furthermore I will analyze the parliamentary characteristics and the legislative process. In my thorough examination I will write about the instability and liability relations connected to the coalition government, the counterweight role of the head of state, the political influence of the judiciary and the constitutional courts, the ombudsman system, and lastly the exploration of local government practices. The second chapter will study the political cleavages. It will also discuss the possibilities of resolving the ethnic conflicts, the prominence of the previous political areas, and the divisive issue of the integration process. This chapter will be followed by the introduction of the concentration of the party system, which leads to the reduction of political parties, and to the dominance of the right wing. The last chapter will present the lack of elite consensus, as well as the general public＇s distrust of the political institutions.

Serpentine Design on Forest Roads by the Internal Circular Curve Method： A Case Study in Serbia

The paper provides an overview of geometric solutions of marking all types of serpentine by the method of internal circular curve in designing forest roads directly in the field. The main objective of presenting this original method for marking all serpentine types in one place is to show similarities and differences in marking different types of serpentine, and identify opportunities for further research of this type. The method is based on the establishment of the minimum number of elements necessary to mark the serpentine on the forest roads and other budget elements and their design in the field. By using this method, construction errors or the number of attempts of serpentine marking are reduced, which increases the effects of design compared to the ones reached by the previous method of marking the serpentine on forest roads.

The Study of Supply and Demand of Organic Products in the European Union and Serbia

One of the phenomena that marked 20th century is rapid technology progress. This process did not avoid food production and processing. Thanks to rapid development of technology, there has been a development of conventional food production, as well as appearance of genetically modified food. As a consequence of this trend, as well as the concern among some part of human population for their health, we had the return to natural food production in the form of the development of organic food production. One of the characteristics of organic food market in the European Union is the constant growth of demand for this product group, and insufficient quantities of organic products available in this market. These information led to the conclusion that organic food represents an opportunity for less developed countries, i.e., that countries like Serbia can manufacture and sale these products on the market with the highest purchasing power in the world--the European Union market. In this paper, the characteristics of demand for organic foods in the European Union were presented, then it was explained in detail why are these products export chance of Serbia, as well as reasons why is the export of organic food from Serbia to the EU very low at the time being. At the end, some recommendations that could help Serbia to increase export of organic product to EU countries were proposed.

Temple of Diana in Timacum Minus and Some Aspects of Cult of Diana in Territory of Serbia

Three votive monuments dedicated to the cult of Diana have been identified to date in the territory of Roman Municipium Timacum Minus. Two of them are related to erection and restoration of the temple of Diana. According to onomastic formulae of the dedicants’ names, the first monument may be dated into the period of Emperor Hadrian’s rule or immediately after it, and the other into the period of the reign of Marcus Aurelius or directly following it. The main methodological approach in this paper was researching Diana’s cult in general, and then also examining analogies to votive monuments from Timacum Minus in the territory of Serbia. Even though there have been only five such monuments identified to date, analogies show that it was already in 2nd century that the influence of Romanisation in the territory of Serbia was well under way, and that in worshipping Diana, her companions the nymphs, and Apollo-Diana-Silvanus, it was indeed Roman deities that were being worshipped and not interpretatio Romana of indigenous deities. Socio-economic position of the dedicants indicates that they belonged to middle or upper social strata （legatus legionis VII Claudiae piae fidelis, duumvir, pontifex, eques Romanus）.

Internet Marketing Law Frameworks in Serbia

The term internet marketing in the business and organization of campaigns in Serbia is at the beginning of its development.This paper gives an overview of the current state of this branch of marketing with a special emphasis on IT law.Analyzing marketing communication and application in modern information systems,the paper gives answers about the impact of the same on internet marketing.On the other hand,considering the current state of the development of the information society in Serbia,as well as the legal aspects in which internet marketing is currently underway,will try to explain the current state of this branch of marketing in Serbia.

塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床地质特征

特提斯成矿带是全球三大成矿带之一,阿普塞尼(Apuseni)-巴纳特(Banat)-蒂莫克(Timok)-斯雷德诺戈里斯基(Srednogorie)岩浆成矿带(ABTS多金属成矿带)位于特提斯成矿带西缘,由阿普塞尼–巴纳特铁铜铅锌矿集区、蒂莫克铜金矿集区和斯雷德诺戈里斯基铜金矿集区组成,成矿作用主要与晚白垩世钙碱性岩浆活动有关。塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区作为ABTS多金属成矿带经济意义巨大的矿集区之一,总结该地区矿床地质特征及成矿规律对下一步的找矿勘查具有重要指导意义。综述了蒂莫克铜金矿集区及其典型矿床的地质特征,总结了矿集区成矿规律与动力学背景。蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床形成时代集中在88~78 Ma之间,成矿作用历时10 Ma左右,矿集区内成矿作用时代呈现出由东向西逐渐年轻的趋势。矿集区中典型矿床类型主要为斑岩型(如马伊丹佩克矿床、克里韦利矿床和瓦利亚斯特尔茨矿床)和高硫化浅成低温热液-斑岩型(如博尔矿床和丘卡卢佩吉矿床),这些矿床以铜金矿化为主。矿床类型、矿化特征及矿体埋深存在的差异可能与区域上新生代右旋构造在矿集区形成的逆冲推覆构造及成矿后不均匀剥蚀有关。根据矿集区典型矿床的矿化类型及矿体埋深海拔标高的变化趋势,认为矿集区北部—西北部和丘卡卢佩吉矿床东南部仍具有一定的找矿潜力。

18—20世纪中国文化在塞尔维亚的传播

在全球史观视野下,文化交流成为历史研究的一个重要课题,重新审视和演绎中国与东欧国家的文化交流史也被赋予了新的意义。本文从塞尔维亚出版和发表的有关中国研究的专著、论文、报刊文章以及翻译的相关研究文献着手,考证并梳理自18世纪至20世纪末南斯拉夫解体这三百年里各不同历史阶段,中国文化在塞尔维亚传播的轨迹以及塞尔维亚中国研究的发展历程。此外还着重介绍在塞尔维亚和中国文化关系史上具有重大影响的出版物。

Decision Support for Integrated Management of Local-Level Adaptation to Climate Changes: The Case of Serbia

Projected climate changes will additionally increase the already significant risk of natural hazard-related disasters in Serbia and the west Balkan region as a whole.Serbia is about to introduce the strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation.However,a national decision-support system for implementation of the climate change law and strategy is yet to be developed.This study contributes to the implementation of adaptation policies at subnational levels by development of a decision-support model for local-level management of the climate change adaptation process.The study explores the potential for synergetic application of multicriteria decision making analysis and probabilistic reasoning methods by focusing on Bayesian networks,analytical hierarchy processes,and geographic information systems for selection of priority adaptation measures.The study was based on the formation of causal chains,which enable linking management decisions and socioeconomic or biophysical consequences into articulated sequences of conditional relationships.A model was tested in the forestry sector,and it clearly pointed out development of an early warning system and planning of water intake basins as priority adaptation measures.Since the results are shown as a probability distribution for each alternative solutions,the model can assist decision makers with prompt evaluation of various scenarios.

塞尔维亚东部Z.Brdo大型金矿床的发现与意义

Z. Brdo金矿床是近几年在塞尔维亚东部Timok火山岩带上新发现的一个大型新类型的金矿床,是Timok火山岩成矿带继C. Peki斑岩型铜金矿床之后的又一较大找矿突破。本文在野外工作的基础上,结合室内岩矿鉴定,矿床原生晕等综合研究,与典型的高硫型、中硫型、低硫型矿床进行对比,对矿床地质特征、物化探异常特征、矿床成因类型以及与区内斑岩成矿系统的成因联系进行了分析。研究认为:(1)Z.Brdo金矿床受北西向断层系统控制,赋存于泥质黑云角闪安山质火山碎屑岩(K2ωαhb)与绢英岩化似斑状角闪斜长安山岩(Pgαq)岩性界面,总体与区内斑岩型-高硫型矿床的控矿构造及岩性界面一致;(2)矿体围岩蚀变为高岭石化、蒙脱石化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、方解石化,矿石由角砾状、网脉状石英-方解石-重晶石-黄铁矿-毒砂组成,矿化富集与角砾岩密切相关,其中角砾化程度越高、硫化物脉体越发育、高岭石化、绢英岩化程度越高,金矿化富集越好;(3)航空磁法测量显示出北西向断裂构造为主要的控矿构造,激发极化法测量显示矿体表现为低阻高极化的特征,原生晕测量显示含矿构造蚀变带具有前缘晕BaAg-Zn 1→近矿晕As-Sb-Au→尾矿晕Pb-Zn 2-Cu的分带规律。以上综合研究表明Z. Brdo金矿床为受断裂构造控制的浅成低温热液型金矿床。Z. Brdo金矿的发现说明Timok火山岩带内围绕斑岩→浅成低温热液成矿系统的勘查工作仍大有可为,下一步可借鉴Z. Brdo金矿的地质、物化探异常特征在区内开展同类型金矿床的找矿探索工作。

匈塞铁路道口限速防护方案

针对匈塞铁路道口通过速度的安全防护需求,以匈塞铁路匈牙利段使用的铁路道口为研究对象,提出满足匈牙利项目应用需求的铁路道口限速设计与实现方案。通过对道口通过速度防护的应用需求分析,设计基于欧标应答器和无线闭塞中心(RBC)的道口限速防护功能,包括功能定义、接口架构及详细设计方案等;对道口限速防护功能应用的安全性开展调查研究,从系统运营和逻辑防护等层面设计相应的安全条件和安全防护。通过研究欧洲先进铁路道口控制系统,有利于我国铁路道口设备提高安全性和自动化水平,为我国铁路道口控制系统及设备在欧洲国家铁路项目中推广应用奠定了基础。

匈塞铁路贝旧段基础设施子系统TSI认证实践

随着“一带一路”倡议实施,中国铁路“走出去”步伐不断加快。为保证我国铁路企业参与建设的匈塞铁路贝旧段项目顺利进行,需全面解读欧盟铁路互联互通技术规范(TSI)认证要求,包括通用、特定基本要求。铁路基础设施子系统TSI认证包括互通性(IC)部件认证、EC符合性验证、项目竣工认证3个部分,主要流程为:制定认证计划—准备认证申请—提交认证申请—技术评估—证据收集和分析—发布认证结果—认证后监督。通过匈塞铁路贝旧段基础设施子系统TSI认证实践,梳理了基础设施子系统的认证内容、流程和要点,可为我国铁路技术规范和合格评定体系完善提供参考,也可为我国铁路在国际市场的竞争提供有力支撑。

塞尔维亚道路几何设计技术要点

随着中国“一带一路”倡议的不断推进,越来越多的中国企业参与中东欧工程项目的建设,这对设计人员在掌握并运用当地规范进行工程设计及咨询方面提出了新的挑战。该文依托匈塞铁路(塞尔维亚段)道路改造设计的具体实践,对塞尔维亚道路几何设计平、纵指标进行了归纳分析。经研究,塞尔维亚道路设计具有完善的设计标准及体系,塞尔维亚规范与中国规范在道路几何设计方面的标准比较接近,规范指标的限定相较中国比较宽泛。其设计理论和体系更加注重路线与地形、环境的配合和协调。在设计中充分强调线形的一致性和连续性,并具有一定的灵活性,给设计者留下充分的设计空间。

Leptospirosis distribution related to freshwater habitats in the Vojvodina region (Republic of Serbia)

The retrospective study (2002-2007) for human leptospirosis in Vojvodina was undertaken in order to describe the distribution of the disease in relation with some environmental factors. Regarding the presented results, the major detected number of leptospirosis cases concurs with stagnant waters, wetlands, fish pond areas and protected regions, which comprised the basis for mapping of the region in three risk zones: very high risk (incidence rate higher than 5.0), high risk (2.5-5.0) and medium risk of leptospirosis infection (1.0-2.5). During the investigated period, 97 cases were registered with an average of 13.85 cases per year: 2002, 32 cases; 2003, 7; 2004, 22; 2005, 16; 2006, 4 and 2007, 16. Out of these 97 cases only 5 were women. Serovars from 11 presumptive serogroups caused infection, with a predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae and Bratislava, accounting for 72.72% of cases together. Icterohaemorrhagiae was the commonest infecting serogroup mostly connected with fish ponds. Case fatality ratio was 9.4%.