Identification of Sudanese Sesame Oil Quality Using a 680 nm Semiconductor Laser Spectrometer and Other Techniques

This study investigates the optical properties of sesame oil from traditional and industrial sources using a custom-designed semiconductor laser spectrometer, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. Six samples were collected from traditional presses and factories in Khartoum State and White Nile State. The spectrometer, constructed with a 680 nm semiconductor laser and various resistor values, measured the absorbance of sesame oil samples. UV-Vis spectroscopy identified absorbance peaks at 670 nm and 417 nm, corresponding to chlorophyll a and b. FTIR analysis showed nearly identical spectra among the samples, indicating similar chemical compositions. Laser spectrometer analysis revealed specific absorbance values for each sample. The results highlight the feasibility of using a 680 nm semiconductor laser for analyzing sesame oil, providing a cost-effective alternative to other wavelengths. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating traditional methods with modern spectroscopic techniques for the quality assessment of sesame oil.

Deletion of a 1,049 bp sequence from the 5′UTR upstream of the SiHEC3 gene induces a seed non-shattering mutation in sesame

Sesame is a labor intensive crop with limited mechanized harvesting mainly due to the seed shattering(SS)trait.In this study,we performed a genetic analysis of the seed-shattering resistance(SR)trait with a SR sesame mutant 12M07.Unlike the SS type,the parenchyma cells in the abscission zone of the 12M07 mutant are arranged loosely but adhere to the seed coat.Inheritance analysis of six generations derived from 12M07(SR)×Xiangcheng Dazibai(SS)showed that the SR trait is recessive and controlled by a single gene pair.Association mapping of the F2population with 888,619 variants(single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and insertion-deletion(InDels))and 31,884 structural variations(SVs)determined that only SV12002 in the 5′upstream region of gene Sindi0765000(named SiHEC3)in Chr.3 was significantly associated with the SR trait.SiHEC3 encodes the bHLH transcription factor.A 1,049 bp deletion occurred in the 5′UTR of Sihec3 in 12M07.SiHEC3 is mainly expressed in developing placental tissues,with the expression peaking in capsules at 45 days after pollination.A dual-luciferase reporter assay in tobacco confirmed that the promoter activity of Sihec3 was reduced because of the deletion of the 1,049 bp promoter sequence.Protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that HEC3 is co-expressed with nine key proteins,such as SHATTERPROOF1(SHP1)and SEEDSTICK(STK)which participate in the secondary wall biosynthesis of the abscission layer in plants.The findings of this study show the important function of Sihec3corresponding with the SR trait and supply the genetic information for breeding new varieties that are amenable to mechanized harvesting in sesame and other crops.

Analysis of flavor and widely metabolomics differences in black sesame before and after processing

The objective of this study was to determine the differences of aroma and taste in three black sesame originsbefore and after processing via flavor and widely metabolomics.By analyzing the sensory characteristics and metabolites of raw and treated black sesame from China,Vietnam,and Myanmar,treated Chinese sesame have the most significant change in hardness after thermal processing,low viscosity and was easy to chew.The electronic nose could distinguish between raw and treated sesame due to the aroma distribution.The reason of treated sesame from China was“fragrant”is due to the highest content(2545.50μg/kg)of total pyrazines including 2,5-dimethylpyrazine,2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine,2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine,3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine.933 metabolites were detected via a wide targeted metabolomics in the taste of raw and treated sesame.Based on the analysis of metabolites related to bitterness,145 substances were selected.The main bitter contributors may be amino acids,dipeptides and organic acids.

Effect of defatted flaxseed gum powder addition on the quality of sesame paste

The study explored the influence of defatted flaxseed gum powder(DFGP) on the stability and quality of sesame paste by measuring and analyzing its composition, color, texture, particle size, centrifugal oil separation rate,rheological properties, and microstructure. The results showed that the moisture and polysaccharide content of sesame paste was increased as the DFGP increased. Additionally, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sesame paste was improved, while the presence of particles with small particle size(1–100 μm) was decreased.The rate of oil precipitation was reduced by 28.99% when the amount of DFGP was 6%. The sesame paste samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, demonstrating shear thinning. As the shear rate increased, the apparent viscosity of sesame paste gradually decreased. Both the storage modulus(G’) and the loss modulus(G’’) increased as the shear frequency increased. The microstructure observation revealed that protein and oil were evenly distributed in the sesame paste system, and the addition of DFGP enhanced the bonding between oil and protein.This study can provide valuable references for high-quality sesame paste products in the food industry.

Research on Efficiency Improving Technology for Intercropping Sesame (Sesamum indicum) and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

[Objective] The research aimed to establish a optimized combination of intercropping and fertilization application technology of intercropping sesame （Sesamum indicum） and peanut（Arachis hypogaea）. [Method] Double factor randomized block design （2 fertilization methods and 5 ratios） was adopted, with 10 treatments, 3 repeats. There were a total of 30 plots, with plot area of 12.0 m2. Two fertilization methods included C1 [base fertilizer （540 g/plot compound fertilizer ＋ topdressing （90 g urea）] and C2 [all as base fertilizer （540 g/plot compound fertilizer）]. Five different proportions （sesame： peanut） were M1（2∶4）, M2（2∶6）, M3（1∶4）, monoculture sesame （CK1） and monoculture peanut （CK2）, respectively. [Result] Output value and land equivalent ratio （LER） of C1M2 treatment （6 lines peanut/2 lines sesame, base fertilizer 540 g/plot （compound fertilizer） ＋ （topdressing urea 90 g） were the highest of 22 378.68 yuan/hm2 and 1.56 respectively; sesame yield was 641.64 kg/hm2 and peanut yield was 2 506.67 kg/hm2. Output-input ratio was 4.94. The income was increased by 32.32% and 95.97% compared with only planting of peanuts and sesame. [Conclusion] The study provided a theoretical basis for finding the best intercropping combinations of sesame and peanut and rational application fertilizations.

Capsule Development Characters at Different Positions of Sesame(Sesamum indicum)

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the capsule development at differ-ent positions of sesame （Sesamum indicum）. [Method] The number of flowers and capsules at lower part （below the 8th node from the bottom）, middle part （at 9th-20th nodes from the bottom） and upper part （above the 20th node） of sesame plants （Zhengzhi 98N09） was counted. The length, width, fresh weight of the capsules, fresh and dry weight of the seeds, and the dry weight of the capsule shel s at dif-ferent growth stages were measured. [Result] From the bottom to the top of sesame plants, the numbers of flowers and capsules at each node showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The 15th and the 12th node had the maxi-mum flower number （9.3 flowers per node on average） and the maximum capsule number （4.2 capsules per node on average）, respectively. The middle nodes had the highest capsule setting rate, up to 45.1%, fol owed by that at upper nodes, 30.1%, and the capsule setting rate at lower nodes was the smal est, only 25.0%. The capsule length, width, fresh weight, seed fresh weight, dry weight and capsule shel dry weight at middle part were higher than that at lower and upper part. Moreover, grain fil ing rates of the lower, middle and upper capsules were 0.003 5, 0.004 4 and 0.003 0 g/（capsule·d）. It suggests that the substances gave priority to supply the middle capsules during the development of capsules. [Conclusion] This study wil provide theoretical basis for the cultivation of high-yielding sesame.

Effect of black and white sesame on lowering blood lipids of rats with hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet

Sesamum indicum has various biological effects,and this study aimed to investigate its hypolipidemic effect.A hyperlipidemia rat model was established by feeding rats with high-fat diets in this study,then the hyperlipidemia rats were fed with different doses of black and white sesame seeds and black and white sesame kernels.The serum and liver biochemical indicators of the rats were determined,and liver pathology analysis was conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of sesame.The results showed that the blood lipid of SD(Sprague-Dawley)rats fed with high-fat diet for three weeks was higher than 200 mg/d L,indicating that the hyperlipidemia rat model was successfully established.At the same dose,the final body weights of the rats of white sesame seed and kernel groups were higher than those of the black sesame seed and kernel groups;and the weights of the black and white sesame seed groups were lower than those of the black and white sesame kernel groups.The liver indexes of the normal control group and the experimental groups were significantly lower than the model control group(P<0.05),indicating that black and white sesame seed and kernel could reduce the lipid accumulation on the liver.The malondialdehyde(MDA)values of the liver in the normal control group and the experimental groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group(P<0.05).The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)in the liver of each experimental group were significantly higher than those in the model control group(P<0.05).Based on the above results as well as pathological observation and analysis,we found that the black and white sesame seeds and kernels could improve fatty liver lesions and lipid metabolism disorder and could reduce lipid accumulation on the liver,thereby protecting the liver from damage and reducing the risk of fatty liver.Moreover,black and white sesame seeds,black and white sesame kernels can reduce the levels of total cholesterol(TC)and triglyceride(TG)in serum,and high dose of black sesame seeds(30%black sesame seeds)and low dose of black sesame kernels(10%black sesame kernels)were more beneficial for the recovery of hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.The above results indicated that black and white sesame has hypolipidemic effect.

Interactive effect of hot air roasting processes on the sensory property,allergenicity,and oil extraction of sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)seeds

Sesame seeds are a healthy food ingredient and an oil crop for sesame oil production;however,it has recently been recognized as an essential allergenic food by FAO/WHO.This research investigated the relationship between the hot air roasting process(at 120,150,and 180℃ for 10,20,and 30 min)and several quality attributes of sesame seeds since roasting is the key process for preparing sesame seeds for both consumption and oil production.The hot air process followed the central composite design.The changes of sesame in terms of color,sensory properties(odor,texture,color,and taste),allergenicity caused by oleosins(ses i 4 and ses i 5),as well as oil extraction and quality were monitored using a colorimeter,sensory evaluation panelists,ELISA,as well as oil yield and acid value,respectively.Roasting temperature influenced the product quality more than roasting time,although the two processing parameters significantly interacted with each other(P<0.001).Sensory evaluation indicated medium roasting generated attractive flavor,order,appearance,and crispy texture.Allergenicity was high in sesame seeds after high-temperature roasting,according to IgE binding capacity test.Sesame oil extraction was favored by high-temperature roasting,which,however,adversely affected the oil quality.The optimal roasting conditions were 150.5℃ for 15 min for optimized sesame seeds quality in terms of sensory properties and allergenicity,while roasting at 158℃ for 10 min was optimal for sesame oil production.The finding will benefit the sesame seed industry.

Optimizing N fertilizer use for sesame under rain fed and irrigation conditions in Northern Ethiopia

Inappropriate use of fertilizers is one of the major production constraints in sesame. Studies on N fertilizer optimization on sesame were conducted at Humera Agricultural Research Center(Hu ARC) under rain fed and irrigation conditions. Thirteen(13) N doses were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)during 2016–2018 for rainfed conditions and 2017 to 2019 for irrigation conditions. The study was conducted with objective to optimize N fertilizer use for sesame. In the rainfed condition, the results demonstrated a prolonged duration to reach 50% flowering with higher nitrogen(N) application rates. The application of 52.5–110kg N ha^(-1) resulted in significantly higher seed yield, while lower(18 kg N ha^(-1)) and higher(156 kg N ha^(-1)) doses of N led to reduced seed yield. Under irrigation conditions, superior seed weights and maximum seed yield were observed at 64 and 75 kg N ha^(-1), whereas lower N doses resulted in diminished seed yield. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer(N-AE) was found to be highest at the rate of 64 kg N ha^(-1) under both growing conditions.The partial budget analysis revealed that applying 64 kg N ha^(-1) for rainfed cultivation and between 64 and 75 kg N ha^(-1) for irrigated sesame production yielded greater net profit, MRR, and residual ranking. Therefore, it is recommended to apply a rate of 64 kg N ha^(-1) for rainfed sesame cultivation and between 64 up to 75 kg N ha^(-1) for the irrigated sesame inorder to increase the productivity of this crop.

SESAME源项分析程序的应用与研究

详细分析了一套用于分析压水堆核电厂事故情况下源项释放的软件系统——SESAME系统,并针对秦山二期对SESAME系统中调用的函数、经验公式和固定常数进行了改编,希望建立适应于我国秦山二期的源项实时分析系统。

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Genetic Basis of the Main Sesame Cultivars Released in China

SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） was used for the analysis of 67 sesame （Sesamum indicum L.） cultivars widely used in Chinese sesame major production areas from 1950 to 2007. A total of 561 bands were amplified using 21 SRAP random primer pairs, with 265 of them were polymorphic, resulting in a polymorphism ratio of 47.2%. The total bands and polymorphism amplified by each primer pair averaged 26.7 and 12.6, respectively. The average genetic similar coefficient and genetic distance of the 67 cultivars were 0.9104 and 0.0706, respectively, indicating limited genetic diversity and narrow genetic basis. Comparative analysis on genetic similarity and genetic distance of different classified cultivars showed that the difference of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance between the landraces and cultivars bred through crosses reached significant levels （P=0.01）, with the genetic basis of landraces wider than that bred cultivars. The genetic basis of cultivars used in 1990-2007 was more narrow than that of cultivars from 1950 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1989, with the differences of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance reached 0.01 significant level. The genetic basis of Chinese sesame main cultivars is relatively narrow, and the genetic basis of cultivars developed through crosses in recent years is narrower than history cultivars.

Effect of silicone oil on the microstructure, gelation and rheological properties of sorbitan monostearate–sesame oil oleogels

Oleogels contain oil or a non-polar liquid which is gelled with an agent called an organogelator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of silicone oil(cyclopentasiloxane) to the gelation process and to the properties of sorbitan monostearate(SMS)–sesame oil oleogel and compared with that of SMS–sesame oil oleogel and SMS–cyclopentasiloxane oleogel. Three different oil phases; sesame oil phase, cyclopentasiloxane phase and a mixture of cyclopentasiloxane and sesame oil, were used to prepare oleogels with SMS gelator. The critical gelling concentrations(CGC) for oleogels were determined using different concentration of SMS in a range of 5%–22%(w/w). The characterization of the developed oleogels was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), polarized light microscope, rheometer, X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The addition of cyclopentasiloxane reduced the CGC of SMS–sesame oil oleogel from 20% to 10%(w/w). In microscopic characterization, the oleogels with a mixture of oil phases showed the longer and thicker three-dimensional gel network than that of oleogels with sesame oil and cyclopentasiloxane. FTIR studies demonstrated that this network formation was mainly due to hydrogen bonding. Rheological measurements revealed that the combination of cyclopentasiloxane and sesame oil produced strong gel with higher complex modulus values and longer linear viscoelastic region than oleogels prepared with sesame oil and cyclopentasiloxane. In addition, oleogels with the combination of the two oils had higher enthalpy( H m) and entropy( S m) thus could increase thermodynamic stability of the oleogels. Therefore, the addition of cyclopentasiloxane can improve the physical, ther-mal properties and stability of SMS–sesame oil oleogel, provide greater sensory profile and better product aesthetics. The developed oleogel can be a novel carrier for topical drug delivery.

Genome-wide identification of TPS genes in sesame and analysis of their expression in response to abiotic stresses

Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(SiTPSs)and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses.Totally,ten SiTPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized.SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells.Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups(I and II),which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses.Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of SiTPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses.SiTPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses.Most group II SiTPS genes(SiTPS4-SiTPS10)were strongly induced by drought,salt,waterlogging,and osmotic stress.Particularly,SiTPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses,indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting SiTPS genes’functions.

Production, Storage and Evaluation of Homemade and Processed Diet, Based on Wheat, Legumes, Sesame and Dates;for Under-Five Children

This study aimed to formulate a nutritive diet enriched with protein, iron and energy for under-five children. It was conducted in Elhosh rural area, Gezira State, Sudan, 2010. The diet was formulated and blended using locally available foods, produced at home level, by a twin-roller drum dryer and in biscuit form. The raw materials included pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) sesame (Sesamum indicum) and dates (Phoenix dactylifera). The three products were evaluated for their proximate composition, energy value, iron content and acceptability after storage at (4℃ - 6℃) and at room temperature for 5 months. The protein content of the products was (14.0 - 14.1 g/100g);the energy value ranged from 382 to 390 Kcal/100g, both in-line with many recommendations for children aged under five. The iron content was found in the range of 14.6 - 14.8 mg/100g, in agreement with the codex recommendation. Yeast, mold and salmonella were not detected while other microbes were found within acceptable values. Studied products were found nutritious and remained acceptable after storage for five months. Legumes, sesame seeds and dates can be effectively used in wheat-based baby foods as a source of protein and mineral supplement.

Response of African Catfish, <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>(Burchell 1822), Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Differently Timed Wet-Heat-Treated Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>) Seedmeal

The response of catfish fed differently timed wet-heat-treated sesame seedmeal was evaluated in the diet of Clarias gariepinus using growth performance, nutrient utilisation and apparent digesti-bility coefficient as indices. Three batches of sesame seed, which were cooked for 10, 20 and 30 minutes, dried, milled, and mechanically defatted using locally made screw press. Each of these differently processed seedmeals was included in the diet of African catfish at varying replacement levels, 15, 30 and 45% with soybean meal. There was good growth performance and nutrient uti-lization by Clarias gariepinus fed with differently timed wet-heat-treated sesame seed that was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from fish fed control diet. More so, the apparent digestibility coef-ficient for organic matter, protein, energy, lipid, fibre, carbohydrate in Clarias gariepinus fed with differently timed wet-heat-treated sesame seedmeal based diets in this study were comparable with the results obtained for fish fed control diets.

Consumer acceptability and sensory profiling of sesame oils obtained from different processes

This study aimed to investigate the effect of oil processing technologies on the sensory qualities of sesame oils and to identify drivers of liking.Using a check-all-that-apply(CATA)question and a hedonic scale,150 consumers evaluated the acceptability and sensory characteristics of 5 sesame oil samples including an aqueous extracted oil(S1),a cold-pressed oil(S2),two batches of screw-pressed oils(S3 and S5)and one crude sesame oil(S4).Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-O-MS)was used to identify odour-active compounds.The results showed that roasting,extraction techniques and filtration process influenced sensory perception and the acceptability of sesame oils.Consumers liked roasted sesame oils more than the cold-pressed sesame oil and liked the aqueous extracted sesame oil the most.Sensory attributes"sweet smell","mellow","roasted","nutty","persistent","high-intense flavour"and"cooked sesame seed flavour"were drivers of liking,while"green","raw sesame seed","rancid","woody"and"fishy"were drivers of disliking."Burnt"flavour was liked by some while disliked by others.Pyrazines contributed to roasted flavour;2-acetylpyrrole,acetophenone and furfural contributed to nutty flavour;2-pentyl-furan,5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde,and 2-phenyl-2-butenal contributed to sweet odour in the roasted sesame seeds.Nonanal,hexanal,1-hexanol and ocimene were responsible for the"green"flavour perceived in the cold-pressed oil.This study provides valuable information for sesame manufacturers on how to improve the sensory qualities of sesame oils through process manipulation to meet the needs of diverse consumers.

The Effect of Different Levels of Sesame Oil on Productive Performance, Egg Yolk and Blood Serum Lipid Profile in Laying Hens

Addition of sesame oil into layer diets has been proved to enrich the proportion of polyunsatu-rated fatty acids in animal’s products. In this study, the effects of different levels of sesame oil in the diets on the performance, egg yolk and blood serum lipid profile of Isa Brown laying hens were investigated. A total of 96 layers were assigned into 4 groups to receive either 1 of 4 different diets contained 0.0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% sesame oil, respectively. Sample of 12 eggs obtained from each groups were assessed for egg quality. The egg yolk fatty acid profile was determined with gas chromatography. Results revealed that the higher levels of sesame oil in the diet decreased egg production, egg weight, and egg yolk color except feed conversion ratio. In addition, supplementation of sesame oil increased the flow index of the eggs and the Haugh unite. The egg yolk lipid profile was not significantly different in the sesame oil fed groups, whereas, compare to control, it decreased the level of cholesterol. The blood serum lipid profile decreased in the sesame oil groups compare to control group. Meanwhile, monoacildigliserol also decreased in the sesame addition groups. In parallel with increasing levels of sesame oil, monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) in the egg yolks significantly increased compared to the control (37.00%, 42.89%, 42.20% and 43.48%, respectively). It can be implied that sesame oil supplementation into the laying hens diet is necessary to produce monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) enriched eggs.

Changes in Germination and Seedling Traits of Sesame under Simulated Drought

Drought is considered one of the leading abiotic constraints to agricultural crop production globally.Present study was conducted to assess the effects of different drought treatments(viz.Control,10%PEG,and 20%PEG)on seed germination,germination indices,seedling traits,and drought tolerance indices of sesame.Our results showed that maximum reduction in the studied parameters was observed at higher PEG concentration(i.e.,20%PEG).As compared to control,the drought treatments viz.10%and 20%PEG decreased the values for germination indices,such as germination percentage,coefficient of variation of germination time,germination index,and seedling vigor index.Similarly,for seedling traits,the values were decreased for root length,shoot length,root shoot ratio,root fresh weight,shoot fresh weight,root dry weight and shoot dry weight under 10%and 20%PEG treatments significantly in comparison with control.Furthermore,relative to control,the values for drought tolerance indices,such as germination drought tolerance index,root length drought tolerance index,shoot length drought tolerance index,total seedling length drought tolerance index,root fresh weight drought tolerance index,shoot fresh weight drought tolerance index,total fresh weight drought tolerance index,root dry weight drought tolerance index,shoot dry weight drought tolerance index and total dry weight drought tolerance index were also reduced under 10%and 20%PEG treatments,respectively.Our results confirms that drought impact on seed germination and seedling traits could be quantified by using different indices which can further help to design drought adaptation and mitigation strategies.Based on these results it can be concluded that germination indices,seedling traits,and drought tolerance indices have great potential to simulate drought stress impacts on different crop traits thus they should be used in all kinds of stress related studies.

A comprehensive review of bioactive compounds and processing technology of sesame seed

Sesame seeds are promulgated as traditional high-quality edible oil crops,rich in lipid(40–65%),protein(19–35%),and bioactive compounds.The review starts with bioactive components(fatty acid,tocopherol,phytosterol,sesamin,sesamolin,and sesamol)of sesame seeds.It considers processing techniques for extracting oil(aqueous extraction and pressing)from seeds.Novel technologies,such as enzyme-assisted aqueous,supercritical CO_(2),and microwave-assisted solvent extraction,are also discussed.The methods of utilization of sesame seed cake are also analyzed.In the future,the processing technology of sesame seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphate Biofertilizers on Morphological and Agronomic Characteristics of Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>L.)

In order to investigate the effects of Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and nitroxin biofertilizers on agronomical characteristics of sesame, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors in Khoy city, northwest of Iran, in 2014 growing seasons. The factors were as follows: phosphorus fertilizer in three levels (control, barvar-2 phosphate bio-fertilizer with 100 kg triple superphosphate per hectare and 200 kg triple superphosphate per hectare) and nitrogen fertilizer in four levels (control, nitroxin bio-fertilizer with urea at rate of 100 kg·ha&minus;1, nitroxin biofertilizer with urea at rate of 150 kg·ha&minus;1 and urea at rate of 200 kg·ha&minus;1). The results showed that a significant effect of nitrogen and phosphate biofertilizer, on plant height, branches per plant, pods per plant, seed in pod, oil percent, seed yield and harvest index. Maximum seed yield of 1274.37 and 1232.5 kg·ha&minus;1 was obtained from treatments of 200 kg·ha&minus;1 triple superphosphate and barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer besides 100 kg·ha&minus;1 triple superphosphate. For nitrogen biofertilizer, maximum seed yield of 1264.83 and 1246.12 kg·ha&minus;1 was obtained from treatments of 200 kg·ha&minus;1?urea and nitroxin biofertilizer besides urea 150 kg·ha&minus;1?respectively. According to the results of this experiment, consumption of chemical fertilizer of triple super phosphate was reduced equal to 50% using Barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer and consumption of chemical fertilizer of urea was reduced equal to 25% using nitroxin biofertilizer.