Growth process and short chain alcohol separation performance of fluoride-containing NaY zeolite membrane

Growth process of the NaY zeolite membranes was investigated by fluoride-containing precursor synthesis gel.Compared with the fluoride-free precursor synthesis gel,the irregular NaY zeolite crystals were dissolved into amorphous by the fluoride-containing precursor synthesis gel initially,the amorphous contained the Y-type zeolite characteristic bands by the IR characterization.The fine square NaY zeolite crystals arose from the amorphous,which were accumulated and gradually grew into a dense NaY zeolite layer on the support surface after 6.5 h.Because the excessive NaY zeolites were dissolved by the strong alkaline and fluoride-containing precursor synthesis gel,there was plenty of amorphous on NaY zeolites layer for prolonging the crystallization time.The assynthesized NaY zeolite membranes had a good separation performance and repeatability for separation of 10 wt%methanol(MeOH)/methyl methacrylate(MMA) mixture by pervaporation,the flux and separation factor were(1.27 ± 0.07) kg·M^(-2)·h^(-1) and(4900 ± 1500) at 323 K,respectively.Besides,the NaY zeolite membranes were applied to separate the other short chain alcohol from the various alcohol/organic ester and alcohol/organic ether mixtures,the NaY zeolite membranes showed high short chain alcohol perm-selectivity.

Evaluation and comparison of short chain fatty acids composition in gut diseases

BACKGROUND An altered (dysbiosis) and unhealthy status of the gut microbiota is usually responsible for a reduction of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. SCFAs obtained from the carbohydrate fermentation processes are crucial in maintaining gut homeostasis and their determination in stool samples could provide a faster, reliable and cheaper method to highlight the presence of an intestinal dysbiosis and a biomarker for various gut diseases. We hypothesize that different intestinal diseases, such as celiac disease (CD), adenomatous polyposis (AP) and colorectal cancer (CRC) could display a particular fecal SCFAs’ signature. AIM To compare the fecal SCFAs’ profiles of CD, AP, CRC patients and healthy controls, using the same analytical method. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we defined and compared the SCFAs’ concentration in fecal samples of 9 AP, 16 CD, 19 CRC patients and 16 healthy controls (HC). The SCFAs’ analysis were performed using a gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method. Data analysis was carried out using Wilcoxon ranksum test to assess pairwise differences of SCFAs’ profiles, partial least squaresdiscriminate analysis (PLS-DA) to determine the status membership based on distinct SCFAs’ profiles, and Dirichlet regression to determine factors influencing concentration levels of SCFAs. RESULTS We have not observed any difference in the SCFAs’ amount and composition between CD and healthy control. On the contrary, the total amount of SCFAs was significantly lower in CRC patients compared to HC (P = 0.044) and CD (P = 0.005). Moreover, the SCFAs’ percentage composition was different in CRC and AP compared to HC. In detail, HC displayed higher percentage of acetic acid (P value = 1.3 × 10-6) and a lower amount of butyric (P value = 0.02192), isobutyric (P value = 7.4 × 10-5), isovaleric (P value = 0.00012) and valeric (P value = 0.00014) acids compared to CRC patients. AP showed a lower abundance of acetic acid (P value = 0.00062) and higher percentages of propionic (P value = 0.00433) and isovaleric (P value = 0.00433) acids compared to HC. Moreover, AP showed higher levels of propionic acid (P value = 0.03251) and a lower level of isobutyric acid (P value = 0.00427) in comparison to CRC. The PLS-DA model demonstrated a significant separation of CRC and AP groups from HC, although some degree of overlap was observed between CRC and AP. CONCLUSION Analysis of fecal SCFAs shows the potential to provide a non-invasive means of diagnosis to detect patients with CRC and AP, while CD patients cannot be discriminated from healthy subjects.

Fecal microbes, short chain fatty acids, and colorectal cancer across racial/ethnic groups

AIM:To investigate differences in microbes and short chain fatty acid(SCFA) levels in stool samples from Hispanic and non-Hispanic African American,American Indian,and White participants.METHODS:Stool samples from twenty participants were subjected to analysis for relative levels of viable bacteria and for SCFA levels.Additionally,the samples were subjected to 16 S r RNA gene pyrosequencing for identification of bacteria present in the stool.We used a metagenome functional prediction technique to analyze genome copy numbers and estimate the abundance of butyrate kinase in all samples.RESULTS:We found that African Americans had significantly lower levels of acetate,butyrate,and total SCFAs than all other racial/ethnic groups.We also found that participant microbial profiles differed by racial/ethnic group.African Americans had significantly more Firmicutes than Whites,with enriched Ruminococcaceae.The Firmicutes /Bacteroidetes ratio was also significantly higher for African Americans than for Whites(P =0.049).We found Clostridium levels to be significantly and inversely related to total SCFA levels(P =0.019) and we found Bacteroides to be positively associated(P =0.027) and Clostridium to be negatively associated(P =0.012) with levels of butyrate.We also identified a correlation between copy number for a butyrate kinase predicted from 16 S r RNA gene abundance and levels of butyrate in stool.CONCLUSION:The identified differences in gut flora and SCFA levels may relate to colorectal cancer mortality differentials and may be useful as targets for future clinical and behavioral interventions.

Effects of <i>γ</i>-Polyglutamic Acid on Blood Glucose and Caecal Short Chain Fatty Acids in Adult Male Mice

γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a major component of Natto. We hypothesized that γ-PGA could reduce postprandial glucose rise and plasma glucose levels. Mice were fed a 0.1% γ-PGA—containing diet or control diet for 91 days. Maltose and starch tolerance tests were performed, and plasma lipids, glucose levels, and caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. Mice were co-administered γ-PGA and starch to suppress the initial rise in blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels at 15 min were significantly lower in the PGA group than in the Con group (P 0.05). The plasma glucose level and NEFA level were also significantly lower in the PGA group (P 0.05), and caecal acetic acid/total caecal SCFAs ratio was significantly increased in the PGA group (P 0.05). Significant negative correlations existed between the caecal acetic acid/propionic acid ratio and the weight of visceral fat/BW (r =?-0.57, P = 0.0318). Our results suggest that γ-PGA may effectively prevent metabolic syndrome by lowering blood glucose levels.

Double-side role of short chain fatty acids on host health via the gut-organ axes

Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)exist in dietary foods and are produced by the fermentation of gut microbiota,and are considered an important element for regulating host health.Through blood circulation,SCFA produced in the gut and obtained from foods have an impact on the intestinal health as well as vital organs of the host.It has been recognized that the gut is the“vital organ”in the host.As the gut microbial metabolites,SCFA could create an“axis”connecting the gut and to other organs.Therefore,the“gut-organ axes”have become a focus of research in recent years to analyze organism health.In this review,we summarized the sources,absorption properties,and the function of SCFA in both gut and other peripheral tissues(brain,kidney,liver,lung,bone and cardiovascular)in the way of“gut-organ axes”.Short chain fatty acids exert both beneficial and pathological role in gut and other organs in various ways,in which the beneficial effects are more pronounced.In addition,the beneficial effects are reflected in both preventive and therapeutic effects.More importantly,the mechanisms behinds the gut and other tissues provided insight into the function of SCFA,assisting in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for maintaining the host health.

The interaction among gut microbes,the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids

The mammalian gut is inhabited by a massive and complicated microbial community, in which the hostachieves a stable symbiotic environment through the interdependence, coordination, reciprocal constraintsand participation in an immune response. The interaction between the host gut and themicrobiota is essential for maintaining and achieving the homeostasis of the organism. Consequently, guthomeostasis is pivotal in safeguarding the growth and development and potential productive performanceof the host. As metabolites of microorganisms, short chain fatty acids are not only the preferredenergy metabolic feedstock for host intestinal epithelial cells, but also exert vital effects on antioxidantsand the regulation of intestinal community homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the effects of intestinalmicroorganisms on the host gut and the mechanisms of action of short chain fatty acids on the fourintestinal barriers of the organism, which will shed light on the manipulation of the intestinal communityto achieve precise nutrition for specific individuals and provide a novel perspective for theprevention and treatment of diseases.

Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids are potential mediators in gut inflammation

Gut inflammation is a challenging concern in humans and animals,which disturbs normal growth and leads to severe bowel diseases.Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the gut microbiota metabolites produced from fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates,and have been reported to modulate gut inflammation.SCFA have been implicated as the potential therapeutic bioactive molecules for gut inflammatory diseases,and could be an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters(AGP).In this review,the existing knowledge about the types of SCFA,the related gut microbes producing SCFA,the roles of SCFA in maintaining gut homeostasis,and how SCFA modulate gut inflammation is summarized.The therapeutic application of SCFA in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is also highlighted

Effects of yeast cell wall on growth performance, immune responses and intestinal short chain fatty acid concentrations of broilers in an experimental necrotic enteritis model

Subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE) causes devastating economic losses in the broiler chicken industry,especially in birds raised free of in-feed antibiotics. Prebiotics are potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Yeast cell wall extract(YCW) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a prebiotic with known immune modulating effects. This study examined the effects of YCW and antibiotics(AB) during subclinical NE on broiler growth performance, intestinal lesions, humoral immune response and gut microflora metabolites. The study employed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were:NE challenge(yes or no) and feed additive(control, AB, or YCW). Each treatment was replicated in 8 floor pens with 15 birds per pen. Challenged birds had higher feed conversion ratio(FCR) than unchallenged birds on d 35(P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of AB decreased FCR regardless of challenge(P < 0.05) on d 24 and 35. Inclusion of YCW reduced serum interleukin-1(IL-1) concentration in NE challenged birds(P < 0.01) and increased immunoglobulin(Ig) G(P < 0.05) and Ig M(P < 0.05) levels compared to other dietary treatments regardless of challenge. Yeast cell wall extract increased formic acid concentration in cecal contents during challenge and increased butyric acid concentration in unchallenged birds on d 16.This study indicates YCW suppressed inflammatory response, promoted generation of immunoglobulin and increased short chain fatty acid production suggesting potential benefits to bird health.

Infusion of short chain fatty acids in the ileum improves the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid metabolism of growing pigs

Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates undergoing bacterial fermentation in the hindgut,which are related to some physiological functions.This study was designed to investigate the effects of SCFA infusion by ileum on the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid meta-bolism of growing pigs.In a 28-day study,24 growing barrows fitted with a T-cannula in distal ileum were divided into 4 treatments:1)Control,2)antibiotics(AB),3)AB+300 mL of SCFA1 solution(ABS1),4)AB+300 mL of SCFA2 solution(ABS2).The concentrations of acetate,propionate and butyrate in SCFA1 solution were respectively 61.84,18.62 and 12.55 mmol/L,and in SCFA2 were respectively 40.08,15.41 and 9.78 mmol/L The results showed that the SCFA infusion increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the SCFA treatments increased longissimus dorsi area(P<0.05)and carcass weight(P=0.058),decreased the drip loss of longissimus dorsi(P=0.059),and reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride,total cholesterol and urea nitrogen(P<0.05).Besides,the SCFA administration inhibited the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase(FAS)and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in longissimus dorsi(P<0.05),the mRNA expression of FAS in the liver(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05).Short chain fatty acid infusion also enhanced the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1αin the liver(P<0.05),the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and lipoprotein lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05),and the mRNA expressions of free fatty acid receptor 2,glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the colon(P<0.05).These results suggested that SCFA administration in the ileum could improve the carcass traits and meat quality of growing pigs,which was possibly due to the fact that SCFA modulated lipid metabolism.

Production of short chain fatty acids and vitamin B_(12) during the in-vitro digestion and fermentation of probiotic chocolate

The prebiotic functions of chocolate to improve the function and health benefit of the chocolate when enriched with probiotics has not been fully investigated.This study investigated the role of chocolates enriched with probiotics in the production of SCFAs and vitamin B_(12) during the in-vitro colonic fermentation.Seven probiotic bacteria were encapsulated using a mixture of cocoa powder(10%),FOS(2%)and Na-alginate(1%)before added to chocolates.The results revealed that encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis spp.lactis BB12 produced significantly higher amounts(1876.5±105.16 and 1348.51±77.37 mmol,respectively)of acetic acid after 48h of colonic fermentation.Chocolates with encapsulated BB12,La5,Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Streptococcus thermophilus yielded higher amounts of propionic,isobutyric,butyric and isovaleric acid.Probiotic-chocolates with 70%cocoa produced significantly more acetic,propionic,and butyric acids than that of 45%cocoa.However,Probiotic-chocolates with 45%cocoa produced greater amounts of vitamin B_(12) than 70%cocoa.These data demonstrate that probiotic-chocolate could be a functional snack with additional health benefits.

Conformation preference and related intramolecular noncovalent interaction of selected short chain chlorinated paraffins

Short chain chlorinated paraffins （SCCPs） are not only research focus of environmental issues but also interesting model mol- ecules for organic chemistry which exhibit diverse conformation preference and intramolecular noncovalent interactions （NCIs）. A systematic study was conducted to reveal the conlk）rmation preference and the related intramolecular NCIs in two C^-isomers of SCCPs, 5,5,6,6-tetrachlorodecane and 4,4,6,6-1etrachlorodecane. The overall conformation profile was deter- mined on the basis of relative energies calculated at the MP2/6-311＋＋G（d,p） level with the geometries optimized by B3LYP/6-31 l＋＋G（d,p） method. Then, quantum theory of atoms in molecules （QTAIM） has been adopted to identify the NCls in the selected conformers of the model molecules at both B31~YP/6-31 l＋＋G（d,p） and M06-2X/aug-cc-pvdz level. Different chlorine substitution modes result in varied conformation preference. No obvious gauche effect can be observed tk）r the SCCPs with chlorination on adjacent carbon atoms. The most stable conformer of 5,5,6,6-tetrachlorodecane （tTt） has its three dihedral angles in the T configuration, and there is no intramolecular N（3s found in this molecule. On the contrary, the chlorination on interval carbon atoms favors the adoption of gauche configmation for the H C C CI axis. Not only inlramolecular H-..CI contacts but also H---H interactions have been identified as driving forces to compensate the instability from steric crowding ot the gauche configuration. The gggg and g＇g＇g＇g＇ conformers are the most popular ones, while the populations of tggg and tg＇g＇g＇ conformer are second to those of the gggg and g＇g＇g＇g＇ conformers. Meanwhile, the M06-2X method with large basis sets is preferred for identification of subtle intramolecular NCIs in large molecules like SCCPs.

Kinetic analysis of waste activated sludge hydrolysis and short-chain fatty acids production at pH 10

The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, a preferred carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbes, was significantly improved when waste activated sludge （WAS） was fermented at pH 10. The kinetics of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs production at pH 10 was investigated. It was observed that during WAS anaerobic fermentation the accumulation of SCFAs was limited by the hydrolysis process, and both the hydrolysis of WAS particulate COD and the accumulation of SCFAs followed first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation rate constants increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 35℃, which could be described by the Arrhenius equation. The kinetic data further indicated that SCFAs production at pH 10 was a biological process. Compared with the experiment of pH uncontrolled （blank test）, both the rate constants of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation at 20℃ were improved significantly when WAS was fermented at pH 10.

Stool characteristics of infants receiving short-chain galactooligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides:A review

Human milk is considered to be the optimal source of infant nutrition. Some of the benefits of breastfeeding have been ascribed to human milk oligosaccharides(HMO). For instance, HMO can affect faecal characteristics such as stool consistency and stool frequency. Such effects on stool characteristics can be beneficial for young infants as hard stools and even constipation is common in that age group. Prebiotics in infant milk formulas have been introduced to exert similar functionalities. A specific mixture of prebiotics consists of a combination of short chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides(scGOS/lcFOS) in a ratio of 9:1. This specific mixture has been developed to closely resemble the molecular size composition of HMO. Many studies have been done with scGOS/lcFOS, and indicators for digestive comfort have often been included as secondary outcomes. This review summarizes the effects of scGOS/lcFOS(9:1) on stool consistency,stool frequency and transit time in healthy term and preterm infants. In several of the studies with scGOS/lcFOS in a ratio of 9:1 in infant milk formulas, positive effects of this mixture on stool characteristics such as stool consistency and stool frequency were observed. As stool consistency was shown to be correlated to whole gut transit time, scGOS/lcFOS can be hypothesised to have a role in reducing the risk of constipation.

Some Hall polynomials for representation-finite selfinjective algebra with mod _pΛ without short chains

1 PreliminariesThe Hall algebra H（A） of a finitary ring A was defined by Ringel.H（A）is the freeAbelian group with a basis{u[M]}[M] indexed by the isomorphism classes [M] of finite A-modules M with the multiplication defined

A Novel Aqueous Polyurethane Containing Short Fluoroalkyl Chains:Synthesis and Application on Cotton Fabrics

As very useful superficial mediflcation agents, the common long perfluoroalkyl -- containing agents are facing the ecological problems, such as persistence, bioacumulatlen, and/or toxicity in the environment. In order to overcome the problems, we designed and synthesized a polyether dioi containing short perfluoroaikyl side chains, which was condensed with diisocyanate to form fluorine-containing aqueous polyurethane. This aqueous polyurethane was applied on cotton fabrics by conventional pad-dry-cure process. The treated cotton fabrics showed good water repellent property with the contact angle reached 131°, and also IXBSessed good washing durability.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids-A Healthy Bus between Gut Microbiota and Organs beyond the Gut

The impact of the gut microbiota is not limited to the intestine, but its interaction with the host produces active metabolites, which can be transported by the blood circulation to play important roles in various parts of the body. Among them, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as important active products of gut bacteria, have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and can play active roles as signaling molecules in the development of various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, allergic airway disease, obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. In this way, modulation of the intestinal microbiota and metabolism-active substances has gradually become a popular therapeutic method for many diseases of organs beyond the gut. To find new therapeutic targets for major human health problems, this article reviews the research on SCFAs in extraintestinal diseases.

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate: A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.

食品中益生元的研发和应用研究进展

益生元的定义目前被更新为“能被宿主微生物选择性利用并产生健康益处的底物”。根据最新的定义,益生元种类扩展到碳水化合物以外的物质,例如共轭亚油酸和植物多酚等;益生元作用部位不再局限于胃肠道,应用范围也不局限于食品。针对益生元具有缓解便秘、促进骨骼健康、缓解肥胖、抑制致病菌、减少炎症、免疫调节等多种健康促进效应,深入阐述了益生元促进宿主健康的作用机制。其机制主要体现为两个方面,一是益生元被宿主的有益微生物直接或间接性利用,从而起到菌群调节作用;二是益生元被菌群代谢后产生有益于宿主健康的代谢产物。此外,某些低聚糖类和多糖类的益生元还具有很好的加工特性,对于食品的质构特性和风味有积极的作用。因此,益生元在固体饮料、糖果、乳制品和烘焙制品等食品中广泛应用。然而,益生元的功效评价及应用中,仍存在一些问题亟待解决。不同生理状态下人体的肠道菌群是不同的,菌群结构的差异必然导致同种益生元在不同人群中利用情况的差异。益生元的单糖结构、聚合程度、分支以及官能团等结构差异会影响其被肠道微生物的利用。总之,针对不同人群的生理状态靶向应用益生元和对益生元进行特定结构的优化或修饰,将是未来益生元精准化应用的关键。

短链脂肪酸通过抑制白细胞介素17A和NF-κB信号通路减轻γδT细胞介导的炎症反应

目的 探究短链脂肪酸减轻γδT细胞介导炎症反应的作用机制。方法 使用一定浓度的短链脂肪酸干预大鼠肠道来源的γδT细胞,CCK-8检测短链脂肪酸对γδT活性的影响,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测白细胞介素17A(IL-17A)因子含量,实时荧光定量(RT-q PCR)检测IL-17A因子的表达水平,流式细胞仪分析IL-17+γδT细胞的比例,Western blot研究γδT细胞IL-17A和核转录因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的影响。结果 CCK-8结果提示乙酸钠的浓度≤0.5 mmol/L,丙酸钠、丁酸钠和混合短链脂肪酸的浓度≤0.25 mmol/L对γδT细胞的增殖无抑制作用(P> 0.05);ELISA和RT-q PCR结果显示,丙酸钠、丁酸钠及混合短链脂肪酸处理的γδT细胞IL-17A的含量较Control组均显著降低。流式细胞检测结果示IL-17+γδT细胞的比例在丙酸钠、丁酸钠、混合短链脂肪酸及TSA干预下均明显下降(P <0.001);Western blot检测发现丙酸钠、丁酸钠和混合短链脂肪酸可抑制IL-17A、IKK的表达及NF-κB磷酸化水平(P <0.05)。结论 短链脂肪酸能抑制γδT细胞IL-17A和NF-κB信号通路的激活,从而减轻机体的炎症反应。

D-Psicose intake exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through alteration in the gut microbiota and dysfunction of mucosal barrier

D-Psicose,as a low-calorie rare sugar,has attracted a lot of attention in recent years for alternating to sucrose.The anti-obesity effect of D-psicose has been extensively confirmed in previous studies,however,the impact of D-psicose on colitis remains vague.Here,we firstly evaluated the effect of the D-psicose prophylactic intervention on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.The pathological symptoms,inflammatory cytokines levels,gut microbiota composition,short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production and colonic barrier integrity were comprehensively evaluated.The results confirmed that D-psicose intervention aggravated colitis,characterized by the exacerbation of colon shortening,increase of colonic inflammatory infiltration,and marked exaltation of disease activity indices and IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-αlevels.Further,the dysfunction of gut microbiota was identified in the psicose group.The abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group was significantly up-regulated while the abundance of probiotics Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were significantly down-regulated in the psicose group compared to the model group.Moreover,the production of SCFAs was suppressed in the psicose group,accompanied by a decrease in the level of mucin 2(Muc-2).Collectively,the underlying mechanism of the exacerbation of colitis by D-psicose intervention might be attributed to microbiota dysfunction accompanied by the reduction of SCFAs,which leads to the damage of the mucosal barrier and the intensifi cation of inflammatory invasion.