Identification of sika deer and red deer using partial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal RNA genes

A study was conducted on the identifications of the degraded samples of sika deer （Cervus nippon） and red deer （Cervus elaphus） by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of partial Cytb and 12s rRNA genes sequences. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. The values of three nucleotide distance between three suspected samples and sika deer were identical （0.026±0.006）, which was smaller than the smallest nucleotide distance between eastern red deer and sika deer （0.036）. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of sika deer and red deer indicated that the evidences located within the same cluster as sika deer. The evidences were sika deer materials. As the same way, other three suspected samples were derived from red deer. The results were further confirmed by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of 387 bp 12s rRNA gene. The method was powerful and less time-consuming and helpful to reduce the related cases with wildlife.

Collagen from Tendon of Yezo Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon yesoensis</i>) as By-Product

Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.

Behavioral ecology of sika deer in spring in semi-natural area

Behaviors of sika deer in spring were studied by scan sampling, ad libitum sampling, and all-occurrence recording methods during 1998. The results showed that behaviors of sika deer in spring can be classified by seven categories: grazing, ruminating, bedding, moving, standing, drinking, alert, agonistic and other behaviors. Various behavioral models were more regular. Grazing behavior was a kind of mainly behavioral model.

Genetic diversity and population structure of a Sichuan sika deer(Cervus sichuanicus) population in Tiebu Nature Reserve based on microsatellite variation

Cervus sichuanicus is a species of sika deer （Cervus nippon Group）. To date, research has mainly focused on quantity surveying and behavior studies, with genetic information on this species currently deficient. To provide scientific evidence to assist in the protection of this species, we collected Sichuan sika deer fecal samples from the Sichuan Tiebu Nature Reserve （TNR） and extracted DNA from those samples. Microsatellite loci of bovine were used for PCR amplification. After GeneScan, the genotype data were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of the Sichuan sika deer in TNR. Results showed that the average expected heterozygosity of the Sichuan sika deer population in TNR was 0.562, equivalent to the average expected heterozygosity of endangered animals, such as Procapra przewalsldi. Furthermore, 8 of 9 microsatellite loci significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and two groups existed within the Sichuan sika deer TNR population. This genetic structure may be caused by a group of Manchurian sika deer （Cervus hortulorum） released in TNR.

The Length and Density of Prickles on <i>Zanthoxylum ailanthoides</i>(Rutaceae): A Comparison of Japanese Islands with Different Sika Deer Browsing Pressures

To determine the effects of sika deer (Cervus nippon) browsing on the physical defences of the Japanese pricklyash “Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. et Zucc.” (Rutaceae), we compared the length and density of prickles on Japanese islands which were under different browsing pressures. We measured the length and density of prickles on the midribs, leaf rachis, and stems. We found that the prickles of Z. ailanthoides on Kashima island were not significantly longer or at higher densities than those in the neighbouring areas;the longest pickles at the highest densities were found on Akune island. The density of sika deer on Akune (ca. 520-600/km2) was higher than that on Kashima (ca. 38.5/km2), and consequently, Akune was under greater browsing pressure. Our results suggest that the increased length and density of prickles on Akune is a response by Z. ailanthoides to the high density of sika deer found on the island.

SIKA敷料在降低船舶舱室噪声上的应用

本文简介了船舶噪声的概况以及SIKA敷料在降低船舶舱室噪声方面的应用。

Sika砼喷射机组与传统喷射工艺全方位的比较分析

文中介绍了Sika砼喷射机组的喷射原理及工艺流程,并从性能分析、工效对比、成本分析等方面进行详细对比,表明了在公路隧道应用大型湿喷机组的前瞻性,安全性、经济性、环保美观性,同时保证了喷射砼的施工质量,提高了施工效率。

Morphological Study of <i>Glochidion obovatum</i>under Heavy Browsing Pressure by Sika Deer

To clarify the modification of physical defences of Glochidion obovatum Sieb. et Zucc., we compared the length of spine-like branches and frequency of lateral branches of G. obovatum between Kashima Island, which supports a high density of sika deer (Cervus nippon), and its neighbouring areas. The length of spine-like branches of G. obovatum in Kashima Island was not significantly longer than that of the neighbouring areas, but the frequency of lateral branches on the island was higher than that of the neighbouring areas. Since the branches of G. obovatum are heavily foraged by the sika deer, the shrub form of the species has evolved into the bonsai form, suggesting increased frequency of occurrence of lateral branches, which could develop as shoot-like branches. Thus, the observed features are facultative defence mechanisms of G. obovatum against heavy browsing in a small-sized island with very high density of sika deer.

Sika Deer Facial Recognition Model Based on SE-ResNet

The scale of deer breeding has gradually increased in recent years and better information management is necessary,which requires the identification of individual deer.In this paper,a deer face dataset is produced using face images obtained from different angles,and an improved residual neural network(ResNet)-based recognition model is proposed to extract the features of deer faces,which have high similarity.The model is based on ResNet-50,which reduces the depth of the model,and the network depth is only 29 layers;the model connects Squeeze-and-Excitation(SE)modules at each of the four layers where the channel changes to improve the quality of features by compressing the feature information extracted through the entire layer.A maximum pooling layer is used in the ResBlock shortcut connection to reduce the information loss caused by messages passing through the ResBlock.The Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU)activation function in the network is replaced by the Exponential Linear Unit(ELU)activation function to reduce information loss during forward propagation of the network.The preprocessed 6864 sika deer face dataset was used to train the recognition model based on SEResnet,which is demonstrated to identify individuals accurately.By setting up comparative experiments under different structures,the model reduces the amount of parameters,ensures the accuracy of the model,and improves the calculation speed of the model.Using the improved method in this paper to compare with the classical model and facial recognition models of different animals,the results show that the recognition effect of this research method is the best,with an average recognition accuracy of 97.48%.The sika deer face recognition model proposed in this study is effective.The results contribute to the practical application of animal facial recognition technology in the breeding of sika deer and other animals with few distinct facial features.

Sika收购阿克苏诺贝尔公司聚氨酯粘合剂业务

据悉,瑞士Baar的Sika公司已同意收购阿克苏诺贝尔公司旗下Casco公司的聚氨酯(PU)粘合剂和系统业务及部分阿克苏公司涂料业务。Casco公司去年的销售额为2100万美元。有关此次收购的具体情况公司方面并没能透露。Sika公司是全球领先的PU粘合剂生产商。

The First High-quality Reference Genome of Sika Deer Provides Insights into High-tannin Adaptation

Sika deer are known to prefer oak leaves,which are rich in tannins and toxic to most mammals;however,the genetic mechanisms underlying their unique ability to adapt to living in the jungle are still unclear.In identifying the mechanism responsible for the tolerance of a highly toxic diet,we have made a major advancement by explaining the genome of sika deer.We generated the first high-quality,chromosome-level genome assembly of sika deer and measured the correlation between tannin intake and RNA expression in 15 tissues through 180 experiments.Comparative genome analyses showed that the UGT and CYP gene families are functionally involved in the adaptation of sika deer to high-tannin food,especially the expansion of the UGT family 2 subfamily B of UGT genes.The first chromosome-level assembly and genetic characterization of the tolerance to a highly toxic diet suggest that the sika deer genome may serve as an essential resource for understanding evolutionary events and tannin adaptation.Our study provides a paradigm of comparative expressive genomics that can be applied to the study of unique biological features in non-model animals.

Haplotype-resolved Genome of Sika Deer Reveals Allele-specific Gene Expression and Chromosome Evolution

Despite the scientific and medicinal importance of diploid sika deer(Cervus nippon),its genome resources are limited and haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale assembly is urgently needed.To explore mechanisms underlying the expression patterns of the allele-specific genes in antlers and the chromosome evolution in Cervidae,we report,for the first time,a high-quality haplotype-resolved chromosome-scale genome of sika deer by integrating multiple sequencing strategies,which was anchored to 32 homologous groups with a pair of sex chromosomes(XY).Several expanded genes(RET,PPP2R1A,PPP2R1B,YWHAB,YWHAZ,and RPS6)and positively selected genes(eIF4E,Wnt8A,Wnt9B,BMP4,and TP53)were identified,which could contribute to rapid antler growth without carcinogenesis.A comprehensive and systematic genome-wide analysis of allele expression patterns revealed that most alleles were functionally equivalent in regulating rapid antler growth and inhibiting oncogenesis.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that chromosome fission might occur during the divergence of sika deer and red deer(Cervus elaphus),and the olfactory sensation of sika deer might be more powerful than that of red deer.Obvious inversion regions containing olfactory receptor genes were also identified,which arose since the divergence.In conclusion,the high-quality allele-aware reference genome provides valuable resources for further illustration of the unique biological characteristics of antler,chromosome evolution,and multi-omics research of cervid animals.

Interspecific association of sika deer in terrestrial animal communities of Liancheng National Nature Reserve, China

The prevention and control of invasive of alien species is an important work for nature reserves.This study analyzes the development trend of the alien species sika deer in Liancheng National Nature Reserve.From October 2019 to June 2020,3523 valid photos and videos of terrestrial animals were acquired from 130 camera traps,and sika deer were recorded in 21 photos from 13 traps.The survival of the sika deer population was investigated by means of morphological identification,population structure analysis,species relative abundance indices,and species spatial association analysis.A total of 13 sika deer individuals were identified by camera trapping,including two kids and three subadults representing the reproductive capacity of the population.Spatially,sika deer is not associated with any local species and was outside the spatial association network of terrestrial animals in Liancheng National Nature Reserve,indicating that the sika deer population has not been integrated into the local community and has failed to perform its ecological function.It is worth noting that the reserve provides habitat suitable for sika deer and that the population has adequate reproductive capacity.Due to the lack of large apex predators in the reserve,the population size of ungulates such as sika deer,red deer,and Siberian roe deer may expand and lead to population outbreaks and the associated problems for the ecosystem.To restore large-and medium-sized carnivores and avoid the population outbreak of the species,the present challenges require immediate attention in Liancheng National Nature Reserve.

1例梅花鹿狂犬病的病理学诊断及其病原遗传进化分析

为了探明1例梅花鹿病例的死亡原因,本试验通过组织病理学检查、直接免疫荧光法和免疫组织化学检测对其进行诊断,通过反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增狂犬病病毒(RABV)核蛋白(N)和糖蛋白(G)基因序列,测序后进行同源性、分子进化和系统发育关系分析。结果显示,患病梅花鹿临床表现出狂暴型神经症状。组织病理学表现为典型的非化脓性脑炎,在大脑、小脑、脑干、脊髓和海马等部位的神经细胞胞浆内均有大小不等、圆形或椭圆形的嗜酸性RABV包涵体。采用直接免疫荧光法和免疫组织化学法均在小脑组织中检测到大量特异性的RABV阳性信号。基因测序和分析结果显示,分离毒株N和G基因分别长1424和1675 bp,均与2015年呼和浩特牛源毒株Rabies virus isolate CNM1101C(KC193267)核苷酸同源性最高,分别为99.5%和99.3%。分离毒株N和G基因与从河南、甘肃、湖北、福建和山东等省分离的毒株位于同一分支,属于Asian谱系。结果表明,该梅花鹿感染狂犬病,RABV分离毒株属于中国地区流行的Asian谱系,与国内流行毒株起源于共同的祖先。

维生素D_(3)对10~12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

【目的】探究饲粮维生素D_(3)(VD_(3))添加水平对10~12月龄梅花鹿生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响。【方法】选取24头10月龄、平均体重为(45.32±5.23)kg的健康雄性梅花鹿,随机分成4组,每组6头,每个重复1头,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)、2000、4000和8000 IU/kg VD_(3)的试验饲粮。试验期共90 d。试验结束后统计梅花鹿体重、采食量,计算生长性能;采集血液样本,测定血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、碱性磷酸酶水平及丙二醛、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M、甲状腺旁素、降钙素、1,25羟基维生素D_(3)、钙和磷含量。试验第75天起连续采集3 d粪便样本,测定干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙及磷含量。【结果】(1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加4000 IU/kg VD_(3)显著提高了梅花鹿平均日增重(P<0.05),其他各组间平均日增重差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)4000 IU/kg组梅花鹿Ca表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)3个试验组梅花鹿血清T-SOD水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但其在3组间差异不显著(P>0.05);饲粮添加8000 IU/kg VD_(3)显著提高了梅花鹿血清1,25羟基维生素D_(3)水平(P<0.05),其他各组间该指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】饲粮添加适量VD_(3)有利于提高梅花鹿生长性能和机体抗氧化能力,增加血清1,25羟基维生素D_(3)含量。综合试验结果,4000 IU/kg VD_(3)在10~12月龄梅花鹿应用效果较好。

梅花鹿DLX5基因克隆及表达分析

为研究梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)DLX5基因的结构和功能,进一步探究其与梅花鹿茸角骨化机制间的关系,采用RT-PCR技术对梅花鹿DLX5基因进行克隆,获得包含全部编码区的c DNA序列,对该基因的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析并构建系统进化树,通过KEGG富集分析其信号通路,运用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测该基因在鹿茸生长不同时期的表达情况。结果表明:梅花鹿DLX5基因编码区长为870 bp,共编码289个氨基酸。DLX5蛋白为可溶性的不稳定蛋白,有2个保守结构域,主要定位于细胞核。梅花鹿DLX5蛋白与许多不同物种来源的DLX5蛋白氨基酸序列有较高相似度,比较保守。DLX5蛋白二级结构中无规则卷曲占比最大(78.89%),其后依次是α-螺旋、延伸链,占比分别为16.96%和4.15%。DLX5基因主要的作用通路为TGFβ信号通路、MAPK信号通路和Wnt信号通路等。实时荧光定量RT-PCR结果表明,DLX5基因在鹿茸生长后期(三杈茸)表达量显著增高,这种上调表达暗示了其在鹿茸骨化过程中发挥重要作用,说明其可能是鹿茸骨化相关候选基因。

B超监测梅花鹿性控精液腹腔镜输精试验

梅花鹿常规冻精与性控冻精解冻后进行品质鉴定,结合B超监测卵泡有选择的对60只同期发情处理的梅花鹿进行腹腔镜精准输精。数据分析显示,同期发情处理后梅花鹿卵巢B超监测结果与腹腔镜输精受胎率存在明显的正相关;X和Y型冻精产仔率为83.33%,而常规冻精产仔率为65.31%,X、Y型冻精与常规冻精组间差异显著(P<0.05);常规冻精组、X冻精组与Y冻精组所产后代性别比(公/母)分别为9:8、0:10和16:1,X、Y型冻精与常规冻精组间差异显著(P<0.05),X、Y型冻精与常规冻精所产后代出生及60 d时的体重差异不显著(P <0.05)。结果表明,结合B超监测有选择的进行梅花鹿性控精液腹腔镜人工输精,可显著提高受胎率,降低成本,技术可行。

不同年龄梅花鹿肉品质感官评价与食用品质分析

旨在比较2~4岁龄梅花鹿不同部位肉品质感官品质和食用品质。选取梅花鹿颈部、上脑、外脊、前腿、鹿排、里脊、后腿、前腱子、鹿腩和后腱子肌肉组织,检测肉色亮度(L^(*)值)、红度(a^(*)值)、黄度(b^(*)值)以及滴水损失、蒸煮损失、pH值、嫩度、肌苷酸含量、呈味氨基酸含量等肉品质指标。结果:2岁龄梅花鹿L^(*)值、a^(*)值、b^(*)值、呈味氨基酸含量均好于3、4岁龄梅花鹿,肉色最佳,风味独特;3、4岁龄鹿肉蒸煮损失和滴水损失显著高于2岁龄(P<0.05);2岁龄鹿肉pH值显著高于3、4岁龄(P<0.05),剪切力显著低于3、4岁龄(P<0.05);3岁龄鹿肉肌苷酸含量显著高于2、4岁龄(P<0.05)。上脑、前腿部分肌肉蒸煮损失和滴水损失显著低于其他部位,肉色较其他部位更鲜亮(P<0.05);里脊、前腱子部分肌肉嫩度在18.67~59.41 N,显著低于颈部、后腱子(P<0.05),里脊肉肌苷酸含量显著高于前腱子(P<0.05)。不同年龄和部位的鹿肉呈味氨基酸含量差异显著(P<0.05)。pH值与滴水损失、嫩度,滴水损失与蒸煮损失,L^(*)值与b^(*)值,a^(*)值与b^(*)值、L^(*)值、嫩度均呈正相关,a^(*)值与滴水损失、蒸煮损失呈负相关(P<0.05)。由此可见,梅花鹿不同年龄和部位的肉品质差异显著,2、3岁龄梅花鹿肉色明亮,肉质鲜嫩,风味独特,里脊、前腱子肉质鲜嫩,上脑、前腿肉色鲜亮、滴水损失低,可作为高品质鹿肉进行开发利用。