Analytical Solution and Simplified Formula for Added Mass of Horizontal and Vertical Motions of Truncated Cylinders Under Earthquake Action

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of floating truncated cylinders undergoing horizontal and vertical motions due to earthquake excitations in the finite water depth.The governing equation of the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the cylinder is derived based on the radiation theory with the inviscid and incompressible assumptions.The governing equation is solved by using the method of separating variables and analytical solutions are obtained by assigning reasonable boundary conditions.The analytical result is validated by a numerical model using the exact artificial boundary simulation of the infinite water.The main variation and distribution characteristics of the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the side and bottom of the cylinder are analyzed for different combinations of wide-height and immersion ratios.The added mass coefficient of the cylinder is calculated by integrating the hydrodynamic pressure and simplified formulas are proposed for engineering applications.The calculation results show that the simplified formulas are in good agreement with the analytical solutions.

Influence of joint spacing and rock characteristics on the toppling stability of cut rock slope through a simplified limit equilibrium method

Toppling failure of rock mass/soil slope is an important geological and environmental problem.Clarifying its failure mechanism under different conditions has great significance in engineering.The toppling failure of a cutting slope occurred in a hydropower station in Kyushu,Japan illustrates that the joint characteristic played a significant role in the occurrence of rock slope tipping failure.Thus,in order to consider the mechanical properties of jointed rock mass and the influence of geometric conditions,a simplified analytical approach based on the limit equilibrium method for modeling the flexural toppling of cut rock slopes is proposed to consider the influence of the mechanical properties and geometry condition of jointed rock mass.The theoretical solution is compared with the numerical solution taking Kyushu Hydropower Station in Japan as one case,and it is found that the theoretical solution obtained by the simplified analysis method is consistent with the numerical analytical solution,thus verifying the accuracy of the simplified method.Meanwhile,the Goodman-Bray approach conventionally used in engineering practice is improved according to the analytical results.The results show that the allowable slope angle may be obtained by the improved Goodman-Bray approach considering the joint spacing,the joint frictional angle and the tensile strength of rock mass together.

A Light and Simplified Branch Bending Method for Young Pear Trees

Aiming at high cost and low efficiency of conventional branch bending method in the modern intensive planting and labor-saving cultivation mode of young pear trees,this paper provides a new branch bending method with wide source of raw materials,cheap price and simple operation,which is also suitable for the management of low-age branches in the process of high grafting and upgrading of traditional big trees.

A Simplified Method for the Stress Analysis of Underground Transfer Structures Crossing Multiple Subway Tunnels

According to the design specifications,the construction of extended piles involves traversing the tunnel’s upper region and extending to the underlying rock layer.To address this challenge,a subterranean transfer structure spanning multiple subway tunnels was proposed.Deliberating on the function of piles in the transfer structure as springs with axial and bending stiffness,and taking into account the force balance and deformation coordination conditions of beams and plates within the transfer structure,we established a simplified mechanical model that incorporates soil stratification by combining it with the Winkler elastic foundation beam model.The resolved established simplifiedmechanicalmodel employed finite difference technology and the Newton-Simpsonmethod,elucidating the mechanical mechanism of the transfer structure.The research findings suggest that the load carried by the upper structural columns can be transferred to the pile foundation beneath the beams through the transfer structure,subsequently reaching the deep soil layer and ensuring minimal impact on adjacent tunnels.The established simplified analysis method can be used for stress analysis of the transfer structure,concurrently considering soil stratification,pile foundation behavior,and plate action.The pile length,pile section size,and beam section size within the transfer structure should account for the characteristics of the upper load,ensuring an even distribution of the beam bending moment.

Discussion on the Application Effect of Simplified Vacuum Sealing Drainage(VSD)in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Wounds

Objective:To analyze the effect of simplified vacuum sealing drainage(VSD)in the treatment of chronic refractory wounds.Methods:A total of 90 patients with chronic refractory wounds treated from May 2022 to May 2023 were randomly divided into groups.The simplified VSD treatment was employed in group A,and conventional treatment was employed in group B,and the wound healing of both groups were compared.Results:Group A showed better wound healing compared to group B,P<0.05;the wound healing rate,wound healing duration,visual analog scale(VAS)score,wound dressing times and other indicators in group A were better than those in group B,P<0.05.The SF-36 score of group A was higher than that of group B,P<0.05;the complication rate of chronic refractory wounds in group A was no different from that in group B,P>0.05.Conclusion:Simplified VSD treatment is effective in treating patients with chronic refractory wounds,and it reduces the number of wound dressing changes and promote wound healing.

A Simplified Model with Soil Water Limitation on Spring Wheat Growth

The authors constructed a simplified model of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carbon assimilation and dry matter accumulation (DMA) process which consisted of two independent variables, day length (L) and total daily radiation (TDR). Leaf water potential (Ψ) was incorporated into the simplified growth model based on the assumption that both light use efficiency (α) and CO 2 conductance of assimilation (g c) were depressed by water limitation. Finally,Ψ was estimated from a regression equation in which the independent variables were relative soil water content in the upper 80 cm (θ R,80 ), ambient temperature (T a), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the cumulative leaf water potential below thresholds of -1.5 MPa (Ψ c,1.5 ). Some applications in research program of field experiment of atmosphere_land surface processes in Heihe River region were tested. The simulated data agreed well with the data observed at Linze oasis in 1989 for various levels of water supply and at Zhangye oasis in 1992 in the field. The analysis and simulation using the model demonstrated that the simplified growth model could describe very well the DMA process of spring wheat with and without water limitation in the region of HEIFE (Heihe field experiment).

Study on Efficient and Simplified Interplanting Cultivation Technology of Cotton Cultivar Yinshan 8

According to the severe drop in the planting area of cotton in recent years, cotton variety Yinshan 8 was intercropped with onions and watermelon by using efficient and simplified interplanting cultivation techniques, such as large-scale and intensive planting, mechanized intertillage, integrated management of water and fertilizer, etc. The application of the techniques could reduce production cost, improve the comprehensive benefit of cotton planting, increase farmers＇ income, and promote the sustainable development of rural economy.

Simplified High-yielding Cultivation Technology of Rice

[Objective] The aim was to select simplified high-yielding cultivation technology of rice. [Method] The research explored three methods of farmland prepara- tion, transplanting, and fertilization including shallow rotary tillage and deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting and hand transplanting, controlled-release fertilizer and quantitative fertilization in order to investigate effects of different treatment groups on rice characteristics, economic characteristics, as well as labor saving, yield increasing and profit improving. [Result] Rice increased by 596.4-809.55 kg/hm2, labor saving reached 120-135 per hm2, and profit improved in the range from 5 521.39 to 8 727.48 yuan/hm2 in the treatment groups by combinations of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and controlled-release fertilizer, of shallow rotary tillage, mechanical transplanting, and quantitative fertilization, and of deep ploughing, mechanical transplanting, and controlled release fertilizer. [Conclusion] The three models are of promising prospects in production.

Light Simplified Cultivation Techniques of Wide Row and Double Ridge with Filming, Fertilizing and Sowing on One for Foxtail Millet

In view of the problems of completely depending on rain, low and unstable yield and complicated planting of dry land foxtail millet, the light simplified cultivation techniques of wide row and double ridge with filming, fertilizing and sowing on one for foxtail millet was formed through the integration of plastic film mulching technology and mechanized production technology by Institute of Millet crops of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, and the techniques were introduced from the key technologies of pre-sowing preparation, sowing, supporting equipment, field management, harvesting, plastic film recycling.

Light Simplified Foxtail Millet Cultivation Technique Adopting Furrow Sowing beside Plastic Film Covering Micro-ridges

In order to solve the problem that dry-land foxtail millet production completely relies on rainwater with the characteristics of low instable yield, manual thinning and weeding, high labor intensity, and labor and time saving, Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences integrated furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges, simplified cultivation and mechanized production, forming the simplified foxtail millet cultivation technique adopting furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges. This study introduced the technique points of the simplified foxtail millet cultivation technique adopting furrow sowing beside plastic film covering micro-ridges, including preparation before sowing,sowing, attached agricultural machines, field management, harvest and residual film recovery.

空时分数阶simplified modified Camassa-Holm方程的新精确解

借助分数阶复变换,将分数阶偏微分方程转化为常微分方程,然后应用首次积分法,得到空时分数阶simpli⁃fied modified Camassa-Holm方程的新精确解,其中包括孤立波解、周期波解、有理函数解,丰富其精确解解系。

SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY OF WEB PLATES OF BOX GIRDERS

The prosperous post buckling load capacity of web plates of box girders can be used.In this article,the post buckling behaviour of web plates of box girders under different loading conditions is theoretically analyzed and on the basis of domestic and overseas design codes of steel structures,the corresponding simplified analysis methods are put forward for the engineering design or code revision.It is proved that the simplified methods are safe,efficient and practicable through the comparison between several results.

Experimental, Numerical and Simplified Theoretical Model Study for Internal Solitary Wave Load on FPSO with Emphasis on Scale Effect

Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaveraged velocities induced by ISWs are used for the velocity-inlet boundary. Three scale ratio numerical models λ=1, 20 and 300 were selected, which the scale ratio is the size ratio of numerical models to the experimental model.The comparisons between the numerical and former experimental results are performed to verify the feasibility of numerical method. The comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results are performed to discuss the applicability of the simplified theoretical model summarized from the load experiments. Firstly, the numerical results of λ=1 numerical model showed a good agreement with former experimental and simplified theoretical results. It is feasible to simulate the ISWs loads on FPSO by the numerical method. Secondly, the comparisons between the results of three scale ratio numerical models and experimental results indicated that the scale ratios have more significant influence on the experimental horizontal forces than the vertical forces. The scale effect of horizontal forces mainly results from the different viscosity effects associated with the model’s dimension.Finally, through the comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results for three scale ratio models, the simplified theoretical model of the pressure difference and friction forces exerted by ISWs on FPSO is applied for large-scale or full-scale FPSO.

Cyclic performance and simplified pushover analyses of precast segmental concrete bridge columns with circular section

In recent years, precast segmental concrete bridge columns became prevalent because of the benefits of accelerated construction, low environmental impact, high quality and low life cycle costs. The lack of a detailed configuration and appropriate design procedure to ensure a comparable performance with monolithic construction has impeded this structural system from being widely used in areas of high seismicity. In this study, precast segmental bridge column cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the performance of unbonded post-tensioned segmental bridge columns. One monolithic and two precast segmental columns were tested. The preeast segmental column exhibited minor damage and small residual displacement after the maximum 7% cyclic drift; energy dissipation （ED） can be enhanced byadding ED bars. The experimental results were modeled by a simplified pushover method （SPOM）, as well as a fiber model （FIBM） finite element method. Forty-five cases of columns with different aspect ratios, axial load ratios and ED bar ratios were analyzed with the SPOM and FIBM, respectively. Using these parametric results, a simplified design method was suggested by regressive analysis. Satisfactory correlation was found between the experimental results and the simplified design method for preeast segmental columns with different design parameters.

Simplified criteria for diagnosing superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms using Narrow Band Imaging magnifying endoscopy

AIM To simplify the diagnostic criteria for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(SESCC) on Narrow Band Imaging combined with magnifying endoscopy(NBI-ME).METHODS This study was based on the post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. We performed NBI-ME for 147 patients with present or a history of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck, or esophagus between January 2009 and June 2011. Two expert endoscopistsdetected 89 lesions that were suspicious for SESCC lesions, which had been prospectively evaluated for the following 6 NBI-ME findings in real time: "intervascular background coloration"; "proliferation of intrapapillary capillary loops(IPCL)"; and "dilation", "tortuosity", "change in caliber", and "various shapes(VS)" of IPCLs(i.e., Inoue's tetrad criteria). The histologic examination of specimens was defined as the gold standard for diagnosis. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify candidates for the simplified criteria from among the 6 NBI-ME findings for diagnosing SESCCs. We evaluated diagnostic performance of the simplified criteria compared with that of Inoue's criteria.RESULTS Fifty-four lesions(65%) were histologically diagnosed as SESCCs and the others as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or inflammation. In the univariate analysis, proliferation, tortuosity, change in caliber, and VS were significantly associated with SESCC(P < 0.01). The combination of VS and proliferation was statistically extracted from the 6 NBI-ME findings by using the stepwise logistic regression model. We defined the combination of VS and proliferation as simplified dyad criteria for SESCC. The areas under the curve of the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria were 0.70 and 0.73, respectively. No significant difference was shown between them. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnosis for SESCC were 77.8%, 57.1%, 69.7% and 51.9%, 80.0%, 62.9% for the simplified dyad criteria and Inoue's tetrad criteria, respectively.CONCLUSION The combination of proliferation and VS may serve as simplified criteria for the diagnosis of SESCC using NBIME.

Genetic algorithm tuned PI controller on PMSM simplified vector control

A simple control structure in servo system is occasionally needed for simple industrial application which precise and high control performance is not exessively important so that the cost production can be reduced efficiently. Simplified vector control, which has simple control structure, is utilized as the permanent magnet synchronous motor control algorithm and genetic algorithm is used to tune three PI controllers used in simplified vector control. The control performance is obtained from simulation and investigated to verify the feasibility of the algorithm to be applied in the real application. Simulation results show that the speed and torque responses of the system in both continuous time and discrete time can achieve good performances. Furthermore, simplified vector control combined with genetic algorithm has a similar perfofmance with conventional field oriented control algorithm and possible to be realized into the real simple application in the future.

Vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio for offshore ground motions:Analysis and simplified design equation

In order to study the differences in vertical component between onshore and offshore motions,the vertical-to-horizontal peak ground acceleration ratio(V/H PGA ratio) and vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio(V/H) were investigated using the ground motion recordings from the K-NET network and the seafloor earthquake measuring system(SEMS).The results indicate that the vertical component of offshore motions is lower than that of onshore motions.The V/H PGA ratio of acceleration time histories at offshore stations is about 50%of the ratio at onshore stations.The V/H for offshore ground motions is lower than that for onshore motions,especially for periods less than 0.8 s.Furthermore,based on the results in statistical analysis for offshore recordings in the K-NET,the simplified V/H design equations for offshore motions in minor and moderate earthquakes are proposed for seismic analysis of offshore structures.

Simplified analysis of frame structures with viscoelastic dampers considering the effect of soil-structure interaction

In this study, simplified numerical models are developed to analyze the soil-structure interaction （SSI） effect on frame structures equipped with viscoelastic dampers （VEDs） based on pile group foundation. First, a single degree-of- freedom （SDOF） oscillator is successfully utilized to replace the SDOF energy dissipated structure considering the SSI effect. The equivalent period and damping ratio of the system are obtained through analogical analysis using the frequency transfer function with adoption of the modal strain energy （MSE） technique. Aparametric analysis is carried out to study the SSI effect on the performance of VEDs. Then the equilibrium equations of the multi degree-of-freedom （MDOF） structure with VEDs considering SSI effect are established in the frequency domain. Based on the assumption that the superstructure of the coupled system possesses the classical normal mode, the MDOF superstructure is decoupled to a set of individual SDOF systems resting on a rigid foundation with adoption of the MSE technique through formula derivation. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods have the advantage of reducing computational cost, however, retaining the satisfactory accuracy. The numerical method proposed herein can provide a fast evaluation of the efficiency of VEDs considering the SSI effect.

Exact Solution of the Gyration Radius of an Individual's Trajectory for a Simplified Human Regular Mobility Model

We propose a simplified human regular mobility model to simulate an individual's daily travel with three sequential activities:commuting to workplace,going to do leisure activities and returning home.With the assumption that the individual has a constant travel speed and inferior limit of time at home and in work,we prove that the daily moving area of an individual is an ellipse,and finally obtain an exact solution of the gyration radius.The analytical solution captures the empirical observation well.

Modelling of an hydraulic excavator using simplifiedrefined instrumental variable(SRIV)algorithm

Instead of establishing mathematical hydraulic system models from physical laws usually done with the problems of complex modelling processes, low reliability and practicality caused by large uncertainties, a novel modelling method for a highly nonlinear system of a hydraulic excavator is presented. Based on the data collected in the excavator＇s arms driving experiments, a data-based excavator dynamic model using Simplified Refined Instrumental Variable （SRIV） identification and estimation algorithms is established. The validity of the proposed data-based model is indirectly demonstrated by the performance of computer simulation and the.real machine motion control exoeriments.