Cyber Security within Smart Cities:A Comprehensive Study and a Novel Intrusion Detection-Based Approach

The expansion of smart cities,facilitated by digital communications,has resulted in an enhancement of the quality of life and satisfaction among residents.The Internet of Things(IoT)continually generates vast amounts of data,which is subsequently analyzed to offer services to residents.The growth and development of IoT have given rise to a new paradigm.A smart city possesses the ability to consistently monitor and utilize the physical environment,providing intelligent services such as energy,transportation,healthcare,and entertainment for both residents and visitors.Research on the security and privacy of smart cities is increasingly prevalent.These studies highlight the cybersecurity risks and the challenges faced by smart city infrastructure in handling and managing personal data.To effectively uphold individuals’security and privacy,developers of smart cities must earn the trust of the public.In this article,we delve into the realms of privacy and security within smart city applications.Our comprehensive study commences by introducing architecture and various applications tailored to smart cities.Then,concerns surrounding security and privacy within these applications are thoroughly explored subsequently.Following that,we delve into several research endeavors dedicated to addressing security and privacy issues within smart city applications.Finally,we emphasize our methodology and present a case study illustrating privacy and security in smart city contexts.Our proposal consists of defining an Artificial Intelligence(AI)based framework that allows:Thoroughly documenting penetration attempts and cyberattacks;promptly detecting any deviations from security standards;monitoring malicious behaviors and accurately tracing their sources;and establishing strong controls to effectively repel and prevent such threats.Experimental results using the Edge-IIoTset(Edge Industrial Internet of Things Security Evaluation Test)dataset demonstrated good accuracy.They were compared to related state-of-theart works,which highlight the relevance of our proposal.

Do companies influenced by smart cities pay more attention to green governance?Mechanism and optimal spatial correlation

Smart cities are a way for China to construct an innovative and environmentally conscious nation.The paper examines the impact of smart cities on corporate green governance and provides a theoretical foundation for formulating and executing smart city policy in China.Based on panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2020,this study constructs a multiperiod double-difference model to examine the influence of smart cities on corporate green governance.Additionally,it uses a spatial double-difference model to investigate the spatial spillover effect of smart cities on neighboring areas.The findings indicate that smart cities effectively enhance corporate green governance.Analyzing the influencing mechanisms reveals that resource allocation efficiency,technological innovation,management environmental awareness,and regional environmental enforcement efforts act as mediators.Furthermore,the study reveals that the impact of smart cities on promoting corporate green governance is more pronounced in regions with lower levels of marketization and resource-based cities.Moreover,the research explores the spatial spillover effects of smart cities,with an effective radius of approximately 350 km.The optimal spatial correlation zone for green governance of businesses in neighboring areas in relation to smart cities is within a range of 250-350 km.This is manifested by the significant promotion of green governance in neighboring area businesses facilitated by smart cities.

Ensemble Deep Learning Based Air Pollution Prediction for Sustainable Smart Cities

Big data and information and communication technologies can be important to the effectiveness of smart cities.Based on the maximal attention on smart city sustainability,developing data-driven smart cities is newly obtained attention as a vital technology for addressing sustainability problems.Real-time monitoring of pollution allows local authorities to analyze the present traffic condition of cities and make decisions.Relating to air pollution occurs a main environmental problem in smart city environments.The effect of the deep learning(DL)approach quickly increased and penetrated almost every domain,comprising air pollution forecast.Therefore,this article develops a new Coot Optimization Algorithm with an Ensemble Deep Learning based Air Pollution Prediction(COAEDL-APP)system for Sustainable Smart Cities.The projected COAEDL-APP algorithm accurately forecasts the presence of air quality in the sustainable smart city environment.To achieve this,the COAEDL-APP technique initially performs a linear scaling normalization(LSN)approach to pre-process the input data.For air quality prediction,an ensemble of three DL models has been involved,namely autoencoder(AE),long short-term memory(LSTM),and deep belief network(DBN).Furthermore,the COA-based hyperparameter tuning procedure can be designed to adjust the hyperparameter values of the DL models.The simulation outcome of the COAEDL-APP algorithm was tested on the air quality database,and the outcomes stated the improved performance of the COAEDL-APP algorithm over other existing systems with maximum accuracy of 98.34%.

Deep Learning Method to Detect the Road Cracks and Potholes for Smart Cities

The increasing global population at a rapid pace makes road trafficdense;managing such massive traffic is challenging. In developing countrieslike Pakistan, road traffic accidents (RTA) have the highest mortality percentageamong other Asian countries. The main reasons for RTAs are roadcracks and potholes. Understanding the need for an automated system forthe detection of cracks and potholes, this study proposes a decision supportsystem (DSS) for an autonomous road information system for smart citydevelopment with the use of deep learning. The proposed DSS works in layerswhere initially the image of roads is captured and coordinates attached to theimage with the help of global positioning system (GPS), communicated tothe decision layer to find about the cracks and potholes in the roads, andeventually, that information is passed to the road management informationsystem, which gives information to drivers and the maintenance department.For the decision layer, we projected a CNN-based model for pothole crackdetection (PCD). Aimed at training, a K-fold cross-validation strategy wasused where the value of K was set to 10. The training of PCD was completedwith a self-collected dataset consisting of 6000 images from Pakistani roads.The proposed PCD achieved 98% of precision, 97% recall, and accuracy whiletesting on unseen images. The results produced by our model are higher thanthe existing model in terms of performance and computational cost, whichproves its significance.

Security and Privacy Concerns over IoT Devices Attacks in Smart Cities (2022)

Due to the long-term goal of bringing about significant changes in the quality of services supplied to smart city residents and urban environments and life, the development and deployment of ICT in city infrastructure has spurred interest in smart cities. Applications for smart cities can gather private data in a variety of fields. Different sectors such as healthcare, smart parking, transportation, traffic systems, public safety, smart agriculture, and other sectors can control real-life physical objects and deliver intelligent and smart information to citizens who are the users. However, this smart ICT integration brings about numerous concerns and issues with security and privacy for both smart city citizens and the environments they are built in. The main uses of smart cities are examined in this journal article, along with the security needs for IoT systems supporting them and the identified important privacy and security issues in the smart city application architecture. Following the identification of several security flaws and privacy concerns in the context of smart cities, it then highlights some security and privacy solutions for developing secure smart city systems and presents research opportunities that still need to be considered for performance improvement in the future.

Deep Learning Enabled Intelligent Healthcare Management System in Smart Cities Environment

In recent times,cities are getting smart and can be managed effectively through diverse architectures and services.Smart cities have the ability to support smart medical systems that can infiltrate distinct events(i.e.,smart hospitals,smart homes,and community health centres)and scenarios(e.g.,rehabilitation,abnormal behavior monitoring,clinical decision-making,disease prevention and diagnosis postmarking surveillance and prescription recommendation).The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)with recent technologies,for instance medical screening gadgets,are significant enough to deliver maximum performance and improved management services to handle chronic diseases.With latest developments in digital data collection,AI techniques can be employed for clinical decision making process.On the other hand,Cardiovascular Disease(CVD)is one of the major illnesses that increase the mortality rate across the globe.Generally,wearables can be employed in healthcare systems that instigate the development of CVD detection and classification.With this motivation,the current study develops an Artificial Intelligence Enabled Decision Support System for CVD Disease Detection and Classification in e-healthcare environment,abbreviated as AIDSS-CDDC technique.The proposed AIDSS-CDDC model enables the Internet of Things(IoT)devices for healthcare data collection.Then,the collected data is saved in cloud server for examination.Followed by,training 4484 CMC,2023,vol.74,no.2 and testing processes are executed to determine the patient’s health condition.To accomplish this,the presented AIDSS-CDDC model employs data preprocessing and Improved Sine Cosine Optimization based Feature Selection(ISCO-FS)technique.In addition,Adam optimizer with Autoencoder Gated RecurrentUnit(AE-GRU)model is employed for detection and classification of CVD.The experimental results highlight that the proposed AIDSS-CDDC model is a promising performer compared to other existing models.

Multi-Layer Fog-Cloud Architecture for Optimizing the Placement of IoT Applications in Smart Cities

In the smart city paradigm, the deployment of Internet of Things(IoT) services and solutions requires extensive communication and computingresources to place and process IoT applications in real time, which consumesa lot of energy and increases operational costs. Usually, IoT applications areplaced in the cloud to provide high-quality services and scalable resources.However, the existing cloud-based approach should consider the above constraintsto efficiently place and process IoT applications. In this paper, anefficient optimization approach for placing IoT applications in a multi-layerfog-cloud environment is proposed using a mathematical model (Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)). This approach takes into accountIoT application requirements, available resource capacities, and geographicallocations of servers, which would help optimize IoT application placementdecisions, considering multiple objectives such as data transmission, powerconsumption, and cost. Simulation experiments were conducted with variousIoT applications (e.g., augmented reality, infotainment, healthcare, andcompute-intensive) to simulate realistic scenarios. The results showed thatthe proposed approach outperformed the existing cloud-based approach interms of reducing data transmission by 64% and the associated processingand networking power consumption costs by up to 78%. Finally, a heuristicapproach was developed to validate and imitate the presented approach. Itshowed comparable outcomes to the proposed model, with the gap betweenthem reach to a maximum of 5.4% of the total power consumption.

An Optimized Offloaded Task Execution for Smart Cities Applications

Wireless nodes are one of the main components in different applications that are offered in a smart city.These wireless nodes are responsible to execute multiple tasks with different priority levels.As the wireless nodes have limited processing capacity,they offload their tasks to cloud servers if the number of tasks exceeds their task processing capacity.Executing these tasks from remotely placed cloud servers causes a significant delay which is not required in sensitive task applications.This execution delay is reduced by placing fog computing nodes near these application nodes.A fog node has limited processing capacity and is sometimes unable to execute all the requested tasks.In this work,an optimal task offloading scheme that comprises two algorithms is proposed for the fog nodes to optimally execute the time-sensitive offloaded tasks.The first algorithm describes the task processing criteria for local computation of tasks at the fog nodes and remote computation at the cloud server.The second algorithm allows fog nodes to optimally scrutinize the most sensitive tasks within their task capacity.The results show that the proposed task execution scheme significantly reduces the execution time and most of the time-sensitive tasks are executed.

Analysis of BrainMRI: AI-Assisted Healthcare Framework for the Smart Cities

The use of intelligent machines to work and react like humans is vital in emerging smart cities.Computer-aided analysis of complex and huge MRI(Mag-netic Resonance Imaging)scans is very important in healthcare applications.Among AI(Artificial Intelligence)driven healthcare applications,tumor detection is one of the contemporary researchfields that have become attractive to research-ers.There are several modalities of imaging performed on the brain for the pur-pose of tumor detection.This paper offers a deep learning approach for detecting brain tumors from MR(Magnetic Resonance)images based on changes in the division of the training and testing data and the structure of the CNN(Convolu-tional Neural Network)layers.The proposed approach is carried out on a brain tumor dataset from the National Centre of Image-Guided Therapy,including about 4700 MRI images of ten brain tumor cases with both normal and abnormal states.The dataset is divided into test,and train subsets with a ratio of the training set to the validation set of 70:30.The main contribution of this paper is introdu-cing an optimum deep learning structure of CNN layers.The simulation results are obtained for 50 epochs in the training phase.The simulation results reveal that the optimum CNN architecture consists of four layers.

Efficient Network Selection Using Multi-Depot Routing Problem for Smart Cities

Smart cities make use of a variety of smart technology to improve societies in better ways.Such intelligent technologies,on the other hand,pose sig-nificant concerns in terms of power usage and emission of carbons.The suggested study is focused on technological networks for big data-driven systems.With the support of software-defined technologies,a transportation-aided multicast routing system is suggested.By using public transportation as another communication platform in a smart city,network communication is enhanced.The primary objec-tive is to use as little energy as possible while delivering as much data as possible.The Attribute Decision Making with Capacitated Vehicle(CV)Routing Problem(RP)and Half Open Multi-Depot Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem is used in the proposed research.For the optimum network selection,a Multi-Attribute Decision Making(MADM)method is utilized.For the sake of reducing energy usage,the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem(CVRP)is employed.To reduce the transportation cost and risk,Half Open Multi-Depot Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem is used.Moreover,a mixed-integer programming approach is used to deal with the problem.To produce Pareto optimal solutions,an intelligent algorithm based on the epsilon constraint approach and genetic algorithm is cre-ated.A scenario of Auckland Transport is being used to validate the concept of offloading the information onto the buses for energy-efficient and delay-tolerant data transfer.Therefore the experiments have demonstrated that the buses may be used effectively to carry out the data by customer requests while using 30%of less energy than the other systems.

Embracing the Future:AI and ML Transforming Urban Environments in Smart Cities

This research explores the increasing importance of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)with relation to smart cities.It discusses the AI and ML’s ability to revolutionize various aspects of urban environments,including infrastructure,governance,public safety,and sustainability.The research presents the definition and characteristics of smart cities,highlighting the key components and technologies driving initiatives for smart cities.The methodology employed in this study involved a comprehensive review of relevant literature,research papers,and reports on the subject of AI and ML in smart cities.Various sources were consulted to gather information on the integration of AI and ML technologies in various aspects of smart cities,including infrastructure optimization,public safety enhancement,and citizen services improvement.The findings suggest that AI and ML technologies enable data-driven decision-making,predictive analytics,and optimization in smart city development.They are vital to the development of transport infrastructure,optimizing energy distribution,improving public safety,streamlining governance,and transforming healthcare services.However,ethical and privacy considerations,as well as technical challenges,need to be solved to guarantee the ethical and responsible usage of AI and ML in smart cities.The study concludes by discussing the challenges and future directions of AI and ML in shaping urban environments,highlighting the importance of collaborative efforts and responsible implementation.The findings highlight the transformative potential of AI and ML in optimizing resource utilization,enhancing citizen services,and creating more sustainable and resilient smart cities.Future studies should concentrate on addressing technical limitations,creating robust policy frameworks,and fostering fairness,accountability,and openness in the use of AI and ML technologies in smart cities.

Deep Consensus Network for Recycling Waste Detection in Smart Cities

Recently,urbanization becomes a major concern for developing as well as developed countries.Owing to the increased urbanization,one of the important challenging issues in smart cities is waste management.So,automated waste detection and classification model becomes necessary for the smart city and to accomplish better recyclable waste management.Effective recycling of waste offers the chance of reducing the quantity of waste disposed to the land fill by minimizing the requirement of collecting raw materials.This study develops a novel Deep Consensus Network with Whale Optimization Algorithm for Recycling Waste Object Detection(DCNWORWOD)in Smart Cities.The goal of the DCNWO-RWOD technique intends to properly identify and classify the objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The proposed DCNWO-RWOD technique involves the design of deep consensus network(DCN)to detect waste objects in the input image.For improving the overall object detection performance of the DCN model,the whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is exploited.Finally,Na飗e Bayes(NB)classifier is used for the classification of detected waste objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The performance validation of theDCNWO-RWOD technique takes place using the open access dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the enhanced performance of the DCNWO-RWOD technique interms of several measures.

Smart cities from low cost to expensive solutions under an optimal analysis

This scientific approach mainly aims to develop a smart city/smart community concept to objectively evaluate the progress of these organizational forms in relation to other classical/traditional forms of city organizations.The elaborated model allowed the construction of the dashboard of access actions in the smart city/smart community category on two levels of financial effort correlated with the effect on the sustainable development of smart cities.The validity of the proposed model and our approach was supported by the complex statistical analysis performed in this study.The research concluded that low-cost solutions are the most effective in supporting smart urban development.They should be followed by the other category of solutions,which implies more significant financial and managerial efforts as well as a higher rate of welfare growth for urban citizens.The main outcomes of this research include modelling solutions related to smart city development at a low-cost level and identifying the sensitivity elements that maximize the growth function.The implications of this research are to provide viable alternatives based on smart city development opportunities with medium and long-term effects on urban communities,economic sustainability,and translation into urban development rates.This study’s results are useful for all administrations ready for change that want the rapid implementation of the measures with beneficial effects on the community or which,through a strategic vision,aim to connect to the European objectives of sustainable growth and social welfare for citizens.Practically,this study is a tool for defining and implementing smart public policies at the urban level.

An evaluation model for smart grids in support of smart cities based on the Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Smart cities depend highly on an intelligent electrical networks to provide a reliable,safe,and clean power supplies.A smart grid achieves such aforementioned power supply by ensuring resilient energy delivery,which presents opportunities to improve the cost-effectiveness of power supply and minimize environmental impacts.A systematic evaluation of the comprehensive benefits brought by smart grid to smart cities can provide necessary theoretical fundamentals for urban planning and construction towards a sustainable energy future.However,most of the present methods of assessing smart cities do not fully take into account the benefits expected from the smart grid.To comprehensively evaluate the development levels of smart cities while revealing the supporting roles of smart grids,this article proposes a model of smart city development needs from the perspective of residents’needs based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory,which serves the primary purpose of building a smart city.By classifying and reintegrating the needs,an evaluation index system of smart grids supporting smart cities was further constructed.A case analysis concluded that smart grids,as an essential foundation and objective requirement for smart cities,are important in promoting scientific urban management,intelligent infrastructure,refined public services,efficient energy utilization,and industrial development and modernization.Further optimization suggestions were given to the city analyzed in the case include strengthening urban management and infrastructure constructions,such as electric vehicle charging facilities and wireless coverage.

Architectural Design Strategies for Smart Cities

The rapid development of science and technology in China has given rise to the concept of a smart city.A smart city has certain characteristics of integration and extensiveness,making it a popular topic for discussion.The emergence of smart cities brings about changes to people’s lifestyles,promotes economic development,and results in the innovation of environment protection work.Therefore,urban buildings should be designed based on the smart city concept to better meet people’s demands.Therefore,this article describes the definition of smart buildings and smart cities,the characteristics of smart city concepts,and the importance of smart city concepts in architectural design.Lastly,smart city architectural design strategies are proposed.

Smart Cities as Cyber-Physical Social Systems

The emerging prototype for a Smart City is one of an urban environment with a new generation of inno- vative services for transportation, energy distribution, healthcare, environmental monitoring, business, commerce, emergency response, and social activities. Enabling the technology for such a setting re- quires a viewpoint of Smart Cities as cyber-physical systems （CPSs） that include new software platforms and strict requirements for mobility, security, safety, privacy, and the processing of massive amounts of information. This paper identifies some key defining characteristics of a Smart City, discusses some lessons learned from viewing them as CPSs, and outlines some fundamental research issues that remain largely open.

Energy-Efficient and Blockchain-Enabled Model for Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Cities

Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and Internet of Things(IoT)have gained more popularity in recent years as an underlying infrastructure for connected devices and sensors in smart cities.The data generated from these sensors are used by smart cities to strengthen their infrastructure,utilities,and public services.WSNs are suitable for long periods of data acquisition in smart cities.To make the networks of smart cities more reliable for sensitive information,the blockchain mechanism has been proposed.The key issues and challenges of WSNs in smart cities is efficiently scheduling the resources;leading to extending the network lifetime of sensors.In this paper,a linear network coding(LNC)for WSNs with blockchain-enabled IoT devices has been proposed.The consumption of energy is reduced for each node by applying LNC.The efficiency and the reliability of the proposed model are evaluated and compared to those of the existing models.Results from the simulation demonstrate that the proposed model increases the efficiency in terms of the number of live nodes,packet delivery ratio,throughput,and the optimized residual energy compared to other current techniques.

Smart Cities in Europe and the ALMA Logistics Project

In this paper, a brief survey of smart citiy projects in Europe is presented. This survey shows the extent of transport and logistics in smart cities. We concentrate on a smart city project we have been working on that is related to A Logistic Mobile Application （ALMA）. The application is based on Internet of Things and combines a communication infrastructure and a High Performance Computing infrastructure in order to deliver mobile logistic services with high quality of service and adaptation to the dynamic nature of logistic operations.

Machine Learning-Enabled Power Scheduling in IoT-Based Smart Cities

Recent advancements in hardware and communication technologies have enabled worldwide interconnection using the internet of things(IoT).The IoT is the backbone of smart city applications such as smart grids and green energy management.In smart cities,the IoT devices are used for linking power,price,energy,and demand information for smart homes and home energy management(HEM)in the smart grids.In complex smart gridconnected systems,power scheduling and secure dispatch of information are the main research challenge.These challenges can be resolved through various machine learning techniques and data analytics.In this paper,we have proposed a particle swarm optimization based machine learning algorithm known as a collaborative execute-before-after dependency-based requirement,for the smart grid.The proposed collaborative execute-before-after dependencybased requirement algorithm works in two phases,analysis and assessment of the requirements of end-users and power distribution companies.In the rst phases,a xed load is adjusted over a period of 24 h,and in the second phase,a randomly produced population load for 90 days is evaluated using particle swarm optimization.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performed better in terms of percentage cost reduction,peak to average ratio,and power variance mean ratio than particle swarm optimization and inclined block rate.

An Efficient and Reliable Multicasting for Smart Cities

The Internet of thing(IoT)is a growing concept for smart cities,and it is compulsory to communicate data between different networks and devices.In the IoT,communication should be rapid with less delay and overhead.For this purpose,flooding is used for reliable data communication in a smart cities concept but at the cost of higher overhead,energy consumption and packet drop etc.This paper aims to increase the efficiency in term of overhead and reliability in term of delay by using multicasting and unicasting instead of flooding during packet forwarding in a smart city using the IoT concept.In this paper,multicasting and unicasting is used for IoT in smart cities within a receiver-initiated mesh-based topology to disseminate the data to the cluster head.Smart cities networks are divided into cluster head,and each cluster head or core node will be responsible for transferring data to the desired receiver.This protocol is a novel approach according to the best of our knowledge,and it proves to be very useful due to its efficiency and reliability in smart cities concept because IoT is a collection of devices and having a similar interest for transmission of data.The results are implemented in Network simulator 2(NS-2).The result shows that the proposed protocol shows performance in overhead,throughput,packet drop,delay and energy consumption as compared to benchmark schemes.