The Mental Protection System for Protective Behaviors: The Social Brain and the Mental Immune System

The physical protection system of the body consists of the protective organs for vulnerable body parts-functions and the protective countermeasures against invaders (pathogens), but to survive, the body also requires the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the protective instinctive mental countermeasures against adversities such as hardship, danger, and unfamiliarity-uncertainty. As a result, this paper proposes that the mental protection system of the body consists of the social brain to set up the protective social groups for vulnerable social members-functions and the mental immune system to produce the protective mental countermeasures against adversities. This paper proposes that from the social brain, the protective social groups include alliance group for vulnerable individuals, kinship-friendship group for vulnerable children, interdependent specialists group for vulnerable pregnant females, territorial group for social boundary, connective group for social connection, and competitive group for social competition. From the mental immune system, the mental protective countermeasures include comforter against hardship, hyperactivity against danger, phobia against unfamiliarity-uncertainty, and rationality against unfamiliarity-uncertainty. The overactive mental immune system causes mental allergies and auto immune diseases as personality-mental disorders against ubiquitous harmful and harmless perceived adversities, correlating to physical allergies and auto immune diseases against ubiquitous harmful and harmless detected invaders. The mental protection system also produces personality traits, social moralities, social organizations, social systems, religions, and cultures as described in this paper. The mental protective system is the source of protective behaviors.

Current needs, the future of adolescents and young adults having sustained a moderate or severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the potential of their social participation

The general objective of this study is to identify the specific needs of youths who have suffered a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their levels of life habit accomplishments. The secondary objective aims to identify how they view themselves in the future with regard to their life habits. Eighteen young persons with moderate or severe TBIs aged 14 to 20 completed questionnaires based on the Life-Habits questionnaire and elaborated on their current level of satisfaction and their visions of the future. Teenagers reported that maintaining good interpersonal relationships, being autonomous, fulfilling their responsibilities, warding off lone-liness, as well as being supported in their efforts to reach a satisfying response to their needs and concerns were their highest priorities. In order to increase their satisfaction related to life habits they suggest improving external factors, such as information concerning TBIs to their entourage. They see themselves as complete social participants in the future. Youths with moderate or severe TBIs identified their needs and envisioned their future to be like that of any other teenager and young adult. They hope to start a family and find a good job. They also identified strategies to improve their life habits.

Assessment of Social Participation in Three Measurement Times in Children with Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) Based on Parental Perceptions

Purpose: The aim of this study was to measure social participation in children with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) on their parental perceptions, retrospectively for the pre-injury period, at the beginning of rehabilitation and one year after return to school. Methods: This study was conducted among 17 children aged 5 to 17 years old with moderate or severe TBI and their parents. Social participation was assessed using the LIFE-H for Children (1.0). Results: A significant decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in the level of accomplishment of life habits was found for all categories between the measurements taken pre-injury and at the beginning of rehabilitation. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.002) related to the increase in the life habit accomplishment scores were also found between measurements taken at the beginning of rehabilitation and one year after return to school. Conclusion: TBI significantly affected the accomplishment of life habits of the participants compared to their pre-injury level. The assessment of social participation at various times provides a report on the client’s progress and allows clinicians to update his or her intervention plan, to plan follow-ups or to end the intervention. This knowledge must be considered by anyone involved in helping these children to achieve their greatest social participation.

Effect of Chronic DL-Amphetamine Exposure on Brain Volume, Anxiogenic, Locomotor, and Social Behaviors in Male SD Rats

Research examining the long-term effects of drugs such as AdderallTM, a mixed DL-amphetamine, as a first-line treatment strategy for those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is very much lacking. In order to address this, the present study sought to examine possible behavioral and neuroanatomical effects of chronic oral exposure to DL-amphetamine administered at a relatively low dose to the developing male Sprague Dawley rat. Animals were administered a mixture of chocolate drink and DL-amphetamine at a dose of 1.6 mg/kg for 36 days, beginning at PD 24 and ending at PD 60. Anxiety, a potential side effect of stimulant treatment, was assessed using three paradigms: The open field test (OF), the social interaction test (SI), and the elevated plus maze (EPM). The OF and SI were conducted using repeated testing over the course of five weeks. Testing occurred immediately after drug administration on a given day. The EPM was used only once on the penultimate day of treatment, before the drug was administered. Following drug treatment on PD 60, brain-to-body weight ratios were obtained. Results indicated that there were no group differences in brain-to-body weight ratios nor were differences in locomotor and social behaviors observed. However, rats treated with DL-amphetamine did show an anxiogenic response in the EPM. This was represented as a significant reduction in open arm entries. Overall our findings suggest that while chronic drug treatment fails to alter multiple measures of behavior, or reliable changes in brain volume, such treatment may impact a behavioral index of anxiety. Future research should seek to examine the implications of this heightened anxiogenic response in animals treated chronically with oral, low-dose DL-amphetamine.

脑机接口技术重点领域应用及其社会影响

近年来,脑机接口技术进展迅速,已经成为当今科技的前沿热点、商业投资的热点和社会关注的焦点。本文系统梳理脑机接口技术在医疗健康、军事及航天、教育、娱乐与艺术等领域的应用,分析该技术可能带来的社会效益,并对其在身心安全、技术不确定性与滥用、民众认知与社会心态等方面潜在的负面影响进行综合研判,提出应对建议。

轻微精神病综合征患者认知功能损害研究进展

轻微精神病综合征(attenuated psychosis syndrome,APS)是指具有高度精神病风险的临床障碍。该时期患者通常表现出多维度神经认知和社会认知功能受损。APS患者认知功能损害与额叶、颞叶及皮质下脑区的结构和功能异常有关。目前主要使用药物治疗、心理治疗、营养治疗和计算机认知训练提升APS患者的认知功能。未来可综合利用脑影像、电生理、分子影像等技术,深入探究APS认知功能损害神经病理机制,并结合计算机、虚拟现实、人工智能等技术,开发新型认知功能干预程序,以期实现APS精准防治。

孤独症谱系障碍个体的社交动作:预测加工视角

孤独症谱系障碍(简称ASD)个体在社交中表现出独特的动作特点。从预测加工的视角来看,可以从动作准备和动作执行两方面分析。在动作准备中,ASD个体表现出社交动作的信息准备缺失。在动作执行中,他们的知觉和行动之间协调不佳。此外,ASD个体社交动作相关脑区缺陷表现为神经远程连接受损,而短程连接过度。未来研究应该增加ASD与精神分裂症在预测加工框架下的横向比较,结合虚拟现实技术,制定促进ASD社会互动的干预方法。

政府数字社会创新能促进企业共享价值创造吗?——来自城市大脑的证据

共享价值创造是企业推进国家共同富裕战略实现的核心方式,会受到政府治理行为变革的影响。然而,政府数字社会创新作为政府治理行为变革新形态,其是否影响以及如何影响企业共享价值创造仍有待深入论证。基于交易成本理论,构建了政府数字社会创新和企业共享价值创造的理论联系。借助我国各地陆续引入城市大脑的准自然实验,采用多期双重差分法,研究发现,政府数字社会创新能促进企业共享价值创造,而且以城市大脑服务广度和应用清晰度为代表的政府数字社会创新水平越高,企业共享价值创造表现越好。机制检验发现,企业管理者战略领导力视角下的管理者能力和政治关联分别正向调节和负向调节政府数字社会创新和企业共享价值创造的关系。研究发现补充了企业共享价值创造的政府治理行为变革驱动因素研究,为政府数字社会创新对企业共享价值创造的影响及边界条件议题提供了有力回应和理论解释。

探索心理生理计算场理论

人类心智工作机制长期以来是脑科学领域的未解之谜,“心理生理计算”理论的提出为探究心智工作机制提供了量化度量的方法,即可以通过采集人体生理参数,借助人工智能和大数据的方法实现对人的心理状态进行量化评估.然而,当前“心理生理计算”理论离全面、客观地认识心智工作机制还存在一定距离.提出一种“心理生理计算场理论”,旨在通过引入物理学场理论的方法,结合“心理生理计算”理论构建客观量化反映人类心理状态动态变化规律的模型,推进精神疾病的分层分类和个性化、精准化诊疗.

基于肠道菌群和代谢组学探讨“脑肠共治”电针对孤独症大鼠的作用机制

目的观察“脑肠共治”电针对孤独症大鼠的社交能力及对肠道菌群、代谢产物的影响。方法采用丙戊酸钠腹腔注射法制备孤独症大鼠模型,选取造模成功的大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为模型组、基础电针组、针药结合组、脑肠共治电针组。另外选取10只正常大鼠为对照组。基础电针组予以电针百会、神庭、心俞;针药结合组在基础电针组的基础上再予以益生菌灌胃治疗;脑肠共治电针组在基础电针组基础上再结合电针足三里、曲池。均每日1次,连续4周。采用三箱社交实验评估行为学改变,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群分布情况,超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析血浆中的差异代谢组分,并结合Spearman相关性分析进行肠道菌群与代谢组学之间的关联分析。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠社交能力和社交新颖性均减弱(P<0.01);与模型组相比,基础电针组、针药结合组、脑肠共治电针组的社交新颖性增强(P<0.01);与基础电针组比较,针药结合组、脑肠共治电针组社交新颖性增强(P<0.01)。肠道菌群研究发现,与对照组比较,模型组的弯曲菌门相对丰度上调,嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌相对丰度下调;而与模型组相比,针药结合组、脑肠共治电针组的弯曲菌门相对丰度下调,嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌相对丰度上调。LEfSe分析发现,脑肠共治电针组与模型组共筛选出嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等21个关键菌,如与模型组比较,脑肠共治电针组可上调嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌、卷曲乳杆菌,同时下调梭状芽胞杆菌等。代谢组学分析共筛选出12个差异代谢物,通路分析显示,其主要与氨基酸代谢、磷酸盐代谢、嘌呤代谢、花生四烯酸代谢等通路相关。结论电针百会、神庭、心俞、足三里、曲池对孤独症大鼠社交能力有明显的改善作用,调控肠道菌群如嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等菌属丰度,同时影响代谢物水平,且部分代谢物的改变与肠道菌群存在复杂相关性,可能与氨基酸代谢、磷酸盐代谢、嘌呤代谢、花生四烯酸代谢等通路相关。

原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象失调现状及影响因素分析

目的:了解原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象失调现状及影响因素,为临床干预提供理论支持。方法:采用方便抽样法,选取2020年12月至2021年8月在昆明市某三甲综合医院神经外科住院的原发性脑肿瘤患者进行问卷调查,问卷包括一般资料问卷、身体意象量表、心理弹性量表-14、医学应对方式问卷、领悟社会支持量表。采用多元线性逐步回归分析探讨原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象失调的影响因素。结果:226例原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象得分为5.00(3.00,9.00)分,88.5%的患者存在身体意象失调,其中22.1%的患者存在严重身体意象失调。社会支持、心理弹性、文化程度、回避应对、性别、肿瘤分级是原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象失调的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:原发性脑肿瘤患者身体意象失调现状严峻,临床工作者应针对影响因素,采取干预策略改善身体意象失调问题,促进患者身心健康。

人工智能时代高校劳动教育高质量发展的三维探析——基于社会认知理论视角

人工智能作为实现教育现代化不可或缺的支撑和手段,为高校开展劳动教育提供全新的方式、载体和平台,拓展了劳动教育的内涵、空间和内容,同时也带来了全新的挑战。在人工智能时代,智能技术式教育手段淡化了劳动精神价值的塑造,虚拟数字式教育环境弱化了劳动认知能力的培养,而多元交互式的教育模式影响了劳动考评机制的完善。社会认知理论视角下,从学生个体、环境塑造和行动决策三个层面,探索人工智能背景下高校加强劳动教育的可持续路径。通过以生为本厚植劳动价值人文底蕴、手脑并举优化劳动教育实践情景、“一心双环”完善劳动教育评价保障机制等手段,最大限度地形成育人合力,有效推动人工智能时代高校劳动教育高质量发展。

脑电生物反馈辅助治疗慢性精神分裂症的效果

目的:探讨慢性精神分裂症经脑电生物反馈辅助治疗后的疗效及对认知、社会功能的影响。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年9月我院确诊并接受治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者60例为本次研究的对象,其中30例患者接受抗精神病药物治疗,归为对照组,另30例在抗精神病药物基础上进行脑电生物反馈疗法,归为观察组。比较两组的临床疗效(临床疗效总评量表-疾病严重程度(Clinical Global Impression-SI,CGI-SI))、脑电活动特征(异常不自主运动量表(Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale,AIMS))、症状改善情况(现状精神病症状检查(Present State Examination,PSE))、生活质量(日常生活评定量表(Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL))及社会功能(社会功能缺点挑选量表(Social Disability Screening Schedule,SDSS))。结果:治疗后两组CGI-SI评分、AIMS评分、PSE各维度评分、ADL评分及SDSS评分均显著改善(P<0.05),且观察组各项评分均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:通过对比分析发现,脑电生物反馈疗法联合药物治疗后,患者临床表现、不自主运动症状及认知功能均可得到明显缓解,而且其生活能力及社会功能也得到不同程度的改善,可作为慢性精神分裂症的有效治疗方案。

Adolescent social isolation influences cognitive function in adult rats

Adolescence is a critical period for neurodevelopment. Evidence from animal studies suggests that isolated rearing can exert negative effects on behavioral and brain development. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of adolescent social isolation on latent inhibition and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the forebrain of adult rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into adolescent isolation （isolated housing, 38-51 days of age） and social groups. Latent inhibition was tested at adulthood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adolescent social isolation impaired latent inhibition and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the medial prefrontal cortex of young adult rats. These data suggest that adolescent social isolation has a profound effect on cognitive function and neurotrophin levels in adult rats and may be used as an animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Autism, social cognition and superior temporal sulcus

Results on brain imaging studies have led to a better understanding of the neural circuits involved in social cognition and its implication in autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It has been shown that the superior temporal sulcus(STS)is highly implicated in social processes, from perception of socially relevant information, such as body movements or eye gaze, to more complex social cognition processes. Furthermore, several multimodal brain imaging results point to anatomo-functional abnormalities in the STS in both children and adults with ASD. These results are highly consistent with social impairments in ASD, among which eye gaze perception is particularly relevant. Gaze abnormalities can now be objectively measured using eye-tracking methodology, leading to a better characterization of social perception impairments in autism. Moreover, these gaze abnormalities have been associated with STS abnormalities in ASD. Based on these results, our hypothesis is that anatomo-functional anomalies in the STS occurring early across brain development could constitute the first step in the cascade of neural dysfunction underlying autism. In the present work, we’ll review recent data of STS contribution to normal social cognition and it’s implication in autism.

颞顶联合区在孤独症儿童社会认知中的作用机制研究进展(综述)

颞顶联合区(temporoparietal junction,TPJ)在社会认知加工中扮演重要角色,是孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder,ASD)发病机制的关键脑区。TPJ异常是ASD社会认知障碍的神经生物学特征,结构成像研究结果表明TPJ灰质体积是ASD社会感知能力的重要指标,功能连通性研究结果表明右侧TPJ神经环路异常是ASD社会认知障碍的重要指标。无创脑刺激研究结果发现对TPJ施加刺激可以有效提升ASD儿童的社会认知和语言能力。文章系统综述了TPJ在ASD社会认知障碍中的作用,为无创脑刺激疗法应用于ASD的临床早期干预和评估提供思路。

Changes in social emotion recognition following traumatic frontal lobe injury

Changes in social and emotional behaviour have been consistently observed in patients with traumatic brain injury. These changes are associated with emotion recognition deficits which represent one of the major barriers to a successful familiar and social reintegration. In the present study, 32 patients with traumatic brain injury, involving the frontal lobe, and 41 age- and education-matched healthy controls were analyzed. A Go/No-Go task was designed, where each participant had to recognize faces representing three social emotions （arrogance, guilt and jealousy）. Results suggested that ability to recognize two social emotions （arrogance and jealousy） was significantly reduced in patients with traumatic brain injury, indicating frontal lesion can reduce emotion recognition ability. In addition, the analysis of the results for hemispheric lesion location （right, left or bilateral） suggested the bilateral lesion sub-group showed a lower accuracy on all social emotions.

Neurosurgery in Parkinson's disease:Social adjustment, quality of life and coping strategies

Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation has become a standard neurosurgical therapy for ad- vanced Parkinson＇s disease. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation can dramatically improve the motor symptoms of carefully selected patients with this disease. Surprisingly, some specific dimensions of quality of life, ＂psychological＂ aspects and social adjustment do not always improve, and they could sometimes be even worse. Patients and their families should fully understand that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation can alter the motor status and time is needed to readapt to their new postoperative state and lifestyles. This paper reviews the literatures regarding effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on social adjustment, quality of life and coping strategies in patients with Parkinson＇s disease. The findings may help to understand the psychoso-cial maladjustment and poor improvement in quality of life in some Parkinson＇s disease patients.

建构心智化课堂:认知工具的视角

人类文化认知的独特性使得人类成为拥有社会互动和文化传承的心智化群体,人类天生具备在社交过程中加工处理社会信息的能力。伴随学校教育兴起,这种社会物种的天性却被越来越多的规训束缚而得不到释放,以致传统课堂的互动空间无法满足心智化发展的需求。如何在课堂教学中顺应人类的社交天性?文化进化心理学家海斯的认知工具理论提供了认识论框架,将心智化系统视作一种文化进化产物的认知工具集成,进而启发我们将社会动机、模仿、读心与叙事等“认知机制之磨”融入课堂的学与教。该范型将有归属感的社会性学习者、交互式的学习过程、为教而学的学习方式以及作为社会叙事的学习内容四大要素耦合起来,有助于生成一种“心智化课堂”,以释放课堂教学的社交天性。未来的研究可结合计算建模对认知工具和社会学习过程进行整合,在自然情境中革新心智化课堂范式,并关注心智化课堂中学习不良者的甄别和干预。

社会网络视角下兵团人才本土化研究

本土化人才队伍建设是兵团实现经济高质量发展和更好履行维稳戍边使命的重要支撑。结合社会网络理论,将兵团人才本土化过程划分为引入期、适应期和融入期,并分析不同时期人才的社会网络关系和结构特征。在归纳兵团人才本土化主要做法的基础上,分析人才本土化过程中存在引入期规划不明确、适应期工作支持网络缺乏、融入期情感支持网络不足等问题。最后从社会网络塑造角度构建新时期推进兵团人才本土化的思路,提出要拓展人才引入渠道、加大人才适应支持、加强人才融入管理。