One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar...One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis had been fed on wheat （Triticurn aestivum） seedlings contaminated with Cd and Cu for one month. In the ecosystem, the Cd concentration in wheat seedlings rose greatly with the increasing of Cd in the soil, but the Cu concentration in wheat seedlings was not found elevated. There was a highly significant difference（P〈0.05） in Cd concentrations of wheat seedlings and not any significant difference（P〉0.05） in Cu concentrations of wheat seedlings. The Cd and Cu concentration in different body part-head, thorax, abdomen, and hind femur, varied under different Cd concentrations in soil. There were significant differences （P〈0.05） in the four parts of Cd and Cu accumulations with all treatments. The order of Cd accumulation was thorax 〉abdomen 〉head 〉hind femur and the Cu was abdomen 〉thorax 〉 head〉hind femur. The results indicated that Cd and Cu were accumulated from the soil to grasshoppers through the plant; that is to say, Cd and Cu in environment could be transported to animal or human via food chain.展开更多
Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and...Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010-2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in Octo- ber 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments： control （CK）, warming （W）, clipping （C） and warming＋clipping combination （WC）. The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0-30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0-60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0-30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40-100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30-50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the down- ward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.展开更多
In the urbanized territory (the Irkutsk city), the content of sulfur and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc) in soil profile horizons and leaves (needles) arboreal plants were studied. High accumulation of poll...In the urbanized territory (the Irkutsk city), the content of sulfur and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc) in soil profile horizons and leaves (needles) arboreal plants were studied. High accumulation of polluting elements in pine and larch needles, birch and poplar leaves, as well as in all genetic horizons of the city soils was shown. There were revealed elements disbalance in city trees assimilation organs showing in the increase of the polluting elements quota with the parallel decrease of the quota of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese. Pollutants concentration in trees needles (leaves) was shown to be closely related to their content in soil horizons. The results speak in favor of high migration ability of polluting elements in soil profile and about possibility their entrance in trees root system and further to assimilation organs from all city soils horizons. It can be concluded that data on accumulation and migration of polluting elements in soils and arboreal trees assimilation organs contribute to adequate assessment of technogenic load on urban ecosystems.展开更多
The results from investigations indicated that mercury pollution in terrestrial ecosystem was serious due to the anthropogenic mercury emission growing in Chongqing, China. The concentration of atmospheric mercury in...The results from investigations indicated that mercury pollution in terrestrial ecosystem was serious due to the anthropogenic mercury emission growing in Chongqing, China. The concentration of atmospheric mercury in Chongqing was 34.4±2.7 ng/m\+3 with the range of 9.2—101.5. The accumulation of mercury in surface soil was increasing with time. The mercury content of some agricultural products have exceeded the food health standard value, especially near the mercury emission sources. The mercury accumulation in soil plant system was affected by atmospheric mercury and a positive correlation between them was found. Volatilization of mercury was the most important processes with which soil mercury joined the global mercury recycling.展开更多
Some possible effects involved with acid rain on plants,soils, surface waters of three selected subtropical terrestrial ecosystems in southern China,were revealed in this paper. The content of total C in layer A range...Some possible effects involved with acid rain on plants,soils, surface waters of three selected subtropical terrestrial ecosystems in southern China,were revealed in this paper. The content of total C in layer A ranged from 2.35%(Masson pine forest in Baiyunshan) to 5.33% (monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan), with medium values of 2.75% (Mixed pine forest in Heshan), and 3.87% (Masson pine in Dinghushan). The C/N ratio was low,at around 12.0 in layer A,and declined with the soil depth. The low content of total-C and total-N,as well as the C/N ratio indicated that the organic matter was decomposed well,due to the warm and rainy subtropical climate. The base cation saturation(BS) was less than 10% in all sample layers of the three sites,except one case that the BS in layer A of the Mixed pine forest in Heshan was 12.9%, showing that the soil acidification occurred to some extent. The high values of aluminum saturation(AlS) of all the three sample sites suggested that this high content of aluminum in soils was possibly associated with the input of atmospheric S and N, most likely led to the acidification of soil and soil water. The effective cation exchange capacity(CEC E) was high in these soils relative to the organic matter content, ranged from 41.6 to 78.9 meq·kg -1 in layer A, and 22.5 to 54.6 meq·kg -1 in the layer AB/B. The pH value of the surface water was lower (4.27) in a monsoon forest catchment, which was located very close to the Qingyun temple,a site associated with joss sticks and candles burning,compared with the surface water from the sky lake(pH=6.54), situated far away from the temple, and surface waters from Heshan (pH=6.91) and Baiyunshan (pH = 7.10). The mean F m/F v ratio ranges from 0.79 to 0.83,with relative smaller variations between species (Pinus massoniana and Cunnighamia lanceolata), than among different sample sites. The Ca/Al ratio differed with sample site, species, and the needle age, with the range of 57.5 (Dinghushan) to 126.8 (Heshan) for the Cunnighamia lanceolata and 8.0 (Baiyunshan) to 32.2 (Dinghushan) for the Pinus massoniana, implying that little possibility of the aluminum toxicity occurred with these two species,especially with the Cunnighamia lanceolata.展开更多
By the methods of sampling soil profiles which A,B,and C represent humus horizons,illuvial horizons,and parent materials horizons respectively,relationships between the activities of soil enzymes (which include catala...By the methods of sampling soil profiles which A,B,and C represent humus horizons,illuvial horizons,and parent materials horizons respectively,relationships between the activities of soil enzymes (which include catalase,invertase,protease,and acid phosphatase) and plant species diversity in three secondary successional plant communitites of forest ecosystem in Mt.Jinyun were studied in this paper.Results showed that different degree′s correlations existed between soil enzymic activities and plant species diversity indice (PSDI) which included Shannon-Wiener H′ index and Hill′s species diversity indice family \%N A\%,moreover,the degree of correlation depended on the horizon of soils,the type of enzymes,and the life form of plants (i.e.,tree,or shrub or grass).The degree of correlation between PSDI and soilenzymic activities decreased by the orders of A→B→C.The most significant correlation with PSDI was the activity of soil catalase,and in turn,was the activity of soil invertase,On the whole,the correlation between soil enzymic activities and tree layer′s PSDI was the most evident.Tree layer′s PSDI were positively and significantly (P<0.05) or very significantly (P<0.01) correlated with the activities of catalase and invertase of A and B horizons,and of protease and acid phosphatase of A horizons.Grass layer′s PSDI were also positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the activities of catalase and invertase of A horizons.Shrub layer′s PSDI were not significantly correlated with soil enzymic activities.展开更多
文摘One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis had been fed on wheat （Triticurn aestivum） seedlings contaminated with Cd and Cu for one month. In the ecosystem, the Cd concentration in wheat seedlings rose greatly with the increasing of Cd in the soil, but the Cu concentration in wheat seedlings was not found elevated. There was a highly significant difference（P〈0.05） in Cd concentrations of wheat seedlings and not any significant difference（P〉0.05） in Cu concentrations of wheat seedlings. The Cd and Cu concentration in different body part-head, thorax, abdomen, and hind femur, varied under different Cd concentrations in soil. There were significant differences （P〈0.05） in the four parts of Cd and Cu accumulations with all treatments. The order of Cd accumulation was thorax 〉abdomen 〉head 〉hind femur and the Cu was abdomen 〉thorax 〉 head〉hind femur. The results indicated that Cd and Cu were accumulated from the soil to grasshoppers through the plant; that is to say, Cd and Cu in environment could be transported to animal or human via food chain.
基金financially supported by the Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41301211, 41201195)
文摘Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010-2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in Octo- ber 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments： control （CK）, warming （W）, clipping （C） and warming＋clipping combination （WC）. The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0-30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0-60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0-30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40-100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30-50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the down- ward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.
文摘In the urbanized territory (the Irkutsk city), the content of sulfur and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, zinc) in soil profile horizons and leaves (needles) arboreal plants were studied. High accumulation of polluting elements in pine and larch needles, birch and poplar leaves, as well as in all genetic horizons of the city soils was shown. There were revealed elements disbalance in city trees assimilation organs showing in the increase of the polluting elements quota with the parallel decrease of the quota of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese. Pollutants concentration in trees needles (leaves) was shown to be closely related to their content in soil horizons. The results speak in favor of high migration ability of polluting elements in soil profile and about possibility their entrance in trees root system and further to assimilation organs from all city soils horizons. It can be concluded that data on accumulation and migration of polluting elements in soils and arboreal trees assimilation organs contribute to adequate assessment of technogenic load on urban ecosystems.
文摘The results from investigations indicated that mercury pollution in terrestrial ecosystem was serious due to the anthropogenic mercury emission growing in Chongqing, China. The concentration of atmospheric mercury in Chongqing was 34.4±2.7 ng/m\+3 with the range of 9.2—101.5. The accumulation of mercury in surface soil was increasing with time. The mercury content of some agricultural products have exceeded the food health standard value, especially near the mercury emission sources. The mercury accumulation in soil plant system was affected by atmospheric mercury and a positive correlation between them was found. Volatilization of mercury was the most important processes with which soil mercury joined the global mercury recycling.
文摘Some possible effects involved with acid rain on plants,soils, surface waters of three selected subtropical terrestrial ecosystems in southern China,were revealed in this paper. The content of total C in layer A ranged from 2.35%(Masson pine forest in Baiyunshan) to 5.33% (monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan), with medium values of 2.75% (Mixed pine forest in Heshan), and 3.87% (Masson pine in Dinghushan). The C/N ratio was low,at around 12.0 in layer A,and declined with the soil depth. The low content of total-C and total-N,as well as the C/N ratio indicated that the organic matter was decomposed well,due to the warm and rainy subtropical climate. The base cation saturation(BS) was less than 10% in all sample layers of the three sites,except one case that the BS in layer A of the Mixed pine forest in Heshan was 12.9%, showing that the soil acidification occurred to some extent. The high values of aluminum saturation(AlS) of all the three sample sites suggested that this high content of aluminum in soils was possibly associated with the input of atmospheric S and N, most likely led to the acidification of soil and soil water. The effective cation exchange capacity(CEC E) was high in these soils relative to the organic matter content, ranged from 41.6 to 78.9 meq·kg -1 in layer A, and 22.5 to 54.6 meq·kg -1 in the layer AB/B. The pH value of the surface water was lower (4.27) in a monsoon forest catchment, which was located very close to the Qingyun temple,a site associated with joss sticks and candles burning,compared with the surface water from the sky lake(pH=6.54), situated far away from the temple, and surface waters from Heshan (pH=6.91) and Baiyunshan (pH = 7.10). The mean F m/F v ratio ranges from 0.79 to 0.83,with relative smaller variations between species (Pinus massoniana and Cunnighamia lanceolata), than among different sample sites. The Ca/Al ratio differed with sample site, species, and the needle age, with the range of 57.5 (Dinghushan) to 126.8 (Heshan) for the Cunnighamia lanceolata and 8.0 (Baiyunshan) to 32.2 (Dinghushan) for the Pinus massoniana, implying that little possibility of the aluminum toxicity occurred with these two species,especially with the Cunnighamia lanceolata.
文摘By the methods of sampling soil profiles which A,B,and C represent humus horizons,illuvial horizons,and parent materials horizons respectively,relationships between the activities of soil enzymes (which include catalase,invertase,protease,and acid phosphatase) and plant species diversity in three secondary successional plant communitites of forest ecosystem in Mt.Jinyun were studied in this paper.Results showed that different degree′s correlations existed between soil enzymic activities and plant species diversity indice (PSDI) which included Shannon-Wiener H′ index and Hill′s species diversity indice family \%N A\%,moreover,the degree of correlation depended on the horizon of soils,the type of enzymes,and the life form of plants (i.e.,tree,or shrub or grass).The degree of correlation between PSDI and soilenzymic activities decreased by the orders of A→B→C.The most significant correlation with PSDI was the activity of soil catalase,and in turn,was the activity of soil invertase,On the whole,the correlation between soil enzymic activities and tree layer′s PSDI was the most evident.Tree layer′s PSDI were positively and significantly (P<0.05) or very significantly (P<0.01) correlated with the activities of catalase and invertase of A and B horizons,and of protease and acid phosphatase of A horizons.Grass layer′s PSDI were also positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the activities of catalase and invertase of A horizons.Shrub layer′s PSDI were not significantly correlated with soil enzymic activities.
