Regional Finite-Fault Source Model for Development of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in Sichuan, China

The attenuation relationship of ground motion based on seismology has always been a front subject of engineering earthquake.Among them,the regional finite-fault source model is very important.In view of this point,the general characteristics of regional seism-tectonics,including the dip and depth of the fault plane,are emphasized.According to the statistics of regional seism-tectonics and focal mechanisms in Sichuan,China,and the sensitivity of estimated peak ground acceleration(PGA)attenuation is analyzed,and the dip angle is taken as an average of 70°.Based the statistics of the upper crustal structure and the focal depth of regional earthquakes,the bottom boundary of the sedimentary cover can be used as the upper limit for estimating the depth of upper-edge.The analysis shows that this value is sensitive to PGA.Based on the analysis of geometric relations,the corresponding calculation formula is used,and a set of concepts and steps for building the regional finite-fault source model is proposed.The estimation of source parameters takes into account the uncertainty,the geometric relationship among parameters and the total energy conservation.Meanwhile,a set of reasonable models is developed,which lay a foundation for the further study of regional ground motion attenuation based on seismology.

Source-Sink Relationship in Intersubspecific Hybrid Rice

Three indica restorer lines （Mianhui 725, Shuhui 527, Shuhui 881）, an American rice variety Lemont and a javanica rice variety Xiangdali were crossed with japonica Kitaake, and five F1 hybrids were obtained to study the photosynthetic and agronomic traits. The data on photosynthetic characteristics indicated that the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） of the five F1 hybrids was significantly higher than that of their parents （or one of them） under high photosynthetic flux density （PFD）; while the overall performance of hybrids was better than their respective parents in apparent quantum yield （AQY）, carboxylation efficiency （CE） and CO2 compensation point （CCP）. Moreover, the photosynthetic performance of the five F1 were different due to the variation in heredity and the typical indica-japonica hybrids, Mianhui 725/Kitaake and Shuhui 527/Kitaake, were better than the others on this aspect. The agronomic traits revealed that the five F1 exhibited different heterosis, with Shuhui 881/Kitaake the largest sink followed by Mianhui 725/Kitaake, Shuhui 527/Kitaake, Lemont/Kitaake and Xiangdali/Kitaake. The production potential of indica-japonica hybrids was higher than that of the other two hybrids, which was consistent with the performance of Pn. However, the superior trait of indica-japonica hybrids on sink size has not been fully turned into high yield because of abnormal seed setting. Therefore, attention should be paid to the proper genome coordination and appropriate genetic distance so as to achieve super high yielding.

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.

Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Heat Source/ Sink over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its Relation to Circulation

Based on the 1961-1995 atmospheric apparent heat source/sink and the 1961-1990 snow-cover days and depth over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) and the 1961-1995 reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR and the 1975-1994 OLR data, this paper discusses the interannual variability of the heat regime and its relation to atmospheric circulation It is shown that the interannual variability is pronounced, with maximal variability in spring and autumn, and the variability is heterogeneous horizontally. In the years with the weak (or strong) winter cold source, the deep trough over East Asia is to the east (or west) of its normal, which corresponds to strong (or weak) winter monsoon in East Asia. In the years with the strong (or weak) sum mer heat source, there exists an anomalous cyclone (or anticyclone) in the middle and lower troposphere over the QXP and ifs neighborhood and anomalous southwest (or northeast) winds over the Yangtze River valley of China, corresponding to strong (or weak) summer monsoon in East Asia. The summer heat source of the QXP is related to the intensity and position of the South Asia high. The QXP snow cover condition of April has a close relation to the heating intensity of summer. There is a remarkable negative correlation between the summer heat source of the QXP and the convection over the southeastern QXP, the Bay of Bengal, the Indo-China Peninsula, the southeastern Asia, the southwest part of China and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in the area from the Yellow Sea of China to the Sea of Japan.

Assessing effects of “source-sink” landscape on non-point source pollution based on cell units of a small agricultural catchment

Ascertaining the relationship between "source-sink" landscape and non-point source(NPS) pollution is crucial for reducing NPS pollution, however, it is not easy to realize this target on cell unit scale. To reveal the relationships between "sourcesink" landscape and NPS pollution based on cell units of a small catchment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR), the runoff and nutrient yields were simulated first by rainfall events on a cell unit scale based on the Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model(AnnAGNPS). Landscape structure and pattern were quantified with "sourcesink" landscape indicators based on cell units including landscape area indices and locationweighted landscape indices. The results showed that:the study case of small Wangjiagou catchment highlighted a good prediction capability of runoff and nutrient export by the AnnAGNPS model. Throughout the catchment, the spatial distribution trends of four location-weighted landscape indices were similar to the trends of simulated total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP), which highlighted the importance of spatial arrangement of "source" and "sink" landscape types in a catchment when estimating pollutant loads. Results by Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the location-weighted landscape index provided a more comprehensive account of multiple factors, and can better reflect NPS-related nutrient loss than other landscape indices applied in single-factor analysis. This study provides new findings for applying the "source-sink" landscape indices based on cell units in small catchments to explain the effect of "source-sink" landscape on nutrient export based on cell unit, and helps improve the understanding of the correlation between "source-sink" landscape and NPS pollution.

Diagnostic Study of Apparent Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks in the South China Sea and its Adjacent Areas during the Onset of 1998 SCS Monsoon

The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation and distribution of the atmospheric heat sources are important for the monsoon onset. The earlier onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of enduring atmospheric heating in the Indo–China Peninsula and South China areas. The atmospheric heating firstly appears in the Indo–China Peninsula area and the sensible heat is the major one. The 30–50 day periodic oscillation of atmospheric heat sources between the SCS area and the western Pacific warm pool has a reverse phase distribution before the middle of July and the low frequency oscillation of heat sources in SCS area has an obvious longitudinal propagation. The 30–50 day low frequency oscillation has vital modificatory effects on the summer monsoon evolution during 1998. Key words Apparent heat sources - Apparent moisture sinks - The South China Sea monsoon - Diagnostic Study Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research “ SCSMEX” and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education: “ Study of the Air-sea Interaction in the SCS Monsoon Region”.

Anomalous Atmospheric Circulation, Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks in Relation to Great Precipitation Anomalies in the Yangtze River Valley

Using the summer (June to August) monthly mean data of the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) - National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis from 1980 to 1997, atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks are calculated. Anomalous circulation and the vertically integrated heat source with the vertical integrated moisture sink and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) flux are examined based upon monthly composites for 16 great wet-spells and 8 great dry-spells over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The wind anomaly exhibits prominent differences between the great wet-spell and the great dry-spell over the Yangtze River Valley. For the great wet-spell, the anomalous southerly from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea and the anomalous northerly over North China enhanced low-level convergence toward a narrow latitudinal belt area (the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River). The southerly anomaly is connected with an anticyclonic anomalous circulation system centered at 22 degreesN, 140 degreesE and the northerly anomaly is associated with a cyclonic anomalous circulation system centered at the Japan Sea. In the upper level, the anomalous northwesterly between an anticyclonic anomalous system with the center at 23 degreesN, 105 degreesE and a cyclonic anomalous system with the center at Korea diverged over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the contrary, for the great dry-spell, the anomalous northerly over South China and the anomalous southerly over North China diverged from the Yangtze River Valley in the low level. The former formed in the western part of a cyclonic anomalous system centered at 23 degreesN, 135 degreesE. The latter was located in the western ridge of an anticyclonic anomalous system in the northwestern Pacific. The upper troposphere showed easterly anomaly that converged over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A cyclonic anomalous system in South China and an anticyclonic system centered in the Japan Sea enhanced the easterly. Large atmospheric heat source anomalies of opposite signs existed over the western Pacific - the South China Sea, with negative in the great wet-spell and positive in the great dry-spell. The analysis of heat source also revealed positive anomalous heat sources during the great wet-spell and negative anomalous heat sources during the great dry-spell over the Yangtze River valley. The changes of the moisture sink and OLR were correspondingly altered, implying the change of heat source anomaly is due to the latent heat releasing of convective activity. Over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau- the Bay of Bengal, the analysis of heat source shows positive anomalous heat sources during the great wet-spell and negative anomalous heat sources during the great dry-spell because of latent heating change. The change of divergent wind coexisted with the change of heat source. In the great wet-spell, southerly divergent wind anomaly in the low level and northerly divergent wind anomaly in high-level are seen over South China. These divergent wind anomalies are helpful to the low-level convergence anomaly and high-level divergence anomaly over the Yangtze River valley. The low-level northerly divergent wind anomaly and high-level southerly divergent wind anomaly over South China reduced the low-level convergence and high-level divergence over the Yangtze River valley during the great dry-spell.

Ecosystem carbon storage and sink/source of temperate forested wetlands in Xiaoxing’anling, northeast China

Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but there are still considerable uncertainties in the estimation of wetland carbon storage and a dispute on whether wetlands are carbon sources or carbon sinks. Xiaoxing’anling are one of several concentrated distribution areas of forested wetland in China, but the carbon storage and carbon sink/source of forested wetlands in this area is unclear. We measured the ecosystem carbon storage (vegetation and soil), annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation and annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration of five typical forested wetland types (alder swamp, white birch swamp, larch swamp, larch fen, and larch bog) distributed along a moisture gradient in this area in order to reveal the spatial variations of their carbon storage and quantitatively evaluate their position as carbon sink or source according to the net carbon balance of the ecosystems. The results show that the larch fen had high carbon storage (448.8 t ha^(−1)) (6.8% higher than the larch bog and 10.5–30.1% significantly higher than other three wetlands (P < 0.05), the white birch swamp and larch bog were medium carbon storage ecosystems (406.3 and 420.1 t ha^(−1)) (12.4–21.8% significantly higher than the other two types (P < 0.0 5), while the alder swamp and larch swamp were low in carbon storage (345.0 and 361.5 t ha^(−1), respectively). The carbon pools of the five wetlands were dominated by their soil carbon pools (88.5–94.5%), and the vegetation carbon pool was secondary (5.5–11.5%). At the same time, their ecosystem net carbon balances were positive (0.1–0.6 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) because the annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation (4.0–4.5 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) were higher than the annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration (CO_(2) and CH_(4)) (3.8–4.4 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) in four wetlands, (the alder swamp being the exception), so all four were carbon sinks while only the alder swamp was a source of carbon emissions (− 2.1 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) due to a degraded tree layer. Our results demonstrate that these forested wetlands were generally carbon sinks in the Xiaoxing’anling, and there was obvious spatial variation in carbon storage of ecosystems along the moisture gradient.

A Review of Comminution Age Method and Its Potential Application in the East China Sea to Constrain the Time Scale of Sediment Source-to-Sink Process

The East China Sea(ECS) is a river-dominated epicontinental sea, linking the Asian continent to the northwestern Pacific via the large rivers originating from Tibetan Plateau. The relevant huge influx of riverine detritus has developed unique sedimentary systems in the ECS during the Quaternary, offering ideal terrestrial archives for reconstructing Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes and studying land-sea interactions. Overall, two characteristic river systems dominate the sedimentary systems and sediment source to sink transport patterns in the ECS, represented by the Changjiang(Yangtze River) and Huanghe(Yellow River) for the large river system and Taiwan rivers for the small river system. Given this, the sediments derived from both river systems bear distinct features in terms of parent rock lithology, provenance weathering and sediment transport. Previous studies mostly focus on either the ‘source' discrimination or the ‘sink' records of the sedimentary system in the ECS, while the source to sink process linking the land and sea, in particular its time scale, has been poorly understood. Here we introduce a newly-developed dating technique, the ‘comminution age' method, which offers a quantitative constraint on the time scale of sediment transfer from its ultimate source to the final depositional sink. This novel method is of great significance for improving our understanding on the earth surface processes including tectonic-climate driven weathering, and sediment recycling in relation to landscape evolution and marine environmental changes. The application of comminution age method in the ECS will provide important constraints on sediment source-to-sink process and more evidences for the construction of late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes under these unique sedimentary systems.

Convection of Maxwell fluid over stretching porous surface with heat source/sink in presence of nanoparticles:Lie group analysis

The convection of a Maxwell fluid over a stretching porous surface with a heat source/sink in the presence of nanoparticles is investigated. The Lie symmetry group transformations are used to convert the boundary layer equations into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by the Bvp4c with MATLAB, which is a collocation method equivalent to the fourth-order mono-implicit Runge-Kutta method. Furthermore, more attention is paid to the effects of the physical parameters, especially the parameters related to nanoparticles, on the temperature and concentration distributions with consideration of permeability and the heat source/sink.

Mixed convection flow in vertical channel with boundary conditions of third kind in presence of heat source/sink

The effects of viscous dissipation and heat source/sink on fully developed mixed convection for the laminar flow in a parallel-plate vertical channel are investigated. The plate exchanges heat with an external fluid. Both conditions of equal and different reference temperatures of the external fluid are considered. First, the simple cases of the negligible Brinkman number or the negligible Grashof number are solved analytically. Then, the combined effects of buoyancy forces and viscous dissipation in the presence of heat source/sink are analyzed by a perturbation series method valid for small values of the perturbation parameter. To relax the conditions on the perturbation parameter, the velocity and temperature fields are solved by using the Runge-Kutta fourth-order method with the shooting technique. The velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt num- bers at the plates are discussed numerically and presented through graphs.

Discussion on the Ecological Effects of Carbon Source/Sink Conversion in Wetlands

This study explored the ecological effects of the transformation of carbon source and carbon sink in wetlands, that were discussed from four aspects: atmosphere, ocean, plants and soil. The results showed that the wetland changed from carbon sink to carbon source, which led to the increase of CO_2 emissions in the atmosphere and the intensification of greenhouse effect, which made the earth face the threat of global warming. At the same time, the content of CO_2 in seawater is increased; the pH value of seawater decreases; the balance of seawater acid-base is destroyed; and the ocean acidification is caused.

Source-Sink and Grain-Filling Characteristics of Two-Line Hybrid Rice Yangliangyou 6

With two-line hybrid rice Yangliangyou 6 （YLY6） and Liangyoupeijiu （LYPJ） and three-line hybrid rice Shanyou 63 （SY63） as materials, the source, sink and flow characteristics in association with grain filling were investigated. The seed-setting rate, grain filling degree and grain yield of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly higher than those of LYPJ. The export and transformation percentages of the matter in culms and sheaths of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly higher than those of LYPJ. Activities of sucrose synthase, adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in grains were higher for YLY6 and SY63 than for LYPJ, and were very significantly correlated with maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, grain filling degree and grain weight. The spikelet number, grain yield and total sink load per area of vascular bundle and phloem of YLY6 and SY63 were significantly smaller than those of LYPJ, and the greater the load, the lower seed-setting rate and the poorer grain filling. The transportation rate per area phloem of YLY6 was greater than that of LYPJ or SY63. The results suggest that YLY6 possesses strong source, great sink activity and efficient flow, which lay a physiological base for its high seed-setting rate and good grain filling.

Discussion on Role of Forest to Control Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Taihu Lake Basin-Based on Source-Sink Analysis

Taihu Lake is located at the center of Changjiang delta region, the Lake and its effluent rivers are important water sources for 40 million around inhabitants and rapidly increasing industrial factories in Shanghai, Ji-angsu and Zhejiang. The pollutants originate mainly from acidy rain, home sewage of the vast number of inhabitants, livestock manure, agricultural fertilizers & pesticides applied over fields in the drainage basin, and the industrial sewage. Due to the kinds of pollutants, the Lake water is getting highly eutrophic, with frequent blooms of blue-green algae. Compared with point-source pollutants, diffuse pollution is much com-plicated and difficult to control. Thus combating non-point pollution (NPP) is paid much great attention. Based on analysis on source-sink of NPP in Taihu Lake basin, it is concluded that the function of forests on NPP control is multiple and important by both source reduction and sink expansion. The primary objective of planting trees through constructing forested wetlands and establishing riparian forest buffers is to control soil & water erosion, decrease agrochemicals application, and improve farming conditions in the region of Taihu Lake basin. Moreover forests help to intercept acidy rain, protect streambanks, uptake nutrients, hold up pollutants and provide habitat for wildlife.

Source-sink Characteristics and the Translocation of Assi- milates in New Plant Type and Intersubspecific Hybrid Rice

Both new plant type (NPT) and intersubspecific hybrid rice (IHR) had large sink size (total number of spikelets per m2), however, poor grain filling limited their potential in the grain yield. Compared to the three-line indica hybrid of Shanyou 63 (CK), NPT and IHR showed higher photosynthetic potential, higher dry matter accumulation and higher ratio of dry weight to spikelets (total dry wt./total number of spikelets) from heading to harvest. But both exhibited a low export percentage and transfer ratio of assimilates, low partitioning of 14C to grains from labeled flag leaves, low harvest indices and low physiological activities (IAA content and activities of ATPase and starch synthase) of grains at early grain-filling stage. The physiological activities of grains at early filling stage were significantly correlated with the export percentage and transfer ratio of assimilates, ripened-grain percentage and grain plumpness (r = 0.85 - 0.95). The source-sink ratio (dry matter wt./spikelet and nonstructural carbohydrate/spikelet) at heading was positively correlated with physiological activities of grains (r = 0. 84 - 0. 97 ). It is suggested that low physiological activities of grains at early filling stage is attributed to low source-sink ratio at heading, and the low sink activity weakens the ability to remobilize assimilates into grains, and leads to poor grain filling in NPT and IHR.

Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and the Remobilization of Dry Mass and Nitrogen in Vegetative Organs of Wheat

The photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and the accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis dry mass（DM） and nitrogen（N） in vegetable organs in nine wheat cultivars under different source-sink manipulation treatments including defoliation（DF）, spike shading（SS） and half spikelets removal（SR） were investigated. Results showed that the SS treatment increased the photosynthetic rate（Pn） of flag leaf in source limited cultivar, but had no significant effect on sink limited cultivar. The SR treatment decreased the Pn of flag leaf. Grain DM accumulation was limited by source in some cultivars, in other cultivars, it was limited by sink. Grain N accumulation was mainly limited by source supply. The contribution of pre-anthesis dry mass to grain yield from high to low was stem, leaf and chaff, while the contribution of pre-anthesis N to grain N from high to low was leaf, stem and chaff. Cultivars S7221 and TA9818 can increase the contribution of remobilization of DM and N to grain at the maximum ratio under reducing source treatments, which may be the major reason for these cultivars having lower decrease in grain yield and N content under reducing source treatments.

Effects of Radiations and Heat Source/Sink on a Casson Fluid Flow over Nonlinear Stretching Sheet

The present study deals with the flow over a nonlinearly stretching sheet of Casson fluid with the effects of radiation and heat source/sink. The Casson fluid model is used to characterize the non-Newtonian fluid behaviour. With the help of justified similarity transformations the governing equations were reduced to couple nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The effective numerical technique Keller Box method is used to solve these equations. The variations in velocity, temperature profiles were presented with the various values of nonlinear stretching parameter n and Casson parameter β. The nature of Skinfriction and Local nusselt number has presented. Effects of radiation and heat source/sink on temperature profiles have been discussed.

Boundary Layer Flow of an Unsteady Dusty Fluid and Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

An analysis has been carried out to study the effect of hydrodynamic laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a dusty fluid over an unsteady stretching surface in the presence of non-uniform heat source/sink. Heat transfer characteristics are examined for two different kinds of boundary conditions, namely 1) variable wall temperature and 2) variable heat flux. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to system of ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved numerically by applying RKF-45 method. The effects of various physical parameters such as magnetic parameter, dust interaction parameter, number density, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter and unsteadiness parameter on velocity and temperature profiles are studied.

Forest Canopy Flow Analysis Using Turbulence Model with Source/Sink Terms

A computational fluid dynamics( CFD) model was presented to simulate wind flow over a forest canopy for analyzing the wind flow within and above forest canopies. Unlike previous studies on the canopy flow,the effect of canopy contour on the canopy was considered to develop the simulation method into a more general but complex case of wind flow over a forest canopy,using cedrus deodara and cinnamomum camphora. The desire of this work is mainly motivated to provide a rational way for predicting the wind flow within and above vegetation canopies. The model of canopy is not incorporated in the geometrical model,and it uses a porous domain combined with k-ε two-equation turbulence model with source / sink terms. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the contour of pressure and velocity and compare the simulation results with other works and field measurements. Results are encouraging,as the model profiles of mean velocity( u) qualitatively agree well with other works compared with and quantitatively have similar explanations as several authors. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the adoption turbulence model with source / sink terms for forest canopies is proved to be a physically accurate and numerically robust method. The model and method are recommended for future use in simulating turbulent flows in forest canopies.