Static strength and crashworthiness analysis of a train cowcatcher at a running speed of 160 km/h

The cowcatcher is one of the unique devices at the front end of the train, which can remove obstacles on the track by crashing before the vehicle body to ensure the safety of the train. When a collision accident happens, the cowcatcher serves as the first energy-absorbing structure to dissipate and guide the collision energy. The design of the existing cowcatcher of multiple units generally focuses on the good ability to remove obstacles, while the secondary function, the crashworthiness of orderly deformation under collision, still needs further research. In this study, a finite element model of structural static load and collision analysis was established under standard EN 15227, with the cowcatcher for 160 km/h train as the prototype. Then the solution and simulation process was accomplished under the environment of ANSYS and LS-DYNA. The analysis results showed that the structural static strength of the current cowcatcher met the requirements of the standard EN 15227, and the longitudinal stiffness was evenly distributed. When removing the obstacles with low mass, the impact force was small and the structure would not produce obvious deformation;when removing the obstacles with large mass, the impact force was large and the shear fracture might occur at the connection of the cowcatcher.

A Model of the Fatigue Life Distribution of Composite Laminates Based on Their Static Strength Distribution

The reasons of the static strength dispersion and the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates are analyzed in this article. It is concluded that the inner original defects, which derived from the manufacturing process of composite laminates, are the common and major reason of causing the random distributions of the static strength and the fatigue life. And there is a correlative relation between the two distributions. With the study of statistical relationship between the fatigue loading and the fatigue life in the uniform confidence level and the same survival rate S-N curves of material, the relationship between the static strength distribution and the fatigue life distribution through a material S-N curve model has been obtained. And then the model which is used to describe the distributions of fatigue life of composites, based on their distributions of static strength, is set up. This model reasonably reflects the effects of the inner original defects on the static strength dispersion and on the fatigue life dispersion of composite laminates. The experimental data of three kinds of composite laminates are employed to verify this model, and the results show that this model can predict the random distributions of fatigue life for composites under any fatigue loads fairly well.

Prediction of Static Strength of Tubular T and X Joints Subjected to Axial Compression

-The formulation of ring analogy method for the prediction of static strength (ductile collapse) of tubular T, X joints under axial compression based on the limit analysis of the ring with some assumptions is presented in this papaer. The regression formula for the effective length of the chord based on test results is established by means of the least square method. The results computed by the present semi-analytic formula are compared with previous results and test data. They are quite close to each other. The accuracy of the present formula depends on the reasonable selection of the effective length of the chord, which requires numerous test data.

Radial X-Ray Diffraction Study of Static Strength of Tantalum to 80 GPa

We study the strength and texture of tantalum （Ta） under uniaxiM compression up to 80 GPa using an angle-dispersive radial x-ray diffraction technique together with the lattice strain theory in a diamond anvil cell at ambient temperature. The ratio of differential stress to shear modulus （t/G） is found to remain constant above -60GPa, indicating that the Ta starts to experience macro yield with plastic deformation at this pressure.Combined with independent constraints on the high-pressure shear modulus, we find that the Ta sample could support a differential stress of -4.67 GPa when it starts to yield with plastic deformation at -60 CPa under unlaxial compression. The differential stress in Ta ranges from 0.216 GPa to 4.67CPa with pressure increasing from 1 GPa to 60GPa and can be expressed as t=0.199（33）＋0.075（1）P, where P is the pressure in GPa. A maximum differential stress as high as -5.37 GPa can be supported by Ta at the high pressure of -80 GPa. In addition, we investigate the texture of Ta under nonhydrostatic compression to 80 GPa using the software package material analysis using diffraction. It is proven that the plastic deformation due to stress under high pressures is responsible for the development of texture.

An Improved Formulation for the Ultimate Static Strength of Tubular Joints subjected to Combined Loads

-'The effect of interaction of loads on the ultimate static strength of tubular joints of offshore fixed platforms, is a practical problem. But there is still absence of rigorous theory to explain available experimental data and empirical criteria for the static strength of tubular joints. The idea of yield at hot spot of tubular joints is introduced in this paper. The interaction equations of plastic capacity for the tubular joints under combined loads (two and three different kinds) are derived. Thereafter the Yura's test data and empirical criteria of ultimate static strength for the tubular joints can be explained. The idea of classification of category of loads in accordance with experimental data and the present theory is suggested. Finally, the improved ultimate capacity equations for tubular joints are recommended. The physical significance of the coefficient of plastic reservation Qp is discussed.

Effect of hot-humid exposure on static strength of adhesive-bonded aluminum alloys

The effect of hot-humid exposure(i.e., 40 C and 98% R.H.) on the quasi-static strength of the adhesive-bonded aluminum alloys was studied. Test results show that the hot-humid exposure leads to the significant decrease in the joint strength and the change of the failure mode from a mixed cohesive and adhesive failure with cohesive failure being dominant to adhesive failure being dominant. Careful analyses of the results reveal that the physical bond is likely responsible for the bond adhesion between L adhesive and aluminum substrates. The reduction in joint strength and the change of the failure mode resulted from the degradation in bond adhesion, which was primarily attributed to the corrosion of aluminum substrate. In addition, the elevated temperature exposure significantly accelerated the corrosion reaction of aluminum, which accelerated the degradation in joint strength.

基于允许可靠度的薄壁圆筒静强度安全系数

为建立钢制单层承压薄壁圆筒静强度的可靠性设计技术,当圆筒静强度与载荷分别符合正态分布且静强度分布参数为区间值时,应用概率论知识,构建了圆筒静强度在不同工况的可靠度系数、安全系数和工况系数三者之间的关系。研究表明:1)在一般气压试验或气液组合试验时,圆筒屈服强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于1.549且不超过2.115,爆破强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于4.081且不超过5.414。2)在一般液压试验时,圆筒屈服强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于0.605且不超过1.005,爆破强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于3.304且不超过4.430。3)在正常操作时,圆筒屈服强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于1.961且不超过2.484,爆破强度的允许可靠度系数应不小于4.280且不超过5.456。4)在允许可靠度系数满足上述取值范围,且工况系数符合中国标准时,圆筒屈服安全系数可取1.40,爆破安全系数可取2.00。

柑桔采摘机器人末端执行器设计与试验

针对现有柑桔采摘机器人末端执行器单果采摘时间长、采摘成功率低等问题,以20SiMnMoV合金结构钢为材料,设计制作了一款柑桔采摘末端执行器。该末端执行器主要由抓取机构、剪切机构、连接架及控制系统等部分组成,通过控制系统,抓取机构可以实现柑桔无损抓取,剪切机构可将果梗与柑桔快速分离。应用CATIA软件建立末端执行器的三维模型,借助UG与ABAQUS软件对其进行模态分析与静强度分析,得到末端执行器在采摘柑桔过程中不会发生共振,最大变形量为0.077 mm,最大应力为853.1 Mpa、小于材料屈服强度。在脐橙园田间采摘试验结果表明,在采摘机器人机械臂姿态的采摘角度为45°,切割刀刃角度为45°,空压机气压为6 kPa时,采摘成功率最高,单果采摘时间接近最小。该柑桔采摘机器人末端执行器采摘速度高,控制难度低,与机械臂集成度高。

单点系泊液滑环驱动臂设计与验证

驱动臂是驱动液滑环与浮式生产储油轮(floating production storage and offloading,FPSO)之间发生相对转动的重要连接组件,避免连接传递偏心荷载引发密封失效是该装置的设计关键。依托南海奋进号FPSO液滑环的国产化项目,本文设计了一种多点铰接形式的柔性连接驱动臂,通过有限元分析校核了驱动臂设计结构的静态强度和疲劳强度。通过开展驱动臂的动态摇摆与旋转试验,验证了往复摆动工况下驱动臂的驱动功能与载荷传递性能,为FPSO单点系泊液滑环的国产化提供了重要参考。

民用飞机门框止动块接触偏移的可靠性分析

民用飞机门框止动块是传递舱门载荷到机身结构的重要组件,止动块与止动钉的接触状态很大程度会影响载荷传递效率及结构可靠性。在舱门止动钉与止动块配合过程中,止动钉在接触面相对止动块会存在偏离理想设计接触状态的情况。为了评估面内接触偏移因素对止动块承载强度可靠性的影响情况,基于Isight平台集成ABAQUS软件和疲劳强度计算工具,通过量化接触偏移随机变量及其分布模型,采用蒙特卡罗法对随机变量抽样,形成一套参数化自动分析流程。经过多次循环抽样模拟计算,结合强度及疲劳计算准则分析接触面内偏移对止动块静强度、疲劳强度可靠性的影响规律。结果表明:在给定允许接触偏移量范围内,止动块的静强度、疲劳强度可靠性较高,超过3σ原则要求的99.73%,验证了止动块结构设计的合理性,该参数化自动计算流程可为机身结构的可靠性分析提供参考。

考虑静强度的复合材料疲劳寿命预测及概率特性分析

为考虑初始静强度对疲劳寿命的影响,基于经典剩余强度理论,构建同时考虑初始静强度和应力的复合材料疲劳寿命预测模型。建立的寿命预测模型能够表征疲劳寿命与初始静强度和应力之间的内在关系,可退化为经典S-N曲线。疲劳寿命与初始静强度呈非线性关系,疲劳寿命与应力呈高度非线性关系,疲劳寿命的概率分布可根据初始静强度和应力的概率分布利用MCS获得。算例表明,初始静强度和应力的概率特性对剩余强度和疲劳寿命的概率特性均有影响,相比初始静强度,应力对疲劳寿命概率特性的影响更加显著。

基于静强度分布参数的复合材料剩余强度及寿命预测

为探讨剩余强度及疲劳寿命与初始静强度分布参数之间的关系,构建基于初始静强度分布参数的剩余强度和疲劳寿命计算模型。在模型构建过程中未涉及复合材料结构的层数、铺层厚度和铺层方向,适应性强。模型参数可通过静力试验和剩余强度试验获得,试验成本相对疲劳试验较低。剩余强度和疲劳寿命与初始静强度变异系数及其分布参数有关,当初始静强度服从威布尔分布时,疲劳寿命亦服从威布尔分布,可为开展疲劳可靠性提供借鉴和参考。算例表明,基于建立的模型,剩余强度计算结果最大误差为-1.58%,疲劳寿命与试验数据吻合较好。

考虑过盈配合的抗侧滚扭杆寿命预测

抗侧滚扭杆用于提供限制车辆侧滚角度的侧滚力矩,可以提升列车运行的平稳性和安全性。文章以某型动车组用抗侧滚扭杆为研究对象,在考虑抗侧滚扭杆的扭杆轴与扭转臂过盈配合的前提下,基于FKM准则对抗侧滚扭杆进行静强度和疲劳寿命评估。结果表明,该抗侧滚扭杆在极限载荷和疲劳载荷工况下的利用度均小于1,同时满足静强度要求和疲劳寿命要求。

基于准静态法的船体梁极限强度试验设计方法

为了应对采用传统试验法求解船体梁极限强度问题时存在的成本较高的情况,有必要在开展试验之前进行预设计。针对船体梁极限强度试验预设计问题,采用四点弯曲理论对船体梁极限强度开展试验设计,给出具体的试验工装设计方案和加载方案,并采用准静态法分析该方案在中拱状态下的极限强度。将采用该方法所得计算结果与理想状态下的数值计算结果相对比对比,结果发现误差仅为0.08%,表明该试验设计方案可靠、可行。研究结果可为船体梁极限强度试验的开展提供参考。

加工因素对HDPE基木塑复合材料静曲强度的影响

为了研究木塑复合材料加工因素对复合材料力学性能的影响,采用正交实验法以静曲强度为评价标准,利用极差分析和方差分析法分析了螺杆转速、造粒温度、偶联剂质量分数和木粉含量等加工因素对力学指标静曲强度影响的顺序及各因素的最佳水平,确定了木塑复合材料静曲强度的各加工因素的最佳参数组合;系统地分析了各加工参数对木塑复合材料力学性能指标静曲强度的影响。结果表明,影响木塑复合材料静曲强度的主要加工因素由大到小依次为偶联剂质量分数>木粉含量>转速>造粒温度;得到最佳静曲强度的加工因素参数组合为转速150 r/min、造粒温度145℃、偶联剂质量分数为5%、木粉含量为60%;木粉含量及偶联剂质量分数对材料的静曲强度具有显著性影响,转速和造粒温度对材料静曲强度影响的显著性较低,其中,随着偶联剂含量的增加,静曲强度呈明显上升的趋势;当木粉含量从30%增大至70%时,材料的静曲强度呈先增加后减小的趋势。

粉煤灰改良红层泥岩填料静三轴试验研究

红层泥岩的吸水软化和体积膨胀特性易造成路基翻浆冒泥现象及路基不均匀沉降等病害,在作为公路路基填料时应对其进行改良。本文选用粉煤灰作为改良剂,通过室内X射线衍射试验、化学成分测试和易溶盐等试验,分析红层泥岩和粉煤灰的成分组成及离子含量;通过无侧限抗压强度试验、室内变水头渗透试验和固结等试验分析了试样改良前后物理力学特性;通过常规三轴UU试验,研究了不同粉煤灰掺量对改良试样剪切应力-应变及抗剪强度的影响;分析了粉煤灰掺量为10%时,养护龄期对改良试验抗剪强度参数的影响。结果表明:该地区红层泥岩属低液限黏土,其易溶盐溶液中的SO42-离子含量最高,pH值呈碱性;三轴剪切试验中,改良和未改良试样均呈塑性破坏,试样粉煤灰掺量和龄期均对试样抗剪强度提高具有促进作用,且黏聚力增长幅度远大于内摩擦角;粉煤灰掺量为10%龄期28 d时,试样黏聚力较未改良未养护试样和10%掺量未养护试样分别提升37.9%和6.9%,内摩擦角分别增大了1.2°和0.7°。试样的静力学试验均验证了粉煤灰改良的可靠性。

模拟酸雨对红黏土抗剪性能影响的静态浸泡试验

[目的]模拟酸雨对红黏土抗剪强度特征的影响,并结合酸雨侵蚀后红黏土的微结构,分析影响强度机理,为酸雨区的基础设施建设特别是路基边坡防护和保障基础设施安全运营提供理论和工程指导。[方法]以云南省昆明市某路基边坡红黏土为研究对象,采用静态浸泡试验,用纯水和配置不同浓度的酸液对红黏土进行7,14和28 d的浸泡和侵蚀,然后采用直剪试验对红黏土的抗剪强度进行测定,同时采用电镜扫描和能谱分析对侵蚀以后土样的微观结构进行解析以此来开展侵蚀机理研究。[结果]①酸液对红黏土应力应变特征影响是明显的,特别是在高浓度酸液的侵蚀下,应力应变曲线变得不稳定,呈台阶上升状,具有应变硬化特征。②受酸液的侵蚀影响,红黏土的抗剪强度最高降低率可达到70%(7 d)和80%(14 d),在pH值为0的高浓度酸液侵蚀28 d以后,抗剪强度仅有5 kPa左右,强度基本完全损失;同时在高浓度酸液侵蚀下,不论侵蚀多长时间,黏聚力都最低,仅为4.99,2.19,0.02 kPa。随着浸泡时间和酸液浓度的增加,红黏土的抗剪强度指标黏聚力和内摩擦角均逐渐降低,且酸液浓度对强度及其指标的影响更为显著。③酸液导致倍半氧化物减少,粒间黏结性和黏结力降低,内部孔隙增大结构疏松,含水率增大是红黏土抗剪强度和黏聚力降低的原因,而酸液使粒径整体减小是内摩擦角降低的主要原因。[结论]酸雨对红黏土路基边坡红黏土强度影响明显,酸雨浓度比降雨时长对强度影响更为显著,在路基边坡稳定性的预测与防治及保障公路基础设施安全运营时应予以重视。

风机叶片巡检机器人快速检测路径规划算法

提出一种基于风力机叶片仿真分析的巡检机器人快速检测方法,通过对风机叶片进行静强度仿真分析得到其应力云图,基于云图模型进行环境建模,针对传统A^(*)算法提出改进,进行了权重值改进、拐角优化以及路径平滑处理,并针对不同情况分别进行仿真分析对比实验。实验结果表明,所设计方案可以改进算法搜索效率,在完成既定目标的前提下缩短了路径长度,减少了搜索时间,可以实现风机叶片巡检机器人快速检测任务。

含盐量及冻融条件对冻融氯盐粉质黏土静动强度特性影响研究

沿海地区隧道建设中人工冻结法加固越来越多,而冻融氯盐粉质黏土静动强度及弹性模量特征是人工冻结法加固解冻融沉预测与稳定性设计的重要依据。为深入研究氯盐粉质黏土静动强度及弹性模量变化规律,开展了冻融前后、不同含盐量及冻融温度的固结不排水静三轴试验和动三轴试验。研究结果表明:不同试验条件下静三轴应力-应变曲线及动三轴骨干曲线均呈现应变硬化特征;冻融前试样曲线初始线性阶段更明显。静强度随含盐量增加先降后升,存在一对应最低强度的临界含盐量为1%;-10℃冻融后,含盐量≤3%时动强度无明显变化,含盐量为4%时动强度显著增大至其余含盐量试样的1.8倍;含盐量增加使弹性模量增加1.1~2.0倍。对弹性模量进行E/E_(max)归一化处理,并可用双曲线模型进行描述。冻融后,2%含盐量试样静、动强度损伤率分别为52%~66%、69%~78%,峰值静、动弹性模量损伤率为90%、81%。冻融温度对静、动强度及弹性模量影响不明显。研究结果可为人工冻结法在海相含盐地层应用、预测与控制工后融沉提供理论依据,保证隧道安全运营。

粉煤灰改良粉砂土动静力学特性研究

为探究不同粉煤灰掺量粉砂土的动力特性和粉煤灰改良粉砂土的改性机理,以绥化—大庆高速公路路基填土为研究对象,开展无侧限压缩试验和动三轴试验,分析粉煤灰掺量对粉砂土静力学特征影响情况,以及围压、动荷载加载次数和粉煤灰掺量对改良粉砂土动强度的影响规律。结果表明:围压相同的情况下,土体的无侧限压缩强度和动强度,均随粉煤灰掺量增加先升高后降低;加载次数相同时,围压越大,土体动强度越大;选取加载次数为100次动强度进行拟合分析,得出粉煤灰掺入量与动剪切强度对应关系的经验公式。为改善路基强度,加快粉煤灰综合利用进程,结合试验结果与数据分析,建议在粉砂土路基掺加质量比15%粉煤灰进行路基施工。15%粉煤灰掺入量的改良粉砂土对比素土,存在颗粒紧凑,孔隙更小,结构相对致密,骨架更强等优点,可为东北地区粉砂土改良等工程建设提供参考。