Hydrogen is the new age alternative energy source to combat energy demand and climate change.Storage of hydrogen is vital for a nation’s growth.Works of literature provide different methods for storing the produced h...Hydrogen is the new age alternative energy source to combat energy demand and climate change.Storage of hydrogen is vital for a nation’s growth.Works of literature provide different methods for storing the produced hydrogen,and the rational selection of a viable method is crucial for promoting sustainability and green practices.Typically,hydrogen storage is associated with diverse sustainable and circular economy(SCE)criteria.As a result,the authors consider the situation a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)problem.Studies infer that previous models for hydrogen storage method(HSM)selection(i)do not consider preferences in the natural language form;(ii)weights of experts are not methodically determined;(iii)hesitation of experts during criteria weight assessment is not effectively explored;and(iv)three-stage solution of a suitable selection of HSM is unexplored.Driven by these gaps,in this paper,authors put forward a new integrated framework,which considers double hierarchy linguistic information for rating,criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)for expert weight calculation,evidence-based Bayesian method for criteria weight estimation,and combined compromise solution(CoCoSo)for ranking HSMs.The applicability of the developed framework is testified by using a case example of HSM selection in India.Sensitivity and comparative analysis reveal the merits and limitations of the developed framework.展开更多
To study the effects of different storage methods and time on content of nutrients in biogas slurry of straw, two storage methods were carried out on biogas slurry between open storage and airtight storage conditions ...To study the effects of different storage methods and time on content of nutrients in biogas slurry of straw, two storage methods were carried out on biogas slurry between open storage and airtight storage conditions at normal atmospheric temperature. The contents of N, P, K, and organic matter in biogas slurry of straw were determined in different storage times. The results showed that: during the pro-cess of biogas slurry storage, little change occurred in the content of the organic matter while the total content of N, P, K significantly declined; up to 50 days, the total content of N, P, K reduced to nearly 80%-90%. Because the contents of N, P, K in biogas slurry reduced less in airtight storage conditions so that a better re-sult was found on airtight storage methods than open storage methods in fertilizer field of biogas slurry of straw.展开更多
Taking Yihong,the main cultivar of mid-ripening honey peaches(Prunus persica)in Hunan,as material,this study explored the effects of different storage methods on the fruit quality and physiological changes in Yihong h...Taking Yihong,the main cultivar of mid-ripening honey peaches(Prunus persica)in Hunan,as material,this study explored the effects of different storage methods on the fruit quality and physiological changes in Yihong honey peach by the combination of polyethylene film packaging with low-temperature storage.The results showed that the weight loss rate of packaged storage at normal temperature(T1)was significantly lower than that of unpackaged storage at normal temperature(CK),but there was no significant difference in other indicators.In the middle of storage,the respiration rate and ethylene release of packaged storage at 0℃(T3)were extremely significantly lower or significantly lower than those of unpackaged storage at 0℃(T2),packaged storage at 0℃after cold adapting at 8℃for 5 d(T4),and packaged storage in a fluctuating temperature range of 0~3.5℃(T5).After storage,the structure of the middle lamella in the cell wall of T3 was compact and uniform,and the mitochondrial structure was complete,while the cell walls and mitochondria of T4 and T5 were severely deformed and disintegrated.The activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)of T3 was significantly higher than those of T4 and T5,and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)of T3 was also the lowest.Therefore,0°C packaged storage can effectively delay the senescence of Yihong honey peach and prolong its freshness period.展开更多
A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of ...A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of “linked list” to the system of Micro Control Unit (MCU), and realizes the pointer access of nuclear data on the small storage space of MCU. Experimental results show that this method can solve some problems of traditional data storage method, which has the advantages of simple program design, stable performance, accurate data, strong repeatability, saving storage space and so on.展开更多
A Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model is developed to predict the mooring force of a two-dimensional floating oil storage tank under wave conditions, which is validated against to a newly performed e...A Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model is developed to predict the mooring force of a two-dimensional floating oil storage tank under wave conditions, which is validated against to a newly performed experiment. In the experiment, a box-shaped floating oil storage apparatus is used. Computations are performed by an improved CIP-based Cartesian grid model, in which the THINC/SW scheme (THINC: tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing; SW: Slope Weighting), is used for interface capturing. A multiphase flow solver is adopted to treat the water-air-body interactions. The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is implemented to treat the body surface. Main attention is paid to the sum force of mooring line and velocity field around the body. It is found that the sum force of the mooring line increases with increasing wave amplitude. The body suffers from water wave impact and large body motions occur near the free surface. The vortex occurs near the sharp edge, i.e., the sharp bottom comers of the float- ing oil storage tank and the vortex shedding can be captured by the present numerical model. The present model could be further improved by including turbulence model which is currently under development. Comparison between the computational mooring forces and the measured mooring forces is presented with a reasonable agreement. The developed numerical model can predict the mooring line forces very well.展开更多
The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been bu...The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale (millions of cubic meters) underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.展开更多
Hydrogen is a promising fuel for it is clean,highly abundant and non-toxic,but on-board storage of hydrogen is still a challenge.So it is imperative to have an efficient method of hydrogen storage.The mesoporous MCM-4...Hydrogen is a promising fuel for it is clean,highly abundant and non-toxic,but on-board storage of hydrogen is still a challenge.So it is imperative to have an efficient method of hydrogen storage.The mesoporous MCM-48 especially the nickel-containing MCM-48 has great potential in hydrogen storage.MCM-48 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis.Then electroless plating technology was used to deposit Ni on the surface of MCM-48 under ultrasonic environment.Powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and N2 adsorption-desorption were employed to investigate the pore structure properties.The results showed that all the samples had Ia3 d cubic structure and pore channels were highly ordered.Hydrogen adsorption studies showed that the MCM-48 after nickel plating adsorbed nearly twice the amount of hydrogen than pure MCM-48 at 2.0 MPa,263 K.So we believe that a small amount of Ni can improve the capacity of hydrogen adsorption of MCM-48 efficiently.展开更多
Observations collected in the Badan Jaran desert hinterland and edge during 19-23 August 2009 and in the Jinta Oasis during 12-16 June 2005 are used to assess three methods for calculating the heat storage of the5-20-...Observations collected in the Badan Jaran desert hinterland and edge during 19-23 August 2009 and in the Jinta Oasis during 12-16 June 2005 are used to assess three methods for calculating the heat storage of the5-20-cm soil layer.The methods evaluated include the harmonic method,the conduction-convection method,and the temperature integral method.Soil heat storage calculated using the harmonic method provides the closest match with measured values.The conduction-convection method underestimates nighttime soil heat storage.The temperature integral method best captures fluctuations in soil heat storage on sub-diurnal timescales,but overestimates the amplitude and peak values of the diurnal cycle.The relative performance of each method varies with the underlying land surface.The land surface energy balance is evaluated using observations of soil heat flux at 5-cm depth and estimates of ground heat flux adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The energy balance closure rate increases and energy balance is improved when the ground heat flux is adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The results achieved using the harmonic and temperature integral methods are superior to those achieved using the conduction-convection method.展开更多
This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfact...This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfactants or dispersants for stabilising the capsules. The results show that the one-step method allows the tuning of the size and polydispersity of the capsules, and the use of different core materials. Analyses of the capsules show that they contain about 65% phase change materials. The results also suggest no need for a stabilising agent due to self-stabilisation by the amine groups. Further work is underway to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of the microcapsules and the scale-up of the method.展开更多
Laser cooling of Li-like C^3+and O^4+relativistic heavy ion beams is planned at the experimental Cooler Storage Ring(CSRe). Recently, a preparatory experiment to test important prerequisites for laser cooling of r...Laser cooling of Li-like C^3+and O^4+relativistic heavy ion beams is planned at the experimental Cooler Storage Ring(CSRe). Recently, a preparatory experiment to test important prerequisites for laser cooling of relativistic^12C^3+ion beams using a pulsed laser system has been performed at the CSRe. Unfortunately, the interaction between the ions and the pulsed laser cannot be detected. In order to study the laser cooling process and find the optimized parameters for future laser cooling experiments, a multi-particle tracking method has been developed to simulate the detailed longitudinal dynamics of laser-cooled ion beams at the CSRe. Simulations of laser cooling of the^12C^3+ion beams by scanning the frequency of the RF-buncher or continuous wave(CW) laser wavelength have been performed. The simulation results indicate that ion beams with a large momentum spread could be laser-cooled by the combination of only one CW laser and the RF-buncher, and show the requirements of a successful laser cooling experiment. The optimized parameters for scanning the RF-buncher frequency or laser frequency have been obtained.Furthermore, the heating effects have been estimated for laser cooling at the CSRe. The Schottky noise spectra of longitudinally modulated and laser-cooled ion beams have been simulated to fully explain and anticipate the experimental results. The combination of Schottky spectra from the highly sensitive resonant Schottky pick-up and the simulation methods developed in this paper will be helpful to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of RF-bunched and ultra-cold ion beams in the upcoming laser cooling experiments at the CSRe.展开更多
文摘Hydrogen is the new age alternative energy source to combat energy demand and climate change.Storage of hydrogen is vital for a nation’s growth.Works of literature provide different methods for storing the produced hydrogen,and the rational selection of a viable method is crucial for promoting sustainability and green practices.Typically,hydrogen storage is associated with diverse sustainable and circular economy(SCE)criteria.As a result,the authors consider the situation a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)problem.Studies infer that previous models for hydrogen storage method(HSM)selection(i)do not consider preferences in the natural language form;(ii)weights of experts are not methodically determined;(iii)hesitation of experts during criteria weight assessment is not effectively explored;and(iv)three-stage solution of a suitable selection of HSM is unexplored.Driven by these gaps,in this paper,authors put forward a new integrated framework,which considers double hierarchy linguistic information for rating,criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)for expert weight calculation,evidence-based Bayesian method for criteria weight estimation,and combined compromise solution(CoCoSo)for ranking HSMs.The applicability of the developed framework is testified by using a case example of HSM selection in India.Sensitivity and comparative analysis reveal the merits and limitations of the developed framework.
基金Supported by Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period(2012BAJ21B04-04)Shandong Environment Bottlenecks Analysis Project(SDHBPJ-ZB-05)~~
文摘To study the effects of different storage methods and time on content of nutrients in biogas slurry of straw, two storage methods were carried out on biogas slurry between open storage and airtight storage conditions at normal atmospheric temperature. The contents of N, P, K, and organic matter in biogas slurry of straw were determined in different storage times. The results showed that: during the pro-cess of biogas slurry storage, little change occurred in the content of the organic matter while the total content of N, P, K significantly declined; up to 50 days, the total content of N, P, K reduced to nearly 80%-90%. Because the contents of N, P, K in biogas slurry reduced less in airtight storage conditions so that a better re-sult was found on airtight storage methods than open storage methods in fertilizer field of biogas slurry of straw.
文摘Taking Yihong,the main cultivar of mid-ripening honey peaches(Prunus persica)in Hunan,as material,this study explored the effects of different storage methods on the fruit quality and physiological changes in Yihong honey peach by the combination of polyethylene film packaging with low-temperature storage.The results showed that the weight loss rate of packaged storage at normal temperature(T1)was significantly lower than that of unpackaged storage at normal temperature(CK),but there was no significant difference in other indicators.In the middle of storage,the respiration rate and ethylene release of packaged storage at 0℃(T3)were extremely significantly lower or significantly lower than those of unpackaged storage at 0℃(T2),packaged storage at 0℃after cold adapting at 8℃for 5 d(T4),and packaged storage in a fluctuating temperature range of 0~3.5℃(T5).After storage,the structure of the middle lamella in the cell wall of T3 was compact and uniform,and the mitochondrial structure was complete,while the cell walls and mitochondria of T4 and T5 were severely deformed and disintegrated.The activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)of T3 was significantly higher than those of T4 and T5,and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)of T3 was also the lowest.Therefore,0°C packaged storage can effectively delay the senescence of Yihong honey peach and prolong its freshness period.
文摘A new method of data access which can effectively resolve the problem of high speed and real time reading data of nuclear instrument in small storage space is introduced. This method applies the data storage mode of “linked list” to the system of Micro Control Unit (MCU), and realizes the pointer access of nuclear data on the small storage space of MCU. Experimental results show that this method can solve some problems of traditional data storage method, which has the advantages of simple program design, stable performance, accurate data, strong repeatability, saving storage space and so on.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51209184,51279186,51479175)
文摘A Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model is developed to predict the mooring force of a two-dimensional floating oil storage tank under wave conditions, which is validated against to a newly performed experiment. In the experiment, a box-shaped floating oil storage apparatus is used. Computations are performed by an improved CIP-based Cartesian grid model, in which the THINC/SW scheme (THINC: tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing; SW: Slope Weighting), is used for interface capturing. A multiphase flow solver is adopted to treat the water-air-body interactions. The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is implemented to treat the body surface. Main attention is paid to the sum force of mooring line and velocity field around the body. It is found that the sum force of the mooring line increases with increasing wave amplitude. The body suffers from water wave impact and large body motions occur near the free surface. The vortex occurs near the sharp edge, i.e., the sharp bottom comers of the float- ing oil storage tank and the vortex shedding can be captured by the present numerical model. The present model could be further improved by including turbulence model which is currently under development. Comparison between the computational mooring forces and the measured mooring forces is presented with a reasonable agreement. The developed numerical model can predict the mooring line forces very well.
文摘The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale (millions of cubic meters) underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.
文摘Hydrogen is a promising fuel for it is clean,highly abundant and non-toxic,but on-board storage of hydrogen is still a challenge.So it is imperative to have an efficient method of hydrogen storage.The mesoporous MCM-48 especially the nickel-containing MCM-48 has great potential in hydrogen storage.MCM-48 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis.Then electroless plating technology was used to deposit Ni on the surface of MCM-48 under ultrasonic environment.Powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and N2 adsorption-desorption were employed to investigate the pore structure properties.The results showed that all the samples had Ia3 d cubic structure and pore channels were highly ordered.Hydrogen adsorption studies showed that the MCM-48 after nickel plating adsorbed nearly twice the amount of hydrogen than pure MCM-48 at 2.0 MPa,263 K.So we believe that a small amount of Ni can improve the capacity of hydrogen adsorption of MCM-48 efficiently.
基金Supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2012BAH29B03)National(Key) Basic Research and Development(973)Program of China(2009CB421402)
文摘Observations collected in the Badan Jaran desert hinterland and edge during 19-23 August 2009 and in the Jinta Oasis during 12-16 June 2005 are used to assess three methods for calculating the heat storage of the5-20-cm soil layer.The methods evaluated include the harmonic method,the conduction-convection method,and the temperature integral method.Soil heat storage calculated using the harmonic method provides the closest match with measured values.The conduction-convection method underestimates nighttime soil heat storage.The temperature integral method best captures fluctuations in soil heat storage on sub-diurnal timescales,but overestimates the amplitude and peak values of the diurnal cycle.The relative performance of each method varies with the underlying land surface.The land surface energy balance is evaluated using observations of soil heat flux at 5-cm depth and estimates of ground heat flux adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The energy balance closure rate increases and energy balance is improved when the ground heat flux is adjusted to account for soil heat storage.The results achieved using the harmonic and temperature integral methods are superior to those achieved using the conduction-convection method.
基金supported by UK EPSRC under grants EP/F023014/1 and EP/F000464/1a collaborative research fund from the Institute of Process Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfactants or dispersants for stabilising the capsules. The results show that the one-step method allows the tuning of the size and polydispersity of the capsules, and the use of different core materials. Analyses of the capsules show that they contain about 65% phase change materials. The results also suggest no need for a stabilising agent due to self-stabilisation by the amine groups. Further work is underway to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of the microcapsules and the scale-up of the method.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11405237,11504388)
文摘Laser cooling of Li-like C^3+and O^4+relativistic heavy ion beams is planned at the experimental Cooler Storage Ring(CSRe). Recently, a preparatory experiment to test important prerequisites for laser cooling of relativistic^12C^3+ion beams using a pulsed laser system has been performed at the CSRe. Unfortunately, the interaction between the ions and the pulsed laser cannot be detected. In order to study the laser cooling process and find the optimized parameters for future laser cooling experiments, a multi-particle tracking method has been developed to simulate the detailed longitudinal dynamics of laser-cooled ion beams at the CSRe. Simulations of laser cooling of the^12C^3+ion beams by scanning the frequency of the RF-buncher or continuous wave(CW) laser wavelength have been performed. The simulation results indicate that ion beams with a large momentum spread could be laser-cooled by the combination of only one CW laser and the RF-buncher, and show the requirements of a successful laser cooling experiment. The optimized parameters for scanning the RF-buncher frequency or laser frequency have been obtained.Furthermore, the heating effects have been estimated for laser cooling at the CSRe. The Schottky noise spectra of longitudinally modulated and laser-cooled ion beams have been simulated to fully explain and anticipate the experimental results. The combination of Schottky spectra from the highly sensitive resonant Schottky pick-up and the simulation methods developed in this paper will be helpful to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of RF-bunched and ultra-cold ion beams in the upcoming laser cooling experiments at the CSRe.