The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons,...The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.展开更多
How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice. In the paper the concept of the se...How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice. In the paper the concept of the severest design ground motion is proposed and a method is developed for comparing the severity of the recorded strong ground motions. By using this method the severest earthquake ground motions are selected out as seismic inputs to the structures to be designed from a database that consists of more than five thousand significant strong ground motion records collected over the world. The selected severest ground motions are very likely to be able to drive the structures to their critical response and thereby result in the highest damage potential. It is noted that for different structures with different predominant natural periods and at different sites where structures are located the severest design ground motions are usually different. Finally, two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the rationality of the concept and the reliability of the selected design motion.展开更多
We investigate the role of core potential in high ionization potential systems on high harmonic generation (HHG) spectra and obtain attosecond pulses. In our scheme, we use a standard soft core potential to model high...We investigate the role of core potential in high ionization potential systems on high harmonic generation (HHG) spectra and obtain attosecond pulses. In our scheme, we use a standard soft core potential to model high ionization potential systems and irradiated these systems with fixed laser parameters. We observe the role of these systems on all the three steps involved in HHG process including ionization, propagation and recombination. In our study, the results illustrate that for high ionization potential systems, the HHG process is more sensitive to the ionization probability compared to the recombination amplitude. We also observe that due to the stronger core potential, small oscillations of the electrons during the propagation do not contribute to the HHG spectrum, which implies the dominance of only long quantum paths in the HHG spectrum. Our results, for attosecond pulse generation, show that long quantum path electrons are responsible for the supercontinuum region near the cutoff, which is suitable for the extraction of a single attosecond pulse in this region.展开更多
We derive a simple ionization rate formula for the ground state of a hydrogen atom in the velocity gauge under the conditions:ω〈〈1 a.u.(a.u.is short for atomic unit) and γ〈〈1(ω is the laser frequency and y ...We derive a simple ionization rate formula for the ground state of a hydrogen atom in the velocity gauge under the conditions:ω〈〈1 a.u.(a.u.is short for atomic unit) and γ〈〈1(ω is the laser frequency and y is the Keldysh parameter).Comparisons are made among the different versions of the Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss(KFR) theory.The numerical study shows that with considering the quasi-classical(WKB) Coulomb correction in the final state of the ionized electron,the photoionization rate is enhanced compared with without considering the Coulomb correction,and the Reiss theory with the WKB Coulomb correction gives the correct result in the tunneling regime.Our concise formula of the ionization rate may provide an insight into the ionization mechanism for the ground state of a hydrogen atom.展开更多
文摘The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (59895410)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (E0228) Joint Seismological Foundation of China (95-07-444).
文摘How to select the adequate real strong earthquake ground motion for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering research and practice. In the paper the concept of the severest design ground motion is proposed and a method is developed for comparing the severity of the recorded strong ground motions. By using this method the severest earthquake ground motions are selected out as seismic inputs to the structures to be designed from a database that consists of more than five thousand significant strong ground motion records collected over the world. The selected severest ground motions are very likely to be able to drive the structures to their critical response and thereby result in the highest damage potential. It is noted that for different structures with different predominant natural periods and at different sites where structures are located the severest design ground motions are usually different. Finally, two examples are illustrated to demonstrate the rationality of the concept and the reliability of the selected design motion.
文摘We investigate the role of core potential in high ionization potential systems on high harmonic generation (HHG) spectra and obtain attosecond pulses. In our scheme, we use a standard soft core potential to model high ionization potential systems and irradiated these systems with fixed laser parameters. We observe the role of these systems on all the three steps involved in HHG process including ionization, propagation and recombination. In our study, the results illustrate that for high ionization potential systems, the HHG process is more sensitive to the ionization probability compared to the recombination amplitude. We also observe that due to the stronger core potential, small oscillations of the electrons during the propagation do not contribute to the HHG spectrum, which implies the dominance of only long quantum paths in the HHG spectrum. Our results, for attosecond pulse generation, show that long quantum path electrons are responsible for the supercontinuum region near the cutoff, which is suitable for the extraction of a single attosecond pulse in this region.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274149 and 11304185)the Program of Shenyang Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology,China(Grant No.F12-254-1-00)
文摘We derive a simple ionization rate formula for the ground state of a hydrogen atom in the velocity gauge under the conditions:ω〈〈1 a.u.(a.u.is short for atomic unit) and γ〈〈1(ω is the laser frequency and y is the Keldysh parameter).Comparisons are made among the different versions of the Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss(KFR) theory.The numerical study shows that with considering the quasi-classical(WKB) Coulomb correction in the final state of the ionized electron,the photoionization rate is enhanced compared with without considering the Coulomb correction,and the Reiss theory with the WKB Coulomb correction gives the correct result in the tunneling regime.Our concise formula of the ionization rate may provide an insight into the ionization mechanism for the ground state of a hydrogen atom.