Chronic hepatitis B-associated liver disease in the context of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and underlying metabolic syndrome

Globally,a shift in the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has been observed.This has been mainly driven by a marked decline in the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection(CHB),with the greatest burden restricted to the Western Pacific and sub-Saharan African regions.Amidst this is a growing burden of metabolic syndrome(MetS)worldwide.A disproportionate co-burden of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection is also reported in sub-Saharan Africa,which poses a further risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the region.We reviewed the existing evidence base to improve current understanding of the effect of underlying MetS on the development and progression of chronic liver disease during CHB and HIV co-infection.While the mechanistic association between CHB and MetS remains poorly resolved,the evidence suggests that MetS may have an additive effect on the liver damage caused by CHB.Among HIV infected individuals,MetS-associated liver disease is emerging as an important cause of non-AIDS related morbidity and mortality despite antiretroviral therapy(ART).It is plausible that underlying MetS may lead to adverse outcomes among those with concomitant CHB and HIV co-infection.However,this remains to be explored through rigorous longitudinal studies,especially in sub-Saharan Africa.Ultimately,there is a need for a comprehensive package of care that integrates ART programs with routine screening for MetS and promotion of lifestyle modification to ensure an improved quality of life among CHB and HIV coinfected individuals.

Predictors of lost to follow up from antiretroviral therapy among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:It is known that'drop out'from human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)treatment,the so called lost-to-follow-up(LTFU)occurs to persons enrolled in HIV care services.However,in sub-Saharan Africa(SSA),the risk factors for the LTFU are not well understood.Methods:We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for LTFU among adults living with HIV in SSA.A systematic search of literature using identified keywords and index terms was conducted across five databases:MEDLINE,PubMed,CINAHL,Scopus,and Web of Science.